英語長(zhǎng)難句分析ppt課件

2015考研英語,長(zhǎng)難句分析,1,Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldntbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethClinesthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.這種時(shí)裝業(yè)自上而下的概念太過時(shí)了，與伊麗莎白克萊恩在過度著裝一書中所描繪的狂熱世界不相一致，該書是她歷時(shí)三年對(duì)“快時(shí)尚”的控訴。,2,Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycantaffordnotto.虛榮心不會(huì)變，人只有負(fù)擔(dān)不起的時(shí)候才會(huì)在購物的時(shí)候考慮可持續(xù)性。,3,UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoftsdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.由于不能確定用戶是真的反對(duì)接收行為廣告，還是僅僅使用微軟的默認(rèn)設(shè)置，有些廣告公司可能會(huì)忽視“不要追蹤”的信號(hào)，而繼續(xù)發(fā)送這類廣告。,4,Takeabroaderlookatourspeciesplaceintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.如果從更廣闊的視角看看人類在宇宙中的位置，就會(huì)明白我們就算不能存活數(shù)十萬年，也大可以存活個(gè)數(shù)萬年。,5,Thepotentialevolutionoftodaystechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,anditsperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.ThatsonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.今天技術(shù)的潛在發(fā)展及其社會(huì)后果是極為復(fù)雜的，或許最好還是讓科幻小說作家和未來學(xué)家來探索我們能夠設(shè)想的眾多可能性吧。這是我們最近出版弧形雜志的原因之一，這個(gè)新出版物將專注于探究不遠(yuǎn)的將來。,6,Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.這種長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的視角使對(duì)人類前景悲觀的看法更加可能是曇花一現(xiàn)。誠然，未來不可能一切都是美好的。但是我們擁有足夠的知識(shí)去減少威脅早期人類生存的種種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，去改善未來人類的命運(yùn)。,7,Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizonasimmigrationlawMondayamodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministrationsefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.周一最高法庭以5:3的投票結(jié)果否決了亞利桑那州移民法的大多數(shù)條款這對(duì)奧巴馬政府來說，是一次政策方面的小勝利。但是在更重要的憲法方面，奧巴馬政府試圖打破聯(lián)邦政府與各州之間的權(quán)利平衡，而該法庭以8:0的投票使其落空。,8,TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.憲法的原則是無可爭(zhēng)議的，只有華盛頓有權(quán)“制定統(tǒng)一的入籍規(guī)范”，聯(lián)邦法高于地方法。,9,JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourtsliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.Ontheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberately“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederalsprivilegedpowers.安東尼肯尼迪法官，以及約翰羅伯茨大法官和最高法庭的自由黨們，裁定亞利桑那州過于靠近聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力中心。關(guān)于被推翻的條款，大多數(shù)法官認(rèn)為國會(huì)已有意“占地盤”，因此亞利桑那州侵犯到了聯(lián)邦政府的特權(quán)。,10,TwoofthethreeobjectingJusticeSamuelAlitoandClarenceThomasagreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.三位投反對(duì)票中的兩位塞繆爾阿利托和克拉倫斯托馬斯認(rèn)同憲法邏輯，但是在亞利桑那州哪些條款與聯(lián)邦法有沖突的問題上，未能達(dá)成一致意見。唯一的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)意見來自安東尼斯卡利亞法官，他甚至追溯到客籍法和政治叛亂發(fā)，強(qiáng)烈維護(hù)州政府的特權(quán)。,11,TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizonaslawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.白宮稱亞利桑那州的法案與聯(lián)邦政府的執(zhí)法優(yōu)先權(quán)相矛盾，即便州法律與聯(lián)邦法一字不差。事實(shí)上，白宮聲稱如果不認(rèn)同原本合法的地方法律，就可以認(rèn)定其無效。