2019年12月四級真題第一套

1、Part IIISection AWhen travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or admiring 贊賞的 / 仰慕的 the ruins of Angkor. Its hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. Its the safe thing to do, right?

2、The bottle is sealed封住 , and the label says “pure water”. But maybe whats inside is not so natural天性的 / 自然的 . Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around the world contains含 microplastics?出國旅游時(shí)，你是買塑料瓶裝的水，還是用自來水冒險(xiǎn)？想象一下，你在泰國的一個(gè)島嶼上漫步，或者在欣賞吳哥的廢墟。

3、天氣很熱，所以你從當(dāng)?shù)匦∝溎抢镔I了一瓶水。這是最安全的做法，對吧？瓶子是密封的，標(biāo)簽上寫著“純凈水”。但也許里面的東西不是那么自然。如果你知道全世界銷售的瓶裝水中90%以上含有微塑料，你還會喝嗎？Thats the conclusion of a recently released放行、發(fā)布 study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries, revealing揭示 an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. These microp

4、lastics included a substance材料 / 實(shí)質(zhì) commonly known as PET and widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and liquid 液態(tài) containers. The study was conducted at the State University of New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organisation. About a million bottles are bought every minute,

5、not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the 2.1 billion worldwide who live with unsafe drinking water.這是最近發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)論，該研究分析了9個(gè)國家銷售的11個(gè)品牌的259個(gè)瓶子，揭示平均每升水含有325個(gè)塑料顆粒。這些微塑料包括一種通常稱為PET的物質(zhì)，廣泛用于服裝、食品和液體容器的制造。這項(xiàng)研究是由紐約州立大學(xué)代表新聞機(jī)構(gòu)ORB Media進(jìn)行的。每分鐘大約有100萬瓶被購買，不僅是口渴的游客，全世界21億生活在不安全飲用水中的人中的許多人也購買了。Confronte

6、d with this evidence根據(jù) / 證明 , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the World Health Organisati

7、on has launched a review into the potential潛在 health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.面對這一證據(jù)，包括雀巢和可口可樂在內(nèi)的幾家瓶裝水制造商使用相同的方法進(jìn)行了自己的研究。這些研究表明，他們的水中確實(shí)含有微塑料，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于ORB的研究建議。無論如何，世界衛(wèi)生組織已經(jīng)啟動了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于飲用塑料瓶水的潛在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的審查。Section BThe quiet heroism of mail delivery郵件遞送的默默英雄主義A On Wednesday, a polar wind broug

8、ht bitter cold to the Midwest.Overnight ,Chicago reached a low of 21 degrees Fahrenheit below zero, making it slightly colder than Antarctica ( I Ik ) , Alaska, and the North Pole. Wind chills were 64 degrees below zero in Park Rapids, Minnesota and 45 degrees below zero in Buffalo, North Dakota, ac

9、cording to the National Weather Service. Schools, restaurants, and businesses closed, and more than 1,000 flights were canceled.周三，一股極地風(fēng)給中西部帶來了嚴(yán)寒。當(dāng)晚，芝加哥的氣溫降至零下21華氏度，比南極洲、阿拉斯加和北極略冷。根據(jù)美國國家氣象局(National Weather Service)的數(shù)據(jù)，明尼蘇達(dá)州帕克拉皮茲的風(fēng)寒為零下64度，北達(dá)科他州布法羅的風(fēng)寒為零下45度。學(xué)校、餐館和企業(yè)關(guān)閉，1000多個(gè)航班被取消。B Even the United St

10、ates Postal Service (USPS) suspended mail delivery. “Due to this arctic outbreak and concerns for the safety of USPS employees,” USPS announced Wednesday morning, “the Postal Service is suspending delivery Jan. 30 in some 3-digit ZIP Code locations.” Twelve regions were listed as unsafe on Wednesday

11、, on Thursday, eight remained.即使是美國郵政服務(wù)公司(USPS)也暫停了郵件遞送?！坝捎谶@次北極疫情的爆發(fā)和對USPS員工安全的擔(dān)憂，”USPS周三上午宣布，“郵政服務(wù)將于1月30日暫停在一些3位數(shù)的郵政編碼地點(diǎn)的投遞?！敝苋?，12個(gè)地區(qū)被列為不安全地區(qū)，周四，仍有8個(gè)地區(qū)被列為不安全地區(qū)。C As global surface temperatures increase, so does the likelihood of extreme weather. In 2018 alone, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurrica

12、nes, mudslides, and other natural disasters cost at least $49 billion in the United States. As my colleague Vann Newkirk reported, Puerto Rico is still confronting economic and structural destruction and resource scarcity from 2017s Hurricane Maria. Natural disasters can wreck a community s infrastr

13、ucture, disrupting systems for months or years. Some services, however, remind us that life will eventually return, in some form, to normal.C隨著全球表面溫度的升高，極端天氣的可能性也在增加。僅在2018年，美國的野火、火山噴發(fā)、颶風(fēng)、泥石流和其他自然災(zāi)害就造成了至少490億美元的損失。正如我的同事范紐柯克(Vann Newkirk)報(bào)道的那樣，波多黎各仍在面臨2017年颶風(fēng)瑪麗亞(Maria)造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)破壞以及資源稀缺。自然災(zāi)害可以破壞社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)

14、施，擾亂系統(tǒng)數(shù)月或數(shù)年。然而，一些服務(wù)提醒我們，生活最終會以某種形式回歸正常。D Days after the deadly 2017 wildfires in Santa Rosa, California , a drone caught footage of a USPS worker, Trevor Smith , driving through burned homes in that familiar white van, collecting mail in an affected area.The video is striking : The operation is fami

15、liar, but the scene looks like the end of the world. According to Rae Ann Haight, the program manager for the national-preparedness office at USPS, Smith was fulfilling a request made by some of the home owners to pick up any mail that was left untouched. For Smith, this was just another day on the

16、job. “I followed my route like I normally do,” Smith told a reporter. “As I came across a box that was up but with no house, I checked, and there was mailoutgoing mailin it. And so we picked those up and carried on”.D2017年加州圣羅莎發(fā)生致命野火幾天后，一架無人機(jī)捕捉到了美國郵政總局工作人員特雷弗史密斯(Trevor Smith)駕駛那輛熟悉的白色面包車穿過燒毀的房屋，在受影響

17、地區(qū)收集郵件的畫面。這段視頻令人震驚：操作很熟悉，但場景看起來像是世界末日。據(jù)美國郵政總局國家準(zhǔn)備辦公室的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理雷安海特(Rae Ann Haight)說，史密斯正在履行一些房主提出的要求，要求取走任何原封不動的郵件。對史密斯來說，這只是工作中的又一天?！拔蚁裢Ｒ粯友刂业穆肪€走，”史密斯告訴一名記者?！爱?dāng)我遇到的時(shí)候。我檢查了一個(gè)豎起但沒有房子的箱子，里面有郵件-外發(fā)郵件。所以我們把它們撿起來，繼續(xù)下去。E USPS has sophisticated emergency plans for natural disasters. Across the country, 285 emerg

18、ency- management teams are devoted to crisis control.These teams are trained annually using a framework known as the three Ps : people, property, product. After mail service stops due to weather, the agencys top priority is ensuring that employees are safe.Then it evaluates the health of infrastruct

19、ure , such as the roads that mail carriers drive on. Finally , it decides when and how to re-open operations. If the destruction is extreme, mail addressed to the area will get sent elsewhere. In response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, USPS redirected incoming New Orleans mail to existing mail facili

20、ties in Houston. Mail that was already processed in New Orleans facilities was moved to an upper floor so it would be protected from water damage.美國郵政總局有完善的自然災(zāi)害應(yīng)急計(jì)劃。在全國范圍內(nèi)，285個(gè)應(yīng)急管理團(tuán)隊(duì)致力于危機(jī)控制，這些團(tuán)隊(duì)每年都會接受被稱為“三個(gè)P”的框架的培訓(xùn)：人員、財(cái)產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)品。在郵件服務(wù)因天氣原因停止后，該機(jī)構(gòu)的首要任務(wù)是確保員工的安全，然后評估基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的健康狀況，如郵遞員行駛的道路。最后，它決定何時(shí)以及如何重新開放運(yùn)營。如果

21、破壞非常嚴(yán)重，寄往該地區(qū)的郵件將被寄往其他地方。為了應(yīng)對2005年的卡特里娜颶風(fēng)，美國郵政總局將收到的新奧爾良郵件重新定向到休斯頓現(xiàn)有的郵件設(shè)施。已經(jīng)在新奧爾良設(shè)施中處理的郵件被移到了上層，這樣它就可以受到保護(hù)，不會受到水的損害。F As soon as its safe enough to be outside, couriers( B m%q ) start distributing accumulated mail on the still-accessible routes. USPS urges those without standing addresses to file cha

