英語興趣與信心的培養(yǎng)

英語興趣與信心的培養(yǎng)湖北省麻城市第三中學(xué) 尹繼友對于大多數(shù)由初中升入高中的學(xué)生來說，高中英語相對初中英語而言知識容量急速擴(kuò)張，解題的難度、廣度、深度大大增加，五花八門的方法、技巧撲面而來。如果再加上幾次不理想的考試成績，頓使學(xué)生失去了學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣與信心，開始懷疑自己的能力、智力，認(rèn)為自己不是學(xué)習(xí)的料，和一些優(yōu)秀的同學(xué)沒法比，從懼怕到厭惡直至放棄學(xué)習(xí)英語。高中英語的教育目標(biāo)就是：人人學(xué)“有用”的英語；人人掌握“必需”的英語。為此教師既要準(zhǔn)確把握課標(biāo)與教材的內(nèi)容與程度，又要精心設(shè)計教學(xué)活動的各個環(huán)節(jié)，時時注意調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，促使學(xué)生主動參與到各項(xiàng)英語活動中來，在活動中獲得成功的快樂，保護(hù)他們學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，提高學(xué)會英語的自信心。一、 抓住學(xué)生的好奇心理，幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)情境我們常說良好的開端是成功的一半，在新課的導(dǎo)入上精心設(shè)計教學(xué)情境，引起學(xué)生的注意力和興趣，是學(xué)生進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和掌握知識的前提條件。上課鈴響以后，學(xué)生盡管已經(jīng)坐在教室里，但心情難以一下子平靜下來，注意力也難以集中，一時還難以進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。此時，教師如果創(chuàng)設(shè)一種問題情境，就能把學(xué)生帶入學(xué)習(xí)情境中來，有效提高教學(xué)效率。例如：中考或調(diào)考中有一種設(shè)題稱為“動詞短語的“逆向” 設(shè)題即：對于結(jié)構(gòu)為“動詞+賓語+介詞+介詞賓語”之類的動詞短語，諸如“makeuseofsomething,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsomething”等等,相信絕大部分學(xué)生都很熟悉它們的常規(guī)用法。所謂“常規(guī)”用法就是把此類短語中的介詞之前(包括介詞)部分看作固定不變的整體，進(jìn)行變化的只是介詞后面的部分。如： 1)Hemadeuseofwasteplasticinthisarticleofhandiwork. 2)Youcanmakeuseofyourdictionarywhendoingthisspellingexercise. 3)Didyouhaveanydifficultyingettingtothetopofthehillyesterday? 4)Hewassuretohavegreatdifficultygivingupsmoking. 但是，在下面這樣的題目面前有的學(xué)生可能會感到無從下手。比如， 1)The_thatourbodymakes_foodliesmainlyinourdigestion. A.advantage;of B.use;in C.use;of D.advantage;over 2)Thankyouforallthetroubleyou_mybabyyesterday. A.hadtolookafter B.hadlookingafter C.hadlookedafter D.havehadlookedafter 正確答案分別是1)C和2)B。在上面兩個題目中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)對此類動詞短語的考查角度共有一個顯著特點(diǎn)，即，不把介詞及其以前的部分看作固定不變的整體，而是恰恰就把考查重點(diǎn)放在了我們本以為是整體的那一部分；并且，考查的方式是把該動詞短語中的動詞賓語前置為先行詞，其余部分作為一個定語從句。這樣，就把此類短語的考查放在一個比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)里。本文就把對此類短語的這種“反常規(guī)”用法稱作“逆向”用法。請繼續(xù)看如下例子： 3)Weappreciate_you_inorganizingthiscontest. A.apart;tookB.apart;played C.thepart;tookD.thepart;played 4)Dontyourealizethedamagethesechem-icals_ourenvironment? A.aredoingtoB.isresultingin C.aremakingforD.isleadingto 5)Heisdoingresearchintotheadverseeffectthatmodernfarmingmethodsmay_theen-vironment. A.makeB.haveon C.bringonD.damage 6)Finally,theyagreedonthedatehe_thenextmeeting. A.setaboutB.setout C.setoffD.setfor 7)Ithinkthe_you_herwastoomuch. A.jokes;playedon B.role;playedin C.joke;playedon D.part;playedin 8)Hewascitedforthegreatcontributionshe_promotingawarenessofenvironmentalissues. A.wasB.hadmadetowards C.hadbeenD.madein 以上6題分別用到這樣幾個此類動詞短語:playapartindoingsth.;dodamagetosth.;haveaneffectonsth.;setadateforsth.;playajokeonsb.;makecontributionstowardsdoingsth.。正確答案是:3)D4)A5)B6)D7)C8)B 具有這種“逆向”用法的類似的動詞短語還有很多，比如，doharmto;payattentionto;setarecordforsth.;takepainstodosth/over/withsth.;taketroubleover / withsth;taketroubledoingsth;takeapicture/photoofsb.sth.。二. 降低難度是激發(fā)培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)興趣的法寶學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)英語失去興趣和信心，有一個最重要的原因是在學(xué)習(xí)中沒有嘗到甜頭。而讓學(xué)生品嘗到甜頭的唯一有效辦法是減少知識總量，降低學(xué)習(xí)難度?；诖耍铱偸前岩粋€大的教學(xué)目標(biāo)細(xì)分成若干個學(xué)生容易達(dá)到的小目標(biāo)，學(xué)生在不斷獲得小成功的過程中，漸漸產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣和信心。在得到一次次激勵和表揚(yáng)中，一步一步邁向成功。三. 讓學(xué)生在操作、演示的實(shí)踐中，自主體會學(xué)習(xí)興趣豐富多樣的問題導(dǎo)入是提高課堂教學(xué)效益的前提，但光有這一點(diǎn)還是不夠的。有些知識內(nèi)容，即使是老師做了詳細(xì)的講解學(xué)生也不能真正理解，短時間記住了，過段時間還是全遺忘。英語中的很多概念、定義在老師看來很簡單，學(xué)生往往理解起來很困難。這就要求教師切實(shí)抓好由感性認(rèn)識到理性認(rèn)識這一教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，讓學(xué)生親自操作、演示，經(jīng)歷知識獲得的過程。例如：高考考查非謂語動詞的一般規(guī)律是：在題干中給定句子的主體結(jié)構(gòu)，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)句意從A, B, C和D四個選項(xiàng)中選一個正確的非謂語動詞形式。但不可忽視的是：各地高考中也有一種特例_一種“顛倒”的考法，即：在題干中給定非謂語動詞形式，要求考生據(jù)此從下面四個選項(xiàng)中選出一個正確的句子。請看下面的實(shí)例：1. While watching television, _. ( 09上海市高考卷 )A. the doorbell rang B.the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings解析：答案選C。句子的主語we也是現(xiàn)在分詞短語watching television的邏輯主語，While watching television是While we were watching television的省略形式。此外，根據(jù)“hear sb. do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)，可以判斷句后用原形動詞ring作heard的賓語補(bǔ)足語。2. Having been attacked by the terrorists, _. ( 09湖北高考卷 )A. doctors came to their rescues B. the tall building collapsedB. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists解析：答案選B。句子的主語the tall building也是句首現(xiàn)在分詞短語的邏輯主語，Having been ayyacked by teerorisys作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句After it ( = the tall buiolding ) had been attacked by terrorists。3. In order to improve English, _.( 09北京市高考 )A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herselfC. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jennys father解析：答案選B。句子的主語Jenny應(yīng)是動詞不定式短語to improve English的邏輯主語，而這個不等式短語又是boughtfor herself的目的狀語。4. Given more attention, _. ( 09河北高考卷 )A. we could have grown the tree better B. the tree could have grown betterC.and the tree could have grown better D. and we could have grown the tree better解析：答案選B。在分詞短語和句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)之間不用任何連詞，所以應(yīng)首先排除C和D項(xiàng)。句子的主語the tree 也是句首過去分詞短語Given more attention的邏輯主語。從句中could have grown看，句子含虛擬語氣，Given more attention可轉(zhuǎn)化為假設(shè)條件從句If it ( = the tree ) had given more attention。5. When completed, _. ( 09山西高考卷 )A. people will go and visit the museum next year B. the city will have a new museum next yearC.the museum will be open to the public next year D. many things will be on display in the museum next year解析：答案選C。句子的主語the museum也是過去分詞completed 的邏輯主語，When completed是被動式時間狀語從句When the museum is completed的省略形式。6. Not having received her answer, _. ( 09江蘇高考卷 )A. he decided to write to her again B. her letter must have been lostC.the postman could not have given him her letter D. another letter was sent to her解析：答案選A。句子的主語he也是否定式現(xiàn)在分詞短語Not having received her letter的邏輯主語。綜上分析，考生做這類單選試題時應(yīng)該注意的是：所選正確項(xiàng)句子的主語必須能充當(dāng)句首非謂語動詞（短語）的邏輯主語。學(xué)生在動手操作中興趣盎然，結(jié)論是學(xué)生自己爭論得到的，所以印象深刻，順利地完成了教學(xué)任務(wù)。在教學(xué)中凡是學(xué)生可以親自動手體驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容，我都會不失時機(jī)地讓學(xué)生親身體驗(yàn)一下。教師只有從感覺上引導(dǎo)，在難度上降低，在過程中鼓勵，才能激發(fā)出學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，調(diào)動起他們學(xué)習(xí)的主動性，這樣的學(xué)習(xí)才能持久和有效。高中英語重點(diǎn)知識變相測試及強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練一、詞組have some difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth 的變化考法1.You dont know about the difficulty I had _the work then at all.A. done B. to do C. for doing D. doing2. You can never imagine what great difficulty I have had _ the patient who received a serious wound. A. treat B. to treat C. treating D. treated二、most of the +名詞及 the majority of 的考法3. The_of words in Modern English come from foreign languages not Old English roots. A. mostB. totalC. large numberD. majority三、并列句及定語從句的考法（注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號）4. The young mother saw her baby fall to the ground, _ brought her heart to her mouth.A. it B. and which C. and that D. this5. He worked seven days a week, and six of _ until one oclock at night. A. that B. whom C. which D. them 6. Eco-travel is not only to enjoy the pleasure of travel but also to protect the environment；_is very popular at home and abroad.A. itB. whichC. whatD. this四、by doing sth 的考法7._hiking in the mountain with my parents last Sunday, Ive learned how they love me.A. By B. With C. On D. Besides五、被動語態(tài)及時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)8. I have to use Yang Lis computer because mine_at the store. A. has repaired B. has been repaired C. is repairing D. is being repaired9. We dont live here; we_.A. just visit B .are just visiting C. just visited D. have just visited六、what 結(jié)構(gòu)及all that的用法10. The boy handed all_ he found in the street to the teacher.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. who11. After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _ our astronauts desire to do is to walk in space. A. where B. what C. that D. how七、關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的句子成分12. There was _ time _ Chinese used foreign oil.A. a; whenB. a; whileC. /; whenD. /; while13. It turned out that the man was an excellent policeman working in Yunnan,_had contributed a lot to the case. A. thatB. whichC. whoD. when14. The surface（表面）of the moon is dust_cannot keep heat from the sun as the rocks do on the earth.A. 不填B. whereC. thatD. in which15. The firefighters rescued a boy from the building on fire_had badly been hurt.A. that B. whichC. whereD. whom八、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語及定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化16. The pictures remind us of the disasters_ last year.A. to take place B. taken place C. took placeD. taking place九、重點(diǎn)連詞before的考法及中文翻譯17. Scientists say it may be five or six years _it is possible to test the medicine on human patients. A. whileB. afterC. before D. when18. Miss Yang had her mobile phone stolen_ she realized it.A. beforeB. even ifC. whenD. after十、定語從句所屬關(guān)系的考法（注意名詞前的定冠詞很關(guān)鍵）19. It was a meeting_ the importance I didnt realize at the time.A. whichB. of which C. itsD. whose20 That tree, the branches_are almost bare ,is a very old one.A whose B in which C on which D of which十一、注意先行詞前面的修飾語21. As far as I know, this is the best ad._has been designed by Mr Li.A. that B. which C. whatD. who十二、重點(diǎn)動詞strike的各種用法22. The clock has just _ four oclock. A. struckB. beatC. hitD. stuck23. It suddenly_ me how we could improve the situation.A. seizedB. fearedC. shookD. struck十三、各種代詞的區(qū)分24. He was a strict but good teacher,_who cares for the students studies and life.A. itB. whichC. whatD. one25. How do you like the cake? Its quite different from_I had last month.A.that B. which C. the one D. whose十四、The reason why+句子is/was that（因?yàn)椋?6.Do you know the reason of her absence(缺席)?Yes, sir. The reason_he was absent was_his father was in hospital.A. that; thatB. that; whyC. why; thatD. why; because十五、形容詞作伴隨狀語27. I walked out of the cinema,_to return to see the wonderful film next Sunday.A. determineB. determiningC. determined D. to determined十六、 alive，live，lively，lovely的辨析28. Joan, put the_ fish in the water. OK. Ill see how many days they will live.A. living B. liveC. alive D. lively29. What will you do after taking part in the college entrance examination, XiaoMing? I will stay at home, watching the_ World Cup matches.A. aliveB. liveC. livelyD. lovely十七、oweto.的考法30. What is the secret of your success?I_my success_ the support and encouragement of my parents. A. pay; forB. thank; toC. put; inD. owe; to十八、play a role/part in 的考法31. He will never forget the role Gong Li_in the film Red Sorghum(紅高粱)in 1994, directed by Zhang Yimou. A. tookB. playedC. hadD. worked32. As we can see, the role China_in the world today is of great importance. A. actsB. makesC. speedsD. plays十九、specially，almost，mostly，especially辨析33. He came here _ to discuss it with you. A. especially B. specially C. particularly D. extremely33. After the war, there was_ no leadership at all in this area and everything was in disorder. A. specially B. almostC. mostlyD. especially二十、主句和從句前后主語一致時，從句代詞及助動詞be的省略的考法34. Sir, please keep in mind that this kind of computer, if properly, will work at least ten years.Thank you, I will. A. use B. usingC. usedD. being used35. When _ my homework, I heard my name _, but I just couldnt recognize the voice. A. did; called B. doing; calling C. did; to call D. doing; called二十一、have no choice but to do 的考法36. Weve missed the last flight. Im afraid we have no_but to stay here for another night.A. choice B. wayC. touchD. award二十二、動詞replace的用法37. Sue broke her leg during a match, so Im_ her on the team. A. replacingB. equalingC. combiningD. sharing二十三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考法及變化38. It was not until she got on the bus_ Lucy realized she had left her key in the office. A. whenB. thatC. whereD. before39. It was in this factory _ he worked for ten years. A. which B. that C. whereD. in which 40. It was not until then _ I came to know that knowledge comes from practice. A. that B. when C. since D. as 41. I really dont know _ I had my money stolen. A. when was it that B. that it was then C. where it was that D. it was where that二十四、注意下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)42. Jenny look