,12,TheadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidntwanttocarryoutCongresssimmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.實(shí)質(zhì)上，聯(lián)邦政府是在主張，因?yàn)樗幌雸?zhí)行國會(huì)的移民管理意愿，所以各州也不允許這么做。每位法官都公正地拒絕了這一異乎尋常的主張。,13,StraitfordsbriefsdontsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.斯特拉特福德的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)不像政府簡(jiǎn)報(bào)那樣閃爍其詞，政府為了不出錯(cuò)而避免做出引人注目的陳述。,14,Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.聽到有人指控研究環(huán)境下動(dòng)物遭到殘酷對(duì)待，很多人都感到很困惑，竟會(huì)有人故意傷害動(dòng)物。,15,Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.有些人不了解必須通過動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)才能研究出這些療法以及新的療法和疫苗，對(duì)這些人來說，動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)往好里說是浪費(fèi)，往壞里說是殘忍。,16,Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.最終的利益相關(guān)者是病人，因此健康研究界不僅應(yīng)該積極招募像斯蒂芬?guī)觳@樣的名人（他勇敢地肯定了動(dòng)物研究的價(jià)值），也應(yīng)該吸納所有接受醫(yī)學(xué)治療的人參加到這個(gè)事業(yè)中。,17,ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.感到被敲竹杠的承運(yùn)商有權(quán)向聯(lián)邦政府的陸上交通運(yùn)輸局申請(qǐng)運(yùn)費(fèi)救濟(jì)，但是過程費(fèi)用高、耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)，而且只有極端案例才能成功。,18,Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.他們說，如果鐵路對(duì)所有客戶平均收費(fèi)，那些有選擇的托運(yùn)商將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向汽車或其它運(yùn)輸方式，而留下其他客戶來負(fù)擔(dān)維護(hù)鐵路的成本。,19,Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.整個(gè)鐵路行業(yè)盡管擁有巨額財(cái)富，所賺到的錢仍然不夠支付為了維持激增的運(yùn)力而投入的資金。,20,Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifitsuseless.由于有第三方支付，我們不用為自己的醫(yī)療付費(fèi)，所以我們要求一切可能做到的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，即便是沒用的。,21,Physiciansfrustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.內(nèi)科醫(yī)生由于無力治愈癌癥而感到挫敗，并且擔(dān)心病人失去希望，往往提出一些過于積極的治療，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出科學(xué)的合理范圍。,22,AbsolutefiguresmaystillgiveprimacytotheU.S.,butemergingtrendssuggestitsgriponthesteeringwheelisslipping.絕對(duì)數(shù)值可能顯示美國仍然是霸主，但是新興趨勢(shì)表明美國握方向盤的手在打滑。（直譯）絕對(duì)數(shù)值可能顯示美國仍然是霸主，但是新興趨勢(shì)表明美國的掌控力正在變?nèi)?。（意譯）,Metaphor的譯法1.如果比喻意象與中文相通，可以直譯2.如果意象不相通，宜意譯：A.丟掉比喻，用通俗的語言翻譯B.使用符合習(xí)慣的喻體代替原文中的喻體,23,TherearethosewhowouldtellyouthatBMWsreputationforfirst-classfinish（拋光）hasbeenonthiniceforsometimebut,untilnow,weveseenlittleevidencetosubstantiatetheclaim.有些人可能會(huì)跟你說寶馬拋光技術(shù)一流的聲譽(yù)已經(jīng)如履薄冰有些時(shí)候了，但是直到現(xiàn)在，我們并沒有看到能夠證明這一說法的證據(jù)。MostofAsiasfinancialinstitutionswiselydidnotembracetheriskyfinancialinstrumentsthatincludedsub-primemortgagesoriginatingfromtheU.S.大多數(shù)亞洲金融機(jī)構(gòu)明智地避開了包括起源于美國的次級(jí)貸等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的金融手段。CommercialartgalleriesmushroomedinShanghaiinthe1990s.A.二十世紀(jì)九十年代，大量商業(yè)美術(shù)館在上海涌現(xiàn)。B.二十世紀(jì)九十年代，商業(yè)美術(shù)館如雨后春筍一般在上海大量涌現(xiàn)出來。,24,StatisticsfromtheAsianDevelopmentBankshowthatoverthelastfiveyearsdomesticdemand,primarilyinvestmentbutalsoconsumption,amountstomorethan80percentofcontributionstogrowth.