22、nge-of-address forms with their new location. After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, mail facilities were set up in dozens of locations across the country in the two weeks that USPS was unable to provide street delivery.F一旦外面足夠安全，快遞員(Bm%q)就開始在仍然可以到達(dá)的路線上分發(fā)積累的郵件。USPS敦促那些沒有常住地址的人在他們的新地址上提交地址更改表。2005年卡特里娜

23、颶風(fēng)來襲后，在USPS無法提供街頭遞送的兩周內(nèi)，全國數(shù)十個(gè)地點(diǎn)建立了郵件設(shè)施。G Every day, USPS processes, on average, 493.4 million pieces of mailanything from postcards to Social Security checks to medicine. Spokespeople from both USPS and UPS told me all mail is important. But some mail can be extremely sensitive and timely. According

24、 to data released in January 2017, 56 percent of bills are paid online, which means that just under half of payments still rely on delivery services to be completed.G美國郵政總局平均每天處理4.934億封郵件-從明信片到社會保障支票再到藥品，應(yīng)有盡有。USPS和UPS的發(fā)言人都告訴我，所有的郵件都很重要。但有些郵件可能非常敏感和及時(shí)。根據(jù)2017年1月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)，56%的賬單是在網(wǎng)上支付的，這意味著略低于一半的支付仍然依賴送貨服務(wù)

25、來完成。H It can be hard to identify which parcels are carrying crucial items such as Social Security checks, but USPS and UPS try their best to prioritize sensitive material. They will coordinate with the Social Security Administration to make sure that Social Security checks reach the right people in

26、a timely fashion. After Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael last fall, USPS worked with state and local election boards to make sure that absentee ballots were available and received or time.H可能很難確定哪些包裹攜帶著社保支票等關(guān)鍵物品，但USPS和UPS會盡最大努力對敏感材料進(jìn)行優(yōu)先排序。他們將與社會保障管理局協(xié)調(diào)，確保社會保障支票及時(shí)到達(dá)合適的人手中。在去年秋天佛羅倫薩颶風(fēng)和邁克爾颶風(fēng)之后，

27、USPS與州和地方選舉委員會合作，以確保缺席選票可用，并收到選票或時(shí)間。I Mail companies are logistics( 物流 ) companies , which puts them in a special position to help when disaster strikes. In a 2011 USPS case study, the agency emphasized its massive infrastructure as a “unique federal asset” to be called upon in a disaster or terrori

28、st attack. “I think were unique as a federal agency,” USPS official Mike Swigart told me, “because were in literally every community in this country.Were obligated to deliver to that point on a daily basis.”i郵件公司是物流(物流)公司，這使它們在災(zāi)難來襲時(shí)處于特殊的地位。在2011年USPS的一項(xiàng)案例研究中，該機(jī)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)其龐大的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是一項(xiàng)“獨(dú)特的聯(lián)邦資產(chǎn)”，可以在災(zāi)難或恐怖襲擊中調(diào)用?！?/p>

29、我認(rèn)為我們作為一個(gè)聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)是獨(dú)一無二的，”USPS官員Mike Swigart告訴我，“因?yàn)槲覀儙缀踉谶@個(gè)國家的每個(gè)社區(qū)我們有義務(wù)每天都能做到這一點(diǎn)。”J Private courier companies, which have more dollars to spend, use their expertise in logistics to help revitalize damaged areas after a disaster. For more than a decade, FedEx has supported the American Red Cross in its eff

30、ort to get emergency supplies to areas affected by disasters, both domestically and internationally. In 2012, the company distributed more than 1,200 MedPacks to Medical Reserve Corps groups in California. They also donated space for 3.1 million pounds of charitable shipping globally. Last October,

31、the company pledged $1 million in cash and transportation support for Hurricanes Florence and Michael. UPSs charitable arm, the UPS Foundation, uses the companys logistics to help disaster-struck areas rebuild. “We realize that as a company with people, trucks, warehouses, we needed to play a larger

32、 role,” said Eduardo Martinez, the president of the UPS Foundation. The company employs its trucks and planes to deliver food, medicine, and water. The day before I spoke to Martinez in November, he had beer touring the damage from Hurricane Michael in Florida with the American Red Cross. “We have a

