實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafety.ppt

實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals,黃彥智國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心Email:.tw,演講目的,1.讓學(xué)員瞭解人員使用實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物之職業(yè)健康與安全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估2.職業(yè)健康與安全應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng)及適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)方法,職業(yè)健康與安全之定義(OccupationalHealthandSafety),Institutionalemployees,fellows,studentsandvisitorswhointhecourseoftheirworkwithresearchanimalsmightbeexposedtohazardsthatcouldadverselyaffecttheirhealthandsafety.Allindividualshavedirectcontactwithanimals,livingtissues,bodyfluids,wastes,從事動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)者可能遭遇到的工作傷害,1.Allergens2.Biologicalhazards-Zoonoticdiseases3.Physicalandchemicalhazards4.Protocolrelatedhazards,職業(yè)健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety),計(jì)畫設(shè)計(jì)及管理(Programdesignandmanagement)計(jì)畫(Programs):1.Knowingthehazard2.Avoidingandcontrollingexposures3.Trainingandeducation4.Rulesandguidelines5.Consistency6.Recordkeepingandmonitoring7.Commitmentandcoordination,職業(yè)健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety),管理(Management):1.Animalcareanduse2.Research3.Environmentalhealthandsafety4.Occupationalhealth5.Administrationandmanagement6.IACUCprovidelinksamongthefiveaboveinstitutionalfunctions.,動(dòng)物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),動(dòng)物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),主要過敏原RatsandMice:urineprotein,ratn1A(pre-albumin),ratn1B(a2-euglobulin),Musm1(producedinliverandsalivaandsecretedinurine,100timesinserum,male4timesfemale)Rabbits:Ag-1,fur(glycoprotein,major)；Ag-2,saliva、urine(minor)Cats:Feld1,producedinsebaceousglandsoftheskinandcoatsofthehairshafts,動(dòng)物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility),預(yù)防(Prevention):1.Facilitydesign:HEPAfilter,filtertop,airchangesandHVACetc.,(RH:5477%)2.Workpractices(Workersshouldbemadeawareoftherisksandavoidexposureasmuchaspossible)3.Personalprotectiveequipment(Onceapersondevelopsallergicsymptoms,surgicaldisposablemasksareusuallynoteffective)4.Evaluationoftheallergicworkers(medicinesoravoidexposurecompletely),減少暴露於動(dòng)物性過敏原的方法,Ventilatedhood,biosafetycabinet,dust/surgicalmaskAnimalroomsshoulddeliveratleast10airchangesperhourDontwearyourstreetclotheswhenworkingwithanimals.Wearprotectiveclothing.Reduceyourskincontactwithanimalsbywearingglovesandlong-sleevedlabcoatsWashyourhandsfrequently.Washhands,faceandneckbeforeleavingtheworkareaAvoidtouchingyourhandstoyourfacewhileworkingwithanimalsandanimalequipmentKeepcagesandyourworkareaclean,人畜共通疾病的防治(Controlofzoonoticdiseasesintheanimalfacility),1.Engineeringcontrol(facilitydesign)2.Animalquarantineandstabilization3.Workpracticesandprocedures4.Personalprotectiveequipment5.Trainingandeducation6.RoleofthefacilitydirectorandIACUC7.Institutionalpoliciesandrules,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物病原分類,A:人畜共通傳染病B:實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物致死病原C:非致死但可引起實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物發(fā)生疾病或生理功能改變D:實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物機(jī)緣性病原E:非病原但可為實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物微生物條件的指標(biāo),各種動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)可能風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Risksbyanimalspecies),人畜共通傳染疾病囓齒類,Hantavirus(漢他病毒),如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(I),HantavirusesareagenusinthefamilyBunyaviridae,whicharelipid-envelopedviruseswithanegative-strandedRNAgenome.Theyaresusceptibletomostdisinfectants(e.g.,dilutehypochloritesolutions,70%alcohol,ormostgeneral-purposehouseholddisinfectants).LimitedstudieswithHantaanvirushaveshownsensitivitytoapHoflessthanorequalto5.Infectivityhasbeenreportedtopersistinneutralsolutionsforseveralhoursat37Candforseveraldaysatlowertemperatures,aswellasindriedcell-culturemediumforupto2daysThatiswhyoneofthemostimportantwaystopreventtransmittingHPSistocarefullywetdowndeadrodentsandareaswhererodentshavebeenwithdisinfectantand/orbleach.,如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(II),Laboratorytransmissionofhantavirusesfromrodentstohumansviatheaerosolrouteiswelldocumented.Exposurestorodentexcreta,freshnecropsymaterial,andanimalbeddingarepresumedtobeassociatedwithrisk.Otherpotentialroutesoflaboratoryinfectionincludeingestion,contactofinfectiousmaterialswithmucousmembranesorbrokenskin,and,inparticular,animalbites.BiosafetyLevel2(BSL-2)facilitiesandBSL-2practicesarerecommendedforlaboratoryhandlingofserafrompersonspotentiallyinfectedwiththeagentsofHPS.,如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(III),PotentiallyinfectedtissuesamplesshouldbehandledinBSL-2facilitiesCell-cultureviruspropagationshouldbecarriedoutinBSL-3containmentfacilitiesLarge-scalegrowthofthevirus,includingpreparingandhandlingviralconcentrates,shouldbeperformedinBSL-4containmentfacilities,LCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡(luò)膜炎病毒),Lymphocyticchoriomeningitisvirus(LCMV)isamemberofthefamilyArenaviridae.ItisanotherRNAvirus.Wildmice,laboratorymiceandSyrianhamstersserveasimportantnaturaltransmitterstoseveralspecies,includinghumans.Thevirusisshedinurine,saliva,andmilkduringchronic,asymptomaticinfections.Ininfectedmice,verticaltransmission,thedirecttransmissionofthevirusfromparenttooffspring,isconsidered100%efficient.TwoformsofnaturalLCMinfectioninmice-1.asymptomatic,viremiawithviralshedding.-2.animalsappearnormaluntil7-10monthsofagewhenanimmunecomplexglomerulonephritisdevelops.Thenthemicebecomeemaciated,withroughhaircoatandhunchedposture,anddie.,如何在實(shí)驗(yàn)室預(yù)防LCMV病毒感染,TheIFAandELISAaretheserologictestsmostpracticalforroutinescreening.BecauseofthepossibilityofviremiaandinadvertenthumanexposuretoLCMV,anoftenusedsafetymeasureistoheattheserumsampleto56Cfor30minutespriortotesting.Afterthisheatinactivationprocedure,anELISAcanbedonesafelyinaroutinemanner.IfLCMVinfectionisdetectedinacolony,thecolonyshouldbedestroyedimmediatelyforpublichealthconsiderations.Cesareanrederivationisnotanoptionbecauseofthepotentialforinuterotransmission.,人員醫(yī)療評(píng)估及預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)Whatimmunizationsorscreeningprogramsshouldbeincluded?,Tetanus(NLAC)Rabies?HepatitisB?(Anti-HBs)Otherimmunizations?TBtesting?Serumbanking?,動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn),Animalbiosafetylevel14一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序工作人員設(shè)限並遵守生物安全性手冊(cè)洗手禁食個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備並且不要穿戴到別的區(qū)域去污及高壓滅菌動(dòng)物房舍門需往內(nèi)開且能自動(dòng)關(guān)閉蟲害防制,動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn),二級(jí)以上需求人員接受處理病原訓(xùn)練進(jìn)出實(shí)驗(yàn)室需管制受污尖銳物品需特別處理操作過程需有防護(hù)櫃動(dòng)物房外張貼警告標(biāo)誌人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品任何程序或政策改變時(shí)之額外訓(xùn)練空氣循環(huán)不能至其他動(dòng)物房動(dòng)物房須有去污滅菌鍋,動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn),三級(jí)以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護(hù)裝置下執(zhí)行動(dòng)物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理背扣式實(shí)驗(yàn)衣鞋套或消毒池動(dòng)物籠具有過濾網(wǎng)雙門走道或氣室自動(dòng)式洗手臺(tái)或腳控制動(dòng)物房門自動(dòng)關(guān)閉且密封非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng),動(dòng)物感染實(shí)驗(yàn)使用規(guī)範(fàn),四級(jí)以上需求完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動(dòng)物籠門上鎖須主管或授權(quán)人員管制進(jìn)出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進(jìn)出該設(shè)施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護(hù)所有實(shí)驗(yàn)衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，廢氣需經(jīng)HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理,物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),物理性危害(Physicalhazards):1.Animalbites,scratches,kicksandrelatedhazards2.Sharpobjects:needles,brokenglassetc.,3.Flammablematerials4.Pressurevessels5.Lighting,6.Electricity7.UVradiation8.Lasers9.Ionizingradiation10.Noise11.Machinery,放射性動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)-依原委會(huì)規(guī)範(fàn),動(dòng)物房設(shè)計(jì)及使用(獨(dú)立、不滲透材質(zhì)、鉛版)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動(dòng)物組織或?qū)企w、工作人員保護(hù))建立可接受之污染程度範(fàn)圍(實(shí)驗(yàn)室、動(dòng)物房、相關(guān)器材)並例行監(jiān)測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)域及器材(2millirem/hr)使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質(zhì)暴露、監(jiān)測(cè)工作人員暴露劑量正確處置放射線廢棄物安全訓(xùn)練及再教育,物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),化學(xué)性危害(Chemicalhazards):1.Disinfectants,Pesticides,detergents2.Anestheticgasandchemicals3.Chemicalforpreservingtissues,formaldehyde4.PharmaceuticsMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS),物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害(Physical,ChemicalandProtocolrelatedhazards),研發(fā)時(shí)相關(guān)危害(Protocolrelatedhazards):1.Involvingchemicalsofunknownhazards2.Involvingchemicals:carcinogens,mutagensandpotentialhazards3.Involvinginfectiousagents:Levels1,2,3,and44.Proceduresandmanipulation,危害物質(zhì)使用申請(qǐng)程序,PI送繳使用申請(qǐng)表給IACUC,申請(qǐng)使用危害物質(zhì)於動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)之程序,申請(qǐng)使用危害物質(zhì)於動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)之程序,IACUC審核通過,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,安全計(jì)劃書,安委會(huì),動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)管理注意事項(xiàng),員工安全訓(xùn)練,PI動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物相關(guān)之環(huán)保管理,臭氣：氨氣、體臭。隔離動(dòng)物室