亞開行數(shù)據(jù)顯示在過去五年，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)80%以上來自于國內(nèi)需求，主要是投資需求，也有部分消費(fèi)需求。,25,Asiamaynotlikeit,butmostonthecontinenthaveacquiescedinallowingreputableWesternfinancialinstitutionstoshuffletheirsavingsaround,investingthemasdeemedmostprofitable.亞洲可能不喜歡這一點(diǎn)，但是亞洲大陸上的大多數(shù)國家都已默許由信譽(yù)良好的西方金融機(jī)構(gòu)來打理他們的存款，按照據(jù)認(rèn)為最有利可圖的方式去投資。,26,Thesub-primecrisistriggeredbyincreasingdefaults(failuretopay)ashousingpricesslipintheU.S.andhomeownerscannotaffordrisinginterestratesrevealedthattheseWallStreetfirmsdeservingrespectarelessthanperfect.隨著美國房?jī)r(jià)下跌，業(yè)主負(fù)擔(dān)不起不斷上升的利率，越來越多的人斷供，引發(fā)了次貸危機(jī)。次貸危機(jī)顯示這些值得尊敬的華爾街公司并不完美。,27,Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamemiserableconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930s,whenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andtherewerenocompensatingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.如今，失業(yè)不再像二十世紀(jì)三十年代那樣悲慘了。那時(shí)，大多數(shù)失業(yè)者是家里的頂梁柱，而那時(shí)的工資和收入常常只夠糊口，而且那時(shí)候沒有社會(huì)保障計(jì)劃來補(bǔ)償這些失業(yè)的人。,28,Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablyrelievedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.財(cái)富的增加，不止一個(gè)人賺錢的家庭越來越多，失業(yè)者越來越以次要賺錢者為主，社會(huì)福利保護(hù)的改善，這些都無疑減輕了失業(yè)造成的后果。,29,Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.由于一年內(nèi)某一時(shí)期失業(yè)的人數(shù)幾倍于全年事業(yè)的人數(shù)，因此遭受賦閑在家之苦的人數(shù)可能等于或超過年均失業(yè)人數(shù)，盡管全年失業(yè)人口中只有少部分受苦。,30,Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.有一個(gè)人被計(jì)入月均失業(yè)人數(shù)，就對(duì)應(yīng)著有一個(gè)人在做兼職工作，因?yàn)樗?她無法找到全職工作，或者不屬于勞動(dòng)力但是想要一份工作。,31,Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.最后，我國轉(zhuǎn)移性收入總是關(guān)注老年人、殘疾人、被扶養(yǎng)人，而忽視有工作的貧困者的需求，因此現(xiàn)金和實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移的大幅增加并不一定意味著勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)失敗的人得到了充分的保護(hù)。,32,Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.由于這些互相矛盾的證據(jù)，無法確定因勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)問題遭受嚴(yán)重不幸的人數(shù)究竟是幾十萬還是幾千萬，因此也不能確定失業(yè)水平能夠容忍，還是必須通過創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和實(shí)行經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激來應(yīng)對(duì)。,33,Apairofdexterous（靈巧的）robotichands,suspendedfromtheceiling,assembletheingredients,mixthem,andcooktheminpotsandpansasrequired,onahob（灶臺(tái)）orinanoven.一雙靈巧的機(jī)械手從天花板上懸下來，按照要求在灶臺(tái)上或烤箱里組合原材料，把它們混合到一起，在深鍋或平底鍋里烹飪。,34,Themachinesfinessecomesbecauseitshandsarecopyingtheactionsofaparticularhumanchef,whohascookedtherecipespecially,inordertoprovideatemplatefortherobottocopy.Thechefinquestionwearsspecialgloves,fittedwithsensors,forthisdemonstration.DrOleyniksteamalsoshootmultiplevideosofit,fromdifferentangles.Thesevariousbitsofdataarethensynthesisedintoathree-dimensionalrepresentationofwhatthechefdidwhilepreparingthedish.Thatisturnedintoanalgorithmwhichcandrivetheautomatedkitchen.