33、n obligation to make sure our communities are thriving,” he said.J私營快遞公司有更多的錢可花，它們利用自己在物流方面的專業(yè)知識，幫助災(zāi)后重振受損地區(qū)。十多年來，聯(lián)邦快遞一直支持美國紅十字會努力將緊急物資送到國內(nèi)和國際受災(zāi)地區(qū)。2012年，該公司向加州的醫(yī)療預(yù)備隊(duì)團(tuán)體分發(fā)了1200多個(gè)藥包。他們還為全球310萬英鎊的慈善航運(yùn)捐贈了空間。去年10月，該公司承諾為颶風(fēng)佛羅倫薩和邁克爾提供100萬美元的現(xiàn)金和交通支持。UPS的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)UPS基金會利用該公司的物流來幫助受災(zāi)地區(qū)重建。UPS基金會主席愛德華多馬丁內(nèi)斯(Eduardo Mar

34、tinez)說，“我們意識到，作為一家擁有人員、卡車和倉庫的公司，我們需要發(fā)揮更大的作用?！痹摴竟蛡蚩ㄜ嚭惋w機(jī)運(yùn)送食物、藥品和水。11月，在我與馬丁內(nèi)斯交談的前一天，他和美國紅十字會一起喝著啤酒，參觀佛羅里達(dá)州邁克爾颶風(fēng)造成的破壞?！拔覀冇辛x務(wù)確保我們的社區(qū)繁榮興旺，”他說。K Rebuilding can take a long time, and even then, impressions of the disaster may still remain. Returning to a normal life can be difficult, but some small routi

35、nesmail delivery being one of themmay help residents remember that their communities are still their communities. “When they see that carrier back out on the street,” Swigart said, “thats the first sign to them that life is starting to return to normal.”K重建可能需要很長時(shí)間，即使到那時(shí)，人們對災(zāi)難的印象可能仍然存在?；謴?fù)正常生活可能很困難，但

36、一些小的例行公事-郵件遞送就是其中之一-可能會幫助居民記住，他們的社區(qū)仍然是他們的社區(qū)。斯威加特說：“當(dāng)他們看到那艘航母重新出現(xiàn)在街上時(shí)，這對他們來說是生活開始恢復(fù)正常的第一個(gè)跡象?！?6.The United States Postal Service has a system to ensure its employees safety.E37.One official says USPS is unique in that it has more direct reach to communities compared with other federal agencies聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu). I

37、38.Natural disasters can have a long-lasting impact on community life.C39.Mail delivery service is still responsible for the completion of almost half of payments.G40.The sight of a mailman on the street is a reassuring sign of life becoming normal again.K41.After Hurricane Katrina interrupted routi

38、ne delivery, temporary臨時(shí) mail service points were set up.F42.Postal service in some regions in the U.S. was suspended中止， due to extreme cold weather.B43.Private postal companies also support disaster relief efforts by distributing分發(fā) urgent supplies.J44.A dedicated奉獻(xiàn) USPS employee was on the job carr

39、ying out duties in spite of extreme conditions.D45.Postal services work hard to identify items that require priority treatment.H36.美國郵政服務(wù)公司有一套系統(tǒng)來確保其員工的安全。37.一位官員表示，USPS的獨(dú)特之處在于，與其他聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)相比，它更直接地接觸到了社區(qū)。38.自然災(zāi)害會對社區(qū)生活產(chǎn)生持久的影響。39.郵遞服務(wù)仍然負(fù)責(zé)完成幾乎一半的付款。40.在街上看到郵遞員是生活恢復(fù)正常的一個(gè)令人放心的跡象。41.卡特里娜颶風(fēng)中斷日常投遞后，設(shè)立了臨時(shí)郵件服務(wù)點(diǎn)。42.

40、由于極端寒冷的天氣，美國一些地區(qū)的郵政服務(wù)暫停。43.私營郵政公司也通過分發(fā)緊急物資來支持救災(zāi)工作。44.一名盡職盡責(zé)的USPS員工不顧極端條件仍在工作中履行職責(zé)。45.郵政服務(wù)努力識別需要優(yōu)先處理的物品。Section CPassage One AI助手Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, K

41、nowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Techs online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasnt enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily questions from students.Ma

42、ny students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was t

43、o create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.Goel and his team developed several versions版本 of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasnt too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion foru

44、m to find all 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustments, and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so ad

45、vanced and realistic that the students didnt know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldnt tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didnt inform them about Jills true identity until April 26. The students

46、were actually very positive about the experience.The goal of Professor Goels virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much r

47、osier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.佐治亞理工學(xué)院的阿肖克戈?duì)柦淌陂_發(fā)了一種人工智能教學(xué)助手，以幫助處理在線課堂上大量的學(xué)生問題，這是一種基于知識的人工智能。這門在線課程是佐治亞理工學(xué)院在線計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)碩士課程的核心要求。戈埃爾教授已經(jīng)有了八名助教，但這還不足以處理學(xué)生每天提出的壓倒性問題。由于缺乏教學(xué)支持，許多學(xué)生退出了在線課程。當(dāng)學(xué)生感到孤立或困惑，并提出一些沒有得到回答的問題時(shí)，他們繼

48、續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的動力就會開始消退。Goel教授決定做一些事情來糾正這種情況，他的解決方案是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)基于IBM Watson平臺的名為Jill Watson的虛擬助手。戈?duì)柡退膱F(tuán)隊(duì)在將吉爾沃森發(fā)布到在線論壇之前，開發(fā)了幾個(gè)版本的吉爾沃森。起初，虛擬助理并不是很棒。但Goel和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)在網(wǎng)上論壇上找到了自課程推出以來提出的所有4萬個(gè)問題。然后他們開始向吉爾灌輸問題和答案。經(jīng)過一些調(diào)整和充足的時(shí)間，吉爾能夠在97%的時(shí)間內(nèi)正確回答學(xué)生的問題。虛擬助理變得如此先進(jìn)和逼真，以至于學(xué)生們都不知道她是一臺計(jì)算機(jī)。這些學(xué)習(xí)人工智能的學(xué)生正在與虛擬助手互動，無法將其與真人區(qū)分開來。直到4月26日，戈埃爾才告知他們吉爾

49、的真實(shí)身份。事實(shí)上，學(xué)生們對這次經(jīng)歷非常積極。戈埃爾教授的虛擬助理明年的目標(biāo)是接手回答學(xué)生在在線論壇上提出的所有問題的40%。當(dāng)然，吉爾沃森下學(xué)期將改名為其他名字。與埃隆馬斯克(Elon Musk)、斯蒂芬霍金(Stephen Hawking)、比爾蓋茨(Bill Gates)或史蒂夫沃茲尼亞(Steve Wozniak)等人相比，戈埃爾教授對人工智能的未來前景更為樂觀。46.What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial IntelligenceA)It is a robot that can answer students questio

50、ns.B)It is a course designed for專為 students to learn online.C)It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes 變革teaching.D)It is a computer program that aids student learning.47.What problem did Professor Goel meet withA)His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.B)His course was too difficult f

51、or the students.C)Students questions were too many to handle.D)Too many students dropped out of 退出his48.What do we learn about Jill Watson UA)She turned out to be a great success.B)She got along pretty well with students.C） She was unwelcome to students at first.D) She was released online as an expe

52、riment.49.How did the students feel about Jill Watson?A)They thought she was a bit too artificial.B) They found her not as capable as expected.C) They could not but admire her knowledge.D) They could not tell-from區(qū)別 a real person.50.What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?A)Launch

53、different versions of her online.B)Feed her with new questions and answers.C)Assign指派 her to answer more of students questions.D)Encourage students to interact with her more freely.46.我們從基于知識的人工智能中學(xué)到了什么。a)它是一個(gè)可以回答學(xué)生問題的機(jī)器人。b)這是一門專為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的在線學(xué)習(xí)課程。c)它是一種使教學(xué)發(fā)生革命性變化的高科技設(shè)備。d)這是一個(gè)幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。47.戈埃爾教授遇到了什么問題。

54、a)他的學(xué)生對助手不滿意。b)他的課程對學(xué)生來說太難了。c)學(xué)生的問題太多，無法處理。d)他的課程退學(xué)的學(xué)生太多了。48.我們對吉爾沃森大學(xué)有什么了解。a)事實(shí)證明，她取得了巨大的成功。b)她和學(xué)生相處得很好。c)她起初不受學(xué)生歡迎。d)她被放到網(wǎng)上做實(shí)驗(yàn).49.學(xué)生們對吉爾沃森感覺如何？a)他們認(rèn)為她有點(diǎn)太做作了。b)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)她不像預(yù)期的那樣有能力。c)他們不得不欽佩她的學(xué)識。d)他們分不清她和真人。50.戈埃爾教授下一步打算怎么處理吉爾沃森？a)在網(wǎng)上推出她的不同版本。b)向她灌輸新的問題和答案。c)指派她回答更多的學(xué)生問題。d)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生更自由地與她互動。Passage Two 科學(xué)籌款T

55、hinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor dont hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.Crowdfunding,

56、raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors捐贈者, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goals, but others have fallen short of re

57、aching even modest targets.To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schafer of the University of Zurich examined the content of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.Four traits stood out for those that achieved their

58、goals, the researchers report in Tel/ie Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as Experiment. com and Petridish. org only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals a