研究生英語聽力及教材答案.doc

11. 我不相信幸運這一類事情.我認(rèn)為大多數(shù)時候事情發(fā)展地順利或不順利主要因為人們自己的行為.我相信大多數(shù)的情況下你可以通過努力工作,自我約束,堅持不懈,把個人的發(fā)展作為每天必考慮的事情等方面創(chuàng)造自己的幸運.2. 許多的職業(yè)都包含其他人(的參與). 你可能具有超強的學(xué)術(shù)能力,然而缺少社交能力,即有能力傾聽別人,對其他人(的反應(yīng))敏感,甚至游刃有余地給出或吸納批評.3. 如果你周邊的環(huán)境經(jīng)常讓你意志消沉,也許你的確該改變一下了,可能不是改變你的位置,但至少是你的態(tài)度.如果你能學(xué)會很好地利用任何情況,你就能消除掉擋在你和你夢想之間的可怕的障礙.4. 任何人在忙忙碌碌的時候都會犯錯誤.但是注意力不集中的人經(jīng)常遇到麻煩不是因為他們太忙了,而是因為他們?nèi)狈?yōu)先考慮的事情.這樣,不僅浪費了他們的實踐,也浪費了資源.5. 如果你拒絕變化,你就是拒絕成功.學(xué)會靈活,否則就得學(xué)會習(xí)慣忍受失敗.6. 你的天分越大,你就有可能越倚賴于天分,甚至忽視日復(fù)一日完善它的工作.如果你有了這樣消極的傾向,給自己定一個進(jìn)步計劃,這樣你就能充分利用好上帝給你的天賦. 2第二單元 翻譯 1 老師、教授常被描述成生活在象牙塔中的理想主義者，他們脫離實際。人們指責(zé)他們只強調(diào)學(xué)力或?qū)W業(yè)，而這些對幫助學(xué)生將來求職或就業(yè)并無直接關(guān)系。 2 大學(xué)之所以存在，是因為它在人們富于想象力的學(xué)習(xí)中成為老少兩代人之間的紐帶，因而保持了知識和生活熱情之間的聯(lián)系。 3 我們必須使每個學(xué)生開始明白：他/ 她在人類連綿不斷的鏈條上只是其中的一環(huán)，這一環(huán)雖小，卻至關(guān)重要。這鏈條的前面有數(shù)千年的歷史，并向無限的未來延伸。 4人生不是支離破碎地學(xué)習(xí)一些課程，充實的人生應(yīng)該是發(fā)現(xiàn)艱巨的任務(wù)并運用我們掌握的智慧和能量工具來完成這些任務(wù)。我們準(zhǔn)備放手讓你們來完成一些艱巨的任務(wù)。讓我們拭目以待看看你們?nèi)绾蝸硗瓿伞?5 讓我們?yōu)閷W(xué)生營造環(huán)境，使他們成長為有創(chuàng)造性、有思想的人，成為一群懂歷史、哲學(xué)、宗教、文學(xué)等等的個體。畢竟，這些都是“人性化的學(xué)科”（或：“人文研究學(xué)科”），這些學(xué)科可以解放思想，有助于學(xué)生對陌生、神秘事物的探求。 6 如果我們可以接受烏帕姆所講的話，我們就有義務(wù)幫助學(xué)生面對他們畢業(yè)后所接觸的真實的世界。那么在這個技術(shù)日益發(fā)展的時代，文科才可能有光明的未來。3Unit 31. 的確，全球化成為克林頓政府的“大戰(zhàn)略”，視美國精英為能建立新的良性世界秩序的全球聯(lián)盟中的首席同等者之首。2. “貿(mào)易自由化陷入停頓，援助也未按計劃貫穿始終，撲救下次金融大火的將是一位自身負(fù)傷的消防員?！?.全球化和自由貿(mào)易許諾的美好前景與新自由主義貿(mào)易政策的實際結(jié)果有著太多的不一致，新自由主義貿(mào)易政策帶來的是加倍的貧困、更高程度的不平等和更嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟蕭條。4. 這些協(xié)議常要求就市場準(zhǔn)入做出更大的讓步、對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)實施更嚴(yán)格的保護(hù)，因此在許多方面比世貿(mào)組織的多邊談判更加危險。5. 自從全球化被鼓吹為大勢所趨以來，時間已經(jīng)過去了十五個年頭。全球化似乎并不是資本家探索開拓的“大膽的新階段”，更多的倒是全球資本為擺脫上世紀(jì)七八十年代席卷全球經(jīng)濟的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的停滯和不均衡所做的孤注一擲的努力。二十世紀(jì)九十年代早期中東歐中央集權(quán)的社會主義國家的解體把人們的注意力從這一事實上轉(zhuǎn)移開去。6. 迫切的任務(wù)并非將受公司驅(qū)動的全球化轉(zhuǎn)為“社會民主”方向，而是要妥善應(yīng)付它的衰退趨勢，使其不再引起與其早期消亡標(biāo)志相同的混亂和失控的沖突。Unit 41、 我們該擔(dān)心。但如果政府、美聯(lián)儲和國會采取負(fù)責(zé)任的行動，美元應(yīng)已接近價格谷底且對大多數(shù)外幣開始升值。2、 許多人相信部分人顯然希望美元作為國際貨幣會逐步退出歷史舞臺。人們從美元近期的下跌和半個世紀(jì)前英鎊作為儲備貨幣的走弱之間看到了同樣令人擔(dān)憂的事情。3、 貨幣價格的漲落、摸高探底并非罕見。給美元走弱添加危機氛圍的原因是數(shù)額龐大的全球貨幣儲備中充斥著正在貶值的美元資產(chǎn)。4、 美元安然渡過了這三次風(fēng)暴。然而，它現(xiàn)在面臨的是周期性氣流與結(jié)構(gòu)性氣流結(jié)合在一起形成的強大風(fēng)暴。過去5年之中，美元的下跌令全球外匯儲備遭受了巨大的資本損失。如果這種損失過于嚴(yán)重，各國央行可能會考慮降低損失、拋售美元，這勢必會導(dǎo)致美元暴跌。5、 國家持有外匯儲備是為了加強對本幣的信心，而非作為外貿(mào)支付手段。作為應(yīng)急預(yù)防措施，儲備貨幣應(yīng)易于兌換（以便在緊急情況下提供流動資金），并應(yīng)具備良好的保值能力。6、 盡管人們焦慮擔(dān)憂，仍有跡象表明，美元的下跌會很快減緩。過去幾周，美元在對包括英鎊和澳元在內(nèi)的幾種主要貨幣的兌換中已重新取得優(yōu)勢地位。一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夜，英國是頭號貿(mào)易強國，英鎊在官方外匯儲備中的份額與法國法郎、德國馬克的份額之和大致相當(dāng)。戰(zhàn)后維持了三分天下的局面，只是美元取代了馬克。第五單元 翻譯1回想起來， 他對二十世紀(jì)政治、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方面的評價是很準(zhǔn)確的，而且直到現(xiàn)在，他有關(guān)技術(shù)發(fā)展將會影響下一個世紀(jì)的看法是具有先見之明的。 2在過去的兩年里，英語世界網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用方面的發(fā)展速度要比其它多數(shù)語言社會快，英語國家里的聯(lián)網(wǎng)主機數(shù)量增加了450%，而在日本增加了420%，在法語國家里增加了375%，在德語國家里增加了250%，僅僅是出于這個原因，可以肯定的是，在接下來的一段時間里，英語的使用率依然會極高。3這并不是說互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對語言使用沒有重要影響。