這個(gè)機(jī)器十分有技巧，因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)人類大廚專門烹飪一道菜為它提供模板供它模仿。這位大廚戴上裝有傳感器的手套進(jìn)行演示。歐力尼克博士的團(tuán)隊(duì)還從不同角度拍攝大廚的演示。之后，他們將這些數(shù)據(jù)合成為三維數(shù)據(jù)，展示大廚如何烹飪。然后這些數(shù)據(jù)被編為算法，驅(qū)動(dòng)自動(dòng)廚房。,35,DrOleyniksplanistosupporthisautomatedkitchenwithanonlinelibraryofmorethan2,000recipes.And,becauseitiscopyingtheidiosyncrasiesofparticularpeople,theserviceheplanswillletauserselectnotonlyadishbutalsoitscreatorineffect,bringingavirtualversionofacelebritychefintotheusershousetocookitforhim.歐力尼克博士計(jì)劃為他的自動(dòng)廚房提供2000多個(gè)在線菜譜。因?yàn)樗７绿囟ǖ娜?，所以歐力尼克博士打算讓用戶既能夠選擇菜肴，又能選擇菜肴的創(chuàng)始人實(shí)際上，就是邀請(qǐng)一位虛擬版本的名廚到用戶家里為他們做菜。,36,Onedesignflawisthatalthoughtheprototypeisprogrammedtoputusedutensilsintoawashing-upbowl,itdoesnotactuallygoontodothewashingupadrawbackoftenassociatedwithhumanchefs,aswell,itmustbesaid.一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)缺陷是該機(jī)器原型雖然被設(shè)定將用過的器皿放進(jìn)洗碗池，但是它不會(huì)真的去洗碗我們不得不說，這也是人類大廚的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。,37,Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatitsdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhatsknownasfinningthepracticeofcatchingashark,removingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto300,mostsharkmeatisntparticularlyvaluable,andittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.魚翅業(yè)近年來臭名卓著不僅是因?yàn)樗谷蝓忯~數(shù)量銳減，還因?yàn)椤扒谐~翅”的做法他們抓住一條鯊魚，切除魚翅，把剩下部分扔回海里。一磅魚翅價(jià)格高達(dá)300美元，但是鯊魚肉并不值錢，而且在漁船上會(huì)占用冷凍空間和運(yùn)力。,38,Sharkspopulationscantwithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.鯊魚不像其它一些生殖能力更強(qiáng)的海洋生物那樣能夠承受商業(yè)捕撈。,39,Thesharksplightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacysculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddings,ofwhichshark-finistraditionallyapart,toofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.人們開始衡量鯊魚的困境與這道美食的文化價(jià)值。一些當(dāng)?shù)夭宛^在廣東人的婚禮上提供經(jīng)典的九道菜筵席，魚翅傳統(tǒng)上就在其中。保護(hù)組織已經(jīng)游說這些餐館為新人提供一份沒有魚翅的菜單。,40,By8pmonNovember24th,whentheprosecutorinFerguson,Missouri,announcedthegrandjurysdecisionnottochargeapoliceofficerwithacrimeforshootinganunarmedblackteenager,MichaelBrown,copsinriotgearwerealreadyinplaceandbarrierssurroundedmunicipalbuildings.11月24日晚8點(diǎn)，密蘇里州弗格森市的檢察官宣布大陪審團(tuán)的決定：不起訴向手無寸鐵的黑人青年MichaelBrown開槍的警察。與此同時(shí)，穿戴了防暴裝備的警察已經(jīng)整裝待命，并在市政大樓周圍安置圍欄。,41,LookingbackattheriotsinLosAngelesin1992thatfollowedtheacquittaloffourwhitepoliceofficerswhohadsavagelybeatenablackmotorist,RodneyKing,alothaschanged.回顧1992年發(fā)生在洛杉磯的暴亂，起因是4個(gè)白人警察殘忍地毆打了一個(gè)黑人摩托車手RodneyKing，但是宣判無罪，自那之后很多事情都改變了。,42,SolvingtheproblemsofplaceslikeFergusonislessaboutpassingmoreanti-discriminationlawsthanaboutrekindlingeconomicgrowthandspreadingtheproceeds.要解決像弗格森市這種地方的問題，方法不在于通過更多反歧視法案，而在于重新振興經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)并讓更多的人享受到收益。