英語作文常用文體的寫作知識(shí)

常用文體的寫作知識(shí)1 描寫文（description）： 描寫文就是用生動(dòng)、形象的語言把人物的狀態(tài)和動(dòng)作、景物的性質(zhì)和特征具體地描繪出來，描寫人時(shí)則刻畫人物的肖像、語言、行為、心理活動(dòng)及生活細(xì)節(jié)。描寫景物時(shí)則用時(shí)間與空間順序的安排方式展開文章段落。描寫文中每一段只能表達(dá)一種思想或主題的一部分。請(qǐng)讀這段文章。（由于篇幅有限，每種類型的文章只取一個(gè)段落為例。）It was noon. The hot sun above was bright. It made the temperature rise. On the road all was quite. There were few cars to be seen. There were even fewer people about. The shops alongside the road were wide open. Their bamboo shades were rolled down to keep out the blazing sun. There was no wind at all. The pavement way, though shady, was stuffy. Even the shopkeepers seemed affected by this mid day heat and stuffiness. They looked bored and unwilling to serve the few occasional customers.這是一段描寫文。在讀文章之前要求讀者帶著問題閱讀： 段落的中心思想是什么？ 段落是采用什么方法描寫的？不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，段落的中心思想是描寫某一天中午的高溫、悶熱的情景。作者采用由上到下、由遠(yuǎn)到近的空間順序的方法描寫。文章中用火熱的太陽、道路安靜、車輛稀少、為擋住陽光，商店的竹窗簾落下來、店主不愿接待顧客等情景的描寫生動(dòng)地襯托了段落的中心思想。2 記敘文(narration)：記敘文敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，著重寫事或人。其要素是五“何”原則，即在寫作中必須交待清楚五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：何時(shí)、何地、何人、何事以及何如。記敘文主要是按時(shí)間順序陳述事件，中心思想是通過陳述、舉例、解釋及細(xì)節(jié)來說明。文章段落的中心思想可能是段落的任何一個(gè)句子或暗示。請(qǐng)讀下面題為“My 35 Years In China”記述文章的開頭段落，并注意體會(huì)文章的開頭方式和展開手法：There is a saying in China that “Time flies like an arrow.” When I came to China the Peoples Republic of China had just been born. Today, the new China has proudly celebrated her 35 th anniversary and now stands in full splendor and looks to the world with confidence. Meanwhile time has turned me from a strong 40-year-old into a gray-haired old man. This year marks 75 th birthday as well as 35 th year that I have been living and working in China. In that time I have lived in this fascinating land and shared joys and suffering with Chinese people, so that in my old age I can proudly say “the longer I live in China, the younger my heart become.”這段文章的目的是通過時(shí)間順序、舉例對(duì)比的寫作手法從中華人民共和國成立到如今中國面對(duì)全世界，驕傲地慶祝35周年紀(jì)念日；從一位四十歲的中年人變成了兩鬢灰白的老人，感覺光陰似箭的心情。文章的中心思想是圍繞著中國生活的35年時(shí)光過得很快而寫成的。又如：一九八八年六月全國四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文，題目是：An Early Morning Walk。這是一篇屬于記敘文體裁的文章，要求學(xué)生寫出“我”由起床開始到去公園以及在公園所見所聞的全過程。在第三段中，還要求寫出自己的思想，對(duì)早上安靜的環(huán)境的敘述以及對(duì)公園所見的情況給以具體的描述。見下面參考范文： An Early Morning WalkOne morning I got up early, and everything around was very quite. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly. Everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk, there were only some birds singing occasionally in the high trees. I tripped all the way toward the park, breathing the fresh air, feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, there were so many people there. Men and women, boys and girls all enjoyed themselves by various activities. Some were doing morning exercises, some were playing badminton, some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfullyWalking around the park, to my delight, I found a few middle school students were talking to each other in English in the southeast corner of the park, I went to them at once and spoke to them in English, we became friends right away. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home, I thought early morning walk was really helpful. Taking an early walking makes a man healthy and wise.注：（打橫線的句子為段首句和段尾句。）3 說明文（exposition）：說明文就是用言簡意駭?shù)奈淖窒蜃x者介紹事物的過程，講解思想和信念，把信息展現(xiàn)給讀者。寫說明文要掌握的要素是“什么（what）”和“為什么（why）”，即通過點(diǎn)明論點(diǎn)和闡明緣由或過程，說明事物的特點(diǎn)和性能，或闡明某種觀念、原理或現(xiàn)象。說明文包括實(shí)體事物說明文、事理說明文和文藝說明文。請(qǐng)讀下面一段題為“Read Good Books”的說明文章：From good reading we can derive pleasure, friendship, experience, and instruction. A good book may absorb our attention so completely that for the time being we forget our surrounding and even our existence. Reading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life. It increases our contentment when we are cheerful, and lessens our troubles when we are sad. Whatever may be our main purpose in reading, our contact with good books should never fail to give us enjoyment and satisfaction.這是一段事理說明文，要把事情理由講清楚。段落的中心思想是段落的中間句Reading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life.其它句子都是為了襯托中心思想，要說明讀書是生活中最大樂趣之一的原因。要注意，說明文除了要掌握其空間順序（從上到下，由外到內(nèi)）、還要掌握其邏輯順序（先因后果或先果后因）、認(rèn)識(shí)順序（由淺入深、由此及彼、由局部到整體、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)、由具體到抽象）。這段說明文就是用讀書可以使人忘掉周圍一切，可以使人愉快時(shí)心情更愉快，傷心時(shí)可以減少痛苦等現(xiàn)象說明其本質(zhì)讀書可以使我們獲得享受和滿足。又如：一九九二年六月全國四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文題目是：How I Overcame My Difficulties in Learning English.段首句是：在英語學(xué)習(xí)中存在的困難。我是怎樣克服困難的。多數(shù)學(xué)生能根據(jù)所學(xué)知識(shí)較好地寫出文章所給的提綱內(nèi)容，從文章開頭交待英語學(xué)習(xí)中有哪些困難，回答說明文what,到論及如何克服這些困難的過程，完成說明文的why 和how的闡釋，內(nèi)容較充實(shí)，解釋清晰。但少數(shù)學(xué)生審題失誤，全文只說明了英語學(xué)習(xí)的困難是什么，卻疏漏了說明文最關(guān)鍵的一步，即沒有扣住how 的闡明，而是表決心似的大喊“今后要努力學(xué)習(xí)英語”之類的口號(hào)，導(dǎo)致全篇跑題。這就要求學(xué)生在實(shí)際寫作中掌握好寫說明文的要點(diǎn)。4.議論文（argumentation ）： 議論文就是講道理、講是非。一段完整的議論文是由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證構(gòu)成的。說明文是把信息展現(xiàn)給讀者，那么議論文則是用信息去說服讀者。這兩種文章都是以來自各方面的事實(shí)和印象為基礎(chǔ)的。最常見的議論文順序?yàn)椋?提出問題或表達(dá)一種觀點(diǎn)即引論。 分析、評(píng)論提出的問題或觀點(diǎn)即正文. 對(duì)提出的問題、觀點(diǎn)表明態(tài)度或提出解決方法即結(jié)論，也就是文章的結(jié)尾?，F(xiàn)引用一篇題為“Smoking and Cancer”議論文的引論和結(jié)論段落，分析如下：引論 Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year. This is roughly the equivalent of 4:195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years age of more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.結(jié)論 While all tobacco smoking affects life expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.這是一篇典型議論文的開始和結(jié)尾段落。引論中，作者用數(shù)字、男女吸煙的比率提出了吸煙問題。結(jié)論中，作者對(duì)吸煙問題做了明確具體的分析，無論是香煙、雪茄煙還是煙斗對(duì)健康都有害處，一切吸煙方式與口腔癌、喉癌之間都有一種因果關(guān)系。通過閱讀可以體會(huì)到，文章的標(biāo)題是“吸煙與癌癥”，一直到結(jié)尾段落也沒有脫離吸煙與癌癥這一話題。此處雖然沒有足夠的篇幅給出文章的正文，但要注意正文的內(nèi)容必須要：論點(diǎn)正確、鮮明；論據(jù)確鑿、典型、恰當(dāng)、有說服力；論點(diǎn)之間要有本質(zhì)的必然聯(lián)系。綜上所述，四種類型文章的閱讀寫作訓(xùn)練，僅是起到一種提示作用。文章寫作手法多種多樣，訓(xùn)練時(shí)必須結(jié)合文章的性質(zhì)、寫作方式，靈活地改變訓(xùn)練方法、訓(xùn)練手段。要想寫出好文章，必須要多閱讀、多體會(huì)、多模仿、多練習(xí)。怎樣寫大學(xué)英語四級(jí)圖表式作文 圖表式作文是四六級(jí)考試中較難的一種作文類型（2002年6月的考試便是一例）。它要求考生根據(jù)圖表所給出的信息，寫出所要表達(dá)主題的作文。圖表式作文最大的特點(diǎn)是所給的信息表達(dá)很集中，給人以一目了然之感。圖表式作文一般可分三段來寫：第一段描述出圖表反映的總情況，用能充分說明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)來描寫。第二段對(duì)數(shù)字進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的分析比較，歸納出增減速率并找出產(chǎn)生變化的原因。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法和評(píng)論，從而得出自己的結(jié)論。請(qǐng)看實(shí)例： Changes in Peoples Diet: Yearfood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit and vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%“Changes in Peoples Diet”一文是1991年6月份四級(jí)考試作文題。實(shí)際上從此文表格的提示中不難把握文章的內(nèi)涵和范圍。根據(jù)三段法寫作的原則，第一段闡述近6年來人們飲食上變化的總況（包括哪些需求的降低或增加）。第二段是文章的重點(diǎn)，著重說明變化的原因。從歸納出的原因中反映出了人們現(xiàn)在在經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力提高的前提下更加注意科學(xué)的營養(yǎng)。第三段則從個(gè)人的理解得出結(jié)論，展示人們飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的變化所帶來的益處和光明的前景，從而使主題思想更突出。參考范文 Changes in Peoples DietAs can be see from the table, great changes took place in peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some highenergy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily.While were there changes in peoples diet? There were two major reasons, I think. First, people could afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people paid more attention to the quality of their diet, because they knew it was of great benefit to their health to eat in a scientific way. Therefore, they were trying their best to improve the structure of their food.From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved markedly in the five years between 19861990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.二、寫作中常見的幾種表達(dá)方式列舉法中常用的句型：First(ly),; second(ly),; third(ly), First of all, ; then, ; thirdly, To start with ; moreover, ; last, To begin with, ; most important of, ; in addition, First and foremost, ; second, ; finally舉例時(shí)常用的句型：For example/instance A case in point is This can be illustrated by Take for example,Such as Another example is say/suppose as an illustration表示比較和對(duì)比的常用詞語：There are a lot of similarities between X and Y X is like Y in X has nothing in common with Y Compared with X, Y We can compare X to Y , on the contrary/on the other hand in contrast. In comparison with in spite of the fact nevertheless whereas conversely.表示分類法常用的句型：X may be classified/divided according to / on the basis of The classification is based on X may be put into groups consists of / comprises表示時(shí)間順序的常用句型：Before / until something has been done ( doing something),While / As something is done ( doing something), During this time / processThe process begins ( finishes / concludes ) with 表示數(shù)量之間比較的語句：increase / decrease by X times (凈增減X倍)It increased ( rose, jumped, shot up ) to XIt decreased ( dropped, fell ) to XThe figure ( percentage, number, population, amount)