它最終將可以與出版業(yè)相媲美。出版業(yè)首先創(chuàng)造出了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的民族語言，然后又幫助創(chuàng)造出了圍繞這些語言的民族社會感。錯誤在于認(rèn)為語言的這種影響可以以其在全球被使用的粗略百分比來衡量。4你也許會感覺到這種策略不會緩解其它語言使用者的焦慮， 他們擔(dān)心網(wǎng)絡(luò)將被英語所主宰，這并不奇怪。5由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將每一個文件變成可能的“國際性”出版物，這一點常常吸引網(wǎng)頁用英文發(fā)表那些沒有出版發(fā)行的、通常不在國界以外傳播文件。而且，反過來，這也使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)上使用英語在很多國家成為身份的象征，因為這意味著你說的內(nèi)容可能會引起國際上的關(guān)注。6的確，我們也許對空想家們這些互動式論壇的描述持懷疑態(tài)度，他們認(rèn)為這樣的論壇是新的“電子平民”的核心。論壇最終會以直接的民主取代傳統(tǒng)的政治體制 傳統(tǒng)政治體制從來就是因為過于混亂、過于片面、過于不可靠而無法承擔(dān)所有的重?fù)?dān)。71. There is today, quite rightly, a growing concern for our environment and a genuine fear that, if we do not change our ways right now, the damage we will inflict on our planet will render it incapable of sustaining-for future generations-the economy we have grown accustomed to over the better part of the past two centuries.今天，人們越來越關(guān)心環(huán)境，而且真正擔(dān)憂，如果我們現(xiàn)在不改變我們的方式，我們對這顆行星造成的破壞，將會使它無法為我們的后代持續(xù)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟，而這種經(jīng)濟是我們在過去的二百年里發(fā)展更好年份中已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了的。2. That the earth and its resources do not belong to us and are not ours to squander without thought for the future is not proving an easy lesson for us to learn, but we are gradually succeeding or, at least, waking up to the enormity of the task that confront us.地球及其資源不屬于我們，也不是我們可以不考慮將來就能任意揮霍的東西，這一點并沒有被證明是我們可以容易接受的教訓(xùn)，但是我們正在逐漸走向成功 或者說，至少我們正在明白我們所面臨的任務(wù)的艱巨性。 3. The pressure is mounting for every potential polluter, every user of energy and every conspicuous contributor to climate change and global warming to clean up their act and adopt greener practices. The transport industry is no exception to such scrutiny and pressure; indeed, it seems to attract more than its fair share of attention in this regard-certainly enough to ensure that environmental concerns are now high on the agenda in all of its sectors.每一個可能帶來污染的企業(yè)（行業(yè)），每一個能源使用者，每一個顯而易見的導(dǎo)致氣候變化和全球變暖的企業(yè)所承受的環(huán)保壓力在增加。這個壓力需要他們使自己行為變得清潔， 采取更加綠色（環(huán)保）的行業(yè)實踐做法。對于這樣的檢查和壓力，運輸行業(yè)也不例外。在這一點上，運輸行業(yè)似乎受到了格外關(guān)注，這些關(guān)注足以確保環(huán)境問題被提到各個部門的最高日程上。4. IMOs environmental work in recent years has covered a remarkably broad canvas, embracing everything, from the quality of our atmosphere to the microscopic aquatic life-forms that can be transported around the world in ships ballast water and deposited in alien local ecosystems where, by disrupting their delicate balance, they can cause immense damage.近年來，國際海事組織的環(huán)保工作已經(jīng)涵蓋了從大氣層的質(zhì)量到水生微生物相當(dāng)大的領(lǐng)域（范圍）。水生微生物可以在壓載水中被帶到世界各地，并且排放到異樣的當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)中，在此生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，通過打破其脆弱的生態(tài)平衡，可以造成極大的破壞。5. IMOs work in this respect must be part of a broad-based effort in which everyone has a responsibility and everyone has a role to play, a concept precisely reflected in the well-known environmental call to action “think globally act locally”. 在這方面，國際海事組織的工作是無限努力的一部分。其中，每個人都有其責(zé)任，又都發(fā)揮其作用。 這是一個在呼吁人們行動起來的口號中確切反映出來的概念：從全球考慮， 從本地做起。6. And in the long term, society will need to address its own priorities and understand that nothing comes for nothing and that there will be prices and sacrifices that we must be prepared to pay and make, for the greater good of all.在長遠(yuǎn)考慮， 社會將需要解決孰先孰后的問題，并且要明白沒有白給的東西，還要明白，我們必須準(zhǔn)備好支付和付出，以便為所有人獲得更大的利益。8Unit 8 translation exercise1. 黃昏降臨時，我該感受到雙倍的愉快，因為能看到人造的光芒，這是人類的天才創(chuàng)造出來的，當(dāng)大自然黑暗降臨之時，以延展他的視力。2. 去聽悅耳的樂聲，鳥兒的鳴唱，樂隊的強勁旋律，就好像你明天就遭致失聰一樣。去觸摸你想摸的每個物體，就像你明天會推動觸覺意識一樣。去聞花朵的芳香，津津有味地去嘗美味佳肴，就好像你明天會再也不能聞到，嘗到一樣。3. 第一天我獻(xiàn)給了我的朋友們，有生命的和無生命的。第二天向我展示了人類和自然的歷史。今天我將在當(dāng)今的平凡世界里度過，在為生活事務(wù)忙碌的人們常去的地方度過。4. 然而，那些能看見的人明顯地看得很少，充滿世間的色彩和動作的景象被當(dāng)成理所當(dāng)然，或許，這是人性共有的特點；對我們具有的不怎么欣賞，而對我們不具有的卻渴望得到。然而，這是一個極大的遺憾，在光明的世界里，視力的天賦僅僅作為一種方便之用，而沒有作為增添生活美滿的手段。 5. 法庭記錄每天都顯露出“見證人”看得多不準(zhǔn)確。一個特定的事件，要被盡可能多的人從幾個不同的方面去“看到”，有些人看得比另一些人要多些，而沒有幾個人看到了在他們的視線范圍內(nèi)的所有事情。有些景象是愉快的，讓心里充滿快樂，而有些是悲慘的，對這些事，我并不閉上我的眼睛，因為這也是生活的一部分，對此閉起雙目就是關(guān)閉起心靈與頭腦。第9課TranslationTranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1. Acquaintances recount his uncanny ability to calculate columns of numbers off the top of his head a feat Warren still amazes business colleagues with today.同位語數(shù)人們敘述他張口就來計算一組組數(shù)字的時候我能起能力他的這個能力至今仍然使生意上的同事驚嘆不已。2. Warren Buffett approached graduate studies with the same resistance he displayed a few years earlier.巴菲特以幾年以前表現(xiàn)出來的反抗力進(jìn)行研究生學(xué)習(xí)。3. One of his best known calls was the Northern Pipe Line, an oil transportation company managed by the Rockefellers. 他最著名的是對北方管道公司的拜訪，這是洛克菲勒經(jīng)營的石油運輸公司。4. Shortly thereafter, he waged a proxy war and secured a spot on the Board of Directors. 此后不久，他進(jìn)行了一場獲得代理權(quán)的戰(zhàn)爭，并且在董事會得到了一席之地。5. Absolutely determined, Buffett offered to work for the Graham partnership for free. Ben turned him down. He preferred to hold his spots for Jews who were not hired at Gentile firms at the time. Warren was crushed. 巴菲特下定了決心，要求免費為格洛漢姆合股公司效力。6. Small, to say the least, but he had much bigger plans for that pool of money. 盡管這筆合作資金很小，但是至少可以說，巴菲特對這筆資金有著更大的計劃。7. A somewhat-celebrity in his hometown, Warren never gave stock tips despite constant requests from friends and strangers alike. 盡管沃倫在家鄉(xiāng)小有名氣，除了朋友們和陌生人不斷要求之外，他從不給人以股市上的建議。8. Warren said he must have been in the bathroom when the dividend was declared. 沃倫說宣布紅利的時候他一定是在浴室里。Unit One Life of AspirationPart OneWarm-up ListeningChoose OptimismIf you expect something to turn out badly, it probably will. Pessimism is seldom disappointed. But the same principle also works in reverse. If you expect good things to happen, they usually do! There seems to be a natural cause-and-effect relationship between optimism and success.Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want to shape our outlook and our expectations. There is enough good and bad in everyones lifeample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and painto find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. We can choose to laugh or cry, bless or curse, and its our decision.I choose to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative. I am an optimist by choice as much as by nature. Sure, I know that sorrow exists. I am in my 70s now, and Ive lived through more than one crisis. But when all is said and done, I find that the good in life far outweighs the bad.An optimistic attitude is not a luxury; its a necessity. The way you look at life will determine how you feel, how you perform, and how well you will get along with other people. Conversely, negative thoughts, attitudes, and expectations feed on themselves; they become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Pessimism creates a dismal place where no one wants to live.Optimism doesnt need to be naive. We can be an optimist and still recognize that problems exist and that some of them are not dealt with easily. But what a difference optimism makes is the attitude of the problem solver! When youre an optimist, youre more concerned with problem-solving than with useless carping about issues. Its your choice. (Words: 287)Part TwoFocus-ListeningA Great Communicator in All Circumstances Many American presidents have made an impact on our country as great communicators. John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln come to mind as outstanding examples. But only one president in our lifetime was called the Great Communicator, and that was Ronald Reagan. Flashes of Reagans talent for communication revealed themselves early in his career. He started out in radio. In his early twenties, Reagan quickly became one of the best-known announcers in the Midwest. Throughout his career, Reagan displayed an uncommon ability to connect and communicate with people. Nowhere was that more evident than during his time leading up to and in the White House. While announcing his run for the presidency in 1980, he cast the vision for his campaign clearly and simply, saying, “At the heart of our message should be five simple familiar words. No big economic theories. No sermons on political philosophy. Just five short words: family, work, neighborhood, freedom, peace.” During his campaign, Reagan successfully debated incumbent Jimmy Carter. The former California governor came across as a relaxed, likable, competent middle American. He won easily. Afterward when asked if he had been nervous debating the president, Reagan answered, “No, not at all. Ive been on the same stage with John Wayne.” Whether he was speaking to a group, looking into a camera, or connecting with someone one-on-one, Reagan was able to communicate with maximum effectiveness. Even when he was being wheeled into the operating room, his goal was to put others at ease. His comment to the surgeons was, “Please assure me that you are all Republicans.” Reagan was a good executive because he possessed a clear vision, made decisions easily, and delegated very effectively. But he was a great leader because of his uncanny ability to communicate. When it came to leading the country, people knew who he was, where he stood, and what he wanted, and they couldnt wait to get on board with him. Communication made him the kind of leader that people wanted to follow. (Words: 337)Part ThreeHome ListeningDream vs. Goal We all want to believe that we are capable of great feats, of reaching our fullest potential. We need dreams. They give us a vision of a better future. They nourish our spirit; they represent possibility even when we are dragged down by reality. They keep us going. Most successful people are dreamers, ordinary people who are not afraid to think big and dare to be great. Dreamers are not content with being merely mediocre, because no one ever dreams of going halfway. In order to make real steps toward fulfilling our ultimate, big, splashy dreams, we have to start with concrete objectives. These are our goals. Dreams are where we want to end up. Goals are how we get there. Dreams are our visions of where we are after our struggle, the prize at the end of the journey. Goals are the individual steps we take to ultimately deserve the prize. Our dreams are our master plan. Goals are our day-by-day blueprints that provide achievable targets for incremental improvement, but dreams and goals are interrelated. Goals provide our daily routine. They show us where to start and they establish our priorities. They make us organized and create the discipline in our lives. Getting yourself to establish your goals is paramount, one of the key building blocks in achieving success. Lets say youre trying to climb the corporate ladder in a large company, and you are not optimistic about your chances because there seems to be too many people competing for too few jobs at the top. Your dreams are that promotion. What you have to do is to break down the dream into components you can work on individually and then make a list. After studying the “dream” position, you determine that what theyre looking for is a hardworking, driven person who can manage a team well and improve productivity. Perfecting each of these characteristics then becomes goals you can shoot for. The first thing you do is show your boss that you are eager to work hard, begin to seek out more long-term projects to show you can maintain a certain energy level over a period of time. Then you have to show our boss that youre a team player, that you take the time to pitch in for the group and that youre the kind of person who makes the people around you perform better. The point is that you must establish specific goals and clearly define them. Goals are not merely fuzzy wishes, or hastily made New Years resolutions. They are tangible action items to be written down and followed. ( Words: 434)Unit Two Education Part OneWarm-up Listening Coming to America as a FulbrighterThe Fulbright program gives an American a chance to study, teach or do research in other countries. And it gives people in other countries a chance to do the same in America. Fulbright grants are given to graduate students, scholars and professionals. There is also a Fulbright exchange program just for teachers and administrators.Each year, about 6000 people receive Fulbright grants. The United States pays most of the costs. Foreign governments and schools help by sharing costs and providing other support.The Fulbright program operates in about 150 countries. Around 270,000 Fulbrighters have taken part over the years.Legislation by Senator William Fulbright established the program in 1946. He saw educational exchange as a way to help people understand other ideas and ways of life. Senator Fulbright also believed the program could educate future world leader.In 1968, the Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program began. This Fulbright program brings foreign teachers to the United States to work with high school or college students. Two other Fulbright programs that offer ways to come to the United States are the foreign student and visiting scholar programs. The Foreign Student Program brings graduate students to study and do research at a college or university. The Visiting Scholar Program brings foreign experts to speak and do research for up to a year. The list of countries in the Fulbright program changes each year. And the requirements may differ from country to country. (Words: 238)Part TwoFocus Listening Developing CreativityOne of the most exciting findings about creativity is that it may be picked up at almost any stage of the life cycle and developed. Many programs that work with elderly or retired people have known this for a long time. Researchers are continually trying to understand what creativity is and how it can be nurtured throughout childhood and adulthood. It is thought that developmental characteristics of creative aspects vary to the extreme; some things may show up early, other aspects later on in life. Creative behaviors such as curiosity may actually be evident early during infancy and increase during the “magic years” of early childhood. Unfortunately, during middle and late childhood there may be a decrease in creativity as children become more conforming and inhibited as well as liable to fall into sex-role stereotypes. With care, creativity can be sustained throughout childhood and adulthood. Following are highlights of several characteristics of creative people and suggested ways to develop creativity.Characteristics that signal creativity include intense absorption, curiosity, ability to put together seemingly unrelated things or ideas, sense of humor, unusual vocabulary, and eagerness to share new discoveries, spontaneity, and willingness to consider new ideas. Creative people are often either interested in ongoing experiments and need time to pursue ideas in depth, or they may jump from idea to idea very quickly. They may show fluency and flexibility in their thinking. They may ask surprising questions. They may be more independent than others in their approach to doing things. They get excited about new solutions and ideas. Creative people need time to entertain ideas, prepare materials, and let their ideas simmer for a while. They need privacy and tolerance for ambiguity. They need to be allowed to try things out in different ways until they are satisfied with their own work. They also need to be able to select and discard efforts of their choosingpressure to produce may stifle their creative efforts. Creativity thrives in an environment that allows questions, exploring, observing, skill-building, communicating, and self-expression. To develop creativity, the home or classroom environment should contain a variety of materials and encourage lots of different experiences.Developing a childhood interestbeing “in love” with something and sticking with it for some timeis related significantly to adult creative achievement. Building anticipation before a trip or lesson, digging deeply into material during the lesson, and