,43,Thehaplessmayor,JamesKnowles,isawhiteRepublicanwhowasre-electedin2013inanelectioninwhichfewerthanoneineighteligiblevotersturnedout.JamesKnowles這個(gè)倒霉的市長(zhǎng)是個(gè)白人共和黨員，在2013年的一次投票參與率不到八分之一的選舉中再次當(dāng)選該市市長(zhǎng)。,44,Suchdisparitiesfeedthebeliefheldbyblacksacrossthecountrythatbothjusticeandlaw-enforcementsystemsareracist.如此懸殊的比例會(huì)讓全國黑人都相信，不管是司法系統(tǒng)還是執(zhí)法系統(tǒng)都是種族歧視的。如此懸殊的比例會(huì)在全國黑人同胞中孳生一種觀點(diǎn)：不管是司法系統(tǒng)還是執(zhí)法系統(tǒng)都是種族歧視的。,45,AttemptstorestrictvotingbybanningSundaypolls,restrictingvotinghoursandrequiringpeopletoproduceIDshouldberesisted.限制投票的做法比如禁止周日民意調(diào)查、限制投票時(shí)間、要求選民出示身份證明等應(yīng)該叫停。,46,ButthefactthattheanswerstoAmericasracialproblemsnowlieinamorevibranteconomyandthenittygrittyofpoliticsandpolicingisitselfaformofprogress.然而解決美國種族問題取決于更有活力的經(jīng)濟(jì)和具體的政策與治安管理細(xì)節(jié)，這一事實(shí)本身就是一種進(jìn)步。,47,Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.比如，遏制氣候變化，改變消費(fèi)模式、促進(jìn)人們接受稅收政策與發(fā)展?jié)崈裟茉赐瑯又匾?48,OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.設(shè)計(jì)和教授此類課程很難，原因之一是美國頂尖大學(xué)一貫堅(jiān)持文科教育與職業(yè)教學(xué)分開，在不同學(xué)院講授，這些課程會(huì)影響到這一做法。,49,Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.除了通過這樣的分隔實(shí)現(xiàn)職業(yè)的專業(yè)化之外，美國頂尖大學(xué)還使教授職業(yè)化。學(xué)術(shù)研究的公款的增加加速了這一進(jìn)程：聯(lián)邦政府的科研撥款在1960至1990年間增長(zhǎng)了四倍，但是隨著研究的不利影響開始顯現(xiàn)，教師的教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)反而減少了一半。,50,Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.因此，學(xué)科不僅獲得了對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)出的壟斷，而且也壟斷了知識(shí)制造者的產(chǎn)出。,51,Evenifajobsstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadultsneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.即便一份工作的起薪太低，不能滿足新新成年人想要快速得到滿足的需求，只要他們?yōu)檫@個(gè)步驟做好準(zhǔn)備，對(duì)他們來說從學(xué)校到職場(chǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變就不會(huì)是那么強(qiáng)烈的挫折。,52,Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodelsasopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.孩子們需要各種真實(shí)的榜樣而不是他們小團(tuán)體中的成員，流行明星或者被過分吹捧的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。,53,Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.經(jīng)常在飯桌上談?wù)摷胰苏J(rèn)識(shí)的人，以及他們是如何走到今天的。,54,Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.孩子需要充分練習(xí)延遲滿足以及施展有效的組織技能，比如管理時(shí)間和確定事情的輕重緩急。,55,Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.他們一定要小心翼翼，不能給孩子留下對(duì)孩子失望的印象。無論這些剛剛長(zhǎng)滿羽翼的孩子當(dāng)下對(duì)什么感興趣，哪怕看似幼稚或考慮不周，父母也應(yīng)該對(duì)此展示出強(qiáng)烈的興趣和尊重，同時(shí)成為他們探索未來的伙伴。,56,Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.下載和消費(fèi)文化需要極高的技能，但是不能超越下載則剝奪了人之所以為人的一個(gè)重要特性。,57,Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.通過物理方法傳達(dá)形而上的意義。我相信二者的共存正是音樂的力量所在。Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.這也是為什么當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D用語言來描述音樂時(shí)，我們只能明確表達(dá)我們對(duì)音樂的反應(yīng)，而不能完全理解音樂本身。,58,Beethovensimportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.貝多芬在音樂上的重要性主要體現(xiàn)在他的作品具有突破性的本質(zhì)。在他之前，音樂盛行的是和諧與結(jié)構(gòu)，他把音樂從這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)之中解脫出來。,59,Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.大家都認(rèn)為他是個(gè)思想自由、充滿勇氣的人，我發(fā)現(xiàn)勇氣這一品質(zhì)對(duì)于理解他的作品是必不可少的，要演出其作品就更不必說了。,60,Beethovenshabitofincreasingthevolumewithanextremeintensityandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.貝多芬習(xí)慣最大限度地提高音量，然后突然接上輕柔的樂章，在他之前，作曲家很少使用這種方式。,詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化,語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化,61,Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.尤為重要的是他對(duì)于自由的看法，他認(rèn)為，自由與個(gè)體的權(quán)利和責(zé)任相聯(lián)系：他倡導(dǎo)思想自由和個(gè)人言論自由。,62,OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.可以這么解讀貝多芬的大部分作品：苦難是不可避免的，但是與之抗?fàn)幍挠職馐沟蒙钪档眠^下去。,63,JenniferMedinaandTamarLewinwritethatitisnotuncommonfordiscussionsnowto“stretchfromdusktodawn,punctuatedbytearfulspeechesandforcefulshoutingmatches,withaccusationsofracism,colonialismandanti-Semitism.”珍妮佛麥迪娜和塔瑪勒溫寫到，現(xiàn)在的討論常常“從早到晚，不時(shí)被含淚的演講，有力的叫喊比賽和對(duì)種族主義、殖民主義以及反猶太主義的指控而打斷。珍妮佛麥迪娜和塔瑪勒溫寫到，現(xiàn)在的討論常?！皬脑绲酵?，時(shí)不時(shí)地穿插著含淚的演講，有力的叫喊比賽和對(duì)種族主義、殖民主義以及反猶太主義的指控。,64,AtthecentreofthesedisputesarecallsbycampusactivistsforcollegestoboycottIsraelibusinesses,owingtowhattheycharacteriseasIsraelsunjusttreatmentofPalestinians.這些爭(zhēng)議的中心是校園積極分子們呼吁大學(xué)聯(lián)合抵制以色列的企業(yè)，因?yàn)閾?jù)他們描述，以色列不公正地對(duì)待巴勒斯坦人。,65,CriticsofIsraelipolicyarguethatthecountrydeniesbasichumanrightstomillionsofPalestiniansontheWestBankandinGaza,andsustainsitsoccupationofArablandwithindiscriminateforce.批評(píng)以色列政策的評(píng)論家稱以色列拒絕給予西岸和加沙地區(qū)數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的巴勒斯坦人基本的人權(quán)，并且不分青紅皂白地使用武力繼續(xù)占領(lǐng)阿拉伯的土地。,66,IsraelsdefenderssaythatthePalestiniansareatleastpartiallytoblamefortheimpasseinthepeaceprocess,andtheyaddthattheBDScampaignsinglesouttheworldsloneJewishstateforcriticismwhenplentyofothercountries,includingmanyofIsraelsArabneighbours,meteoutmoreflagrantinjustices.Thisselectivity,sayBDScritics,smacksofanti-Semitism而以色列的捍衛(wèi)者則稱和平進(jìn)程的僵局至少應(yīng)該部分歸咎于巴勒斯坦人，他們還說在包括以色列的阿拉伯鄰國們?cè)趦?nèi)的很多其他國家，不公正更加明目張膽，而“聯(lián)合抵制、撤資與制裁”運(yùn)動(dòng)（BDS)單獨(dú)挑出世界上唯一一個(gè)以色列國家加以抨擊。BDS批評(píng)者認(rèn)為這種選擇性本身就含有反猶太主義的意味。,67,ClaimsthattheBDScampaignissomehowmisguidedbecauseitsproponentsarenottroubledenoughoverthedenialofthevoteto1.3billionChinesepeopleorthesadstateofwomensrightsinSaudiArabiaaredoubtful.一方宣稱“聯(lián)合抵制、撤資與制裁”運(yùn)動(dòng)多少有些誤入歧途，因?yàn)樗膿碜o(hù)者對(duì)于十三億中國人沒有投票權(quán)以及沙特阿拉伯可悲的女性權(quán)益現(xiàn)狀不加關(guān)心。這種說法是值得質(zhì)疑的。,68,AtUCLAaJewishstudentalmostlostaseatonthestudentjudicialboardoverconcernsamongfellowstudentsthatshewasperhapstooactiveintheJewishcommunitytomaintainanunbiasedview.在加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校，一個(gè)猶太學(xué)生幾乎失去學(xué)生司法委員會(huì)的席位，因?yàn)橥瑢W(xué)擔(dān)心她也許“在猶太圈子太過活躍”而不能“保持一個(gè)公正的觀點(diǎn)”。,69,Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryof