名師串講自考英語(yǔ)(一)(珍藏版).doc

更多優(yōu)質(zhì)自考資料盡在百度貼吧自考樂(lè)園俱樂(lè)部（/club/5346389）歡迎加入.歡迎交流.止不住的驚喜等著你.名師串講綜合英語(yǔ)（一）(珍藏版)一、時(shí)態(tài)（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.基本用法（1）其表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)或狀態(tài)。I know youre busy.(2)表經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。He smokes a lot.（3）自然現(xiàn)象或永恒真理。Gases expand when heated.（4）表現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如運(yùn)動(dòng)解說(shuō)、演示說(shuō)明、動(dòng)作描述、劇情介紹等等。（5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)情況。The plane takes off at 1130 and arrives in Shanghai at 1320.The show begins at seven and ends at ten.主句可用將來(lái)時(shí)或含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或其它時(shí)態(tài)。Ill give her the telex when she comes.If we hurry, we may catch the bus.2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)(1)主+be(am, is, are)+名（介詞短語(yǔ)，代詞）Tomorrow is Saturday.(2)主+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+賓I regret my ignorance on the subject.（3）注意其否定、疑問(wèn)變化。Do, dont, does, doesnt.(4)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)即實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則（略）。第三人稱單數(shù)形式。3.與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)適用的狀語(yǔ)Now and then, every,so often,currently,nowadays,these days.at present, rarely,as a rule etc.（二）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.基本結(jié)構(gòu)be(am, is, are)+doing(其為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）其否定、疑問(wèn)變化形式。2.基本用法（1）表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般用now, at the moment etc.(2)表現(xiàn)階段的一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但說(shuō)話的此刻動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行著，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常為recently, these days etc.Hes making the plan these days.(3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表將來(lái)時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有tomorrow, next week等。如arrive, come, go, get, leave, spend, start, stay, work etc.Im seeing my friend this afternoon.(4)Be doing其動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則（略）。3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中對(duì)動(dòng)詞的要求和限制（1）如like, want, know等不是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，禁止用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Were liking.Be動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，即表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)。Im being serious.我是說(shuō)正經(jīng)的。Im not being hard on anybody.Im being reasonable.只是理智行事。（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表一個(gè)經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，常表某種情緒。Youre always interrupting me!Hes always interfering in my affairs.Shes constantly changing her mind.區(qū)別：It rains a lot here.(說(shuō)明事實(shí))Its always raining here.（抱怨）She does fine work at school.Shes doing fine work in school.甚至某些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Im forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight.（三）一般過(guò)去時(shí)1.基本用法（1）常用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。（2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)(1)主+be動(dòng)詞(was/were)+名（代/介詞短語(yǔ)）（2）主+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式+賓(3)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)變化（略）和含過(guò)去時(shí)句子的肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)變化。did, didnt, Did.?e.g.Where were you at that time?I was sorry to hear that.Who left the door open?What did you major in?Did you go home yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt.I didnt go home yesterday.3.過(guò)去時(shí)的句子常帶有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).yesterday, at that time.ago, last year, week, just now etc.4.Ago(1)多用于過(guò)去時(shí)。（2）它所指時(shí)間是從現(xiàn)在算起。It was 20 years ago when Jack was a boy of fifteen.5.Before(1)多用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)（2）它所指時(shí)間是從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻算起（可與previously換用）。Last summer, I finally left the firm that I had joined 18 years before.(四)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.基本用法表在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間某事正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去時(shí)間可由一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)并非總是跟著。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)Be(was/were)+doing.What were you doing when I called you?3.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)(1)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行尚未完成的動(dòng)作。They were building a bridge there.(未必建成）過(guò)去時(shí)表示一個(gè)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。They built a bridge there.(2)但有些動(dòng)詞本身并不表示動(dòng)作完成，如rain,snow,wear,feel等，這時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以，在意思上差別不大。It rained all day yesterday.Its raining all day yesterday.4.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，與forever、frequently連用時(shí)表厭惡等情緒。He was always making mistakes.I was wondering if you could give me a lift.5.主從句中過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的體現(xiàn)(1)While后跟從句時(shí)，從句中須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，但when之后的動(dòng)詞則短暫性動(dòng)詞或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞都可以。(2)過(guò)去時(shí)中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，習(xí)慣上一個(gè)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，另一個(gè)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。動(dòng)用較長(zhǎng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，動(dòng)作較短用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作可能同時(shí)開(kāi)始，但不同時(shí)結(jié)束。When someone knocked at the door, I was having supper.When I was attending the class, he upset the cup.(3)由于分工的不同，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的起始和結(jié)束時(shí)間幾乎相同時(shí)，均用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。When I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.(4)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在同時(shí)段進(jìn)行，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上一先一后。The telephone rang when I was opening the door.我正開(kāi)門時(shí)電話鈴響了。When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door.電話正響時(shí)我開(kāi)了門。6.切記瞬間動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，瞬間動(dòng)詞使用過(guò)去時(shí)。（五）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.基本用法(1)在過(guò)去不確定時(shí)間里發(fā)生的并與現(xiàn)在有著某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作，體現(xiàn)的是影響或結(jié)果。（2）動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)主+have(has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)分注意其肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)變化，動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)律（略）。3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Already,yet,just,recently,so far,for,since,up to now,in the past 2 years.Ive worked in the company for 2 years.(1)如果完成時(shí)句子中后跟(for+一般時(shí)間）時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;但如若后面未跟一段時(shí)間則可以用短暫性動(dòng)詞；如果完成句是否定句且謂語(yǔ)是短暫性動(dòng)詞，則后可跟一段時(shí)間。Theyve come to visit us from time to time.(2)相關(guān)動(dòng)詞的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換borrowkeep(have)come backbe backHe died 5 years ago.He has been dead for 5 years.He left his hometown many years agoHe has been away for many years.4.相關(guān)難點(diǎn)（1）have gone(to)have been(to)(2)完成時(shí)與since(從句)一般since從句中用的都是短暫性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)。He has been ill since I saw him last.(3)如若since從句中用的是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞）的過(guò)去時(shí)，則含義不同，其表示從句動(dòng)作的完成或結(jié)束。The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.The house has been in bad repair since he moved out.I havent eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University.I havent eaten snails since I left Indiana University.(4)如若since從句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)間，通常要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。He has written to me frequenthy since I was ill.自從病愈以來(lái)He has written to me frequenthy since I have been ill.自從我生病以來(lái)I havent seen you since Ive been back.I havent seen you since I was back.(5)區(qū)別The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.The house has been in bad repair since he has lived in it.He has stayed here for 3 hours.He stayed here (since) 3 hours ago.He has stayed here since 3 Oclock.(6)在表示“第次做某事”時(shí)常使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Its the 1st good meal Ive had for ages.Its the 3rd time this has happened.Itll be the 1st time Ive spoken in public.(7)如果It之后的be動(dòng)詞用的是was,則that分句中通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。It was the 1st time he hadnt worked on Saturday.It was the 1st time shed been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.(六)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.基本用法從過(guò)去某時(shí)起一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，一般是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或反復(fù)。I have been washing all morning.Hes been watching television all day.2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)S+have(has)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）+S+have(has)+been+動(dòng)詞ing，其否定，疑問(wèn)變化。3.特點(diǎn)(1)其多與how long或long、all一起用。All night long this has been going on.How long have you been reading that book?(2)有時(shí)表示的是動(dòng)作的反復(fù)而非一直在持續(xù)。Weve all along been making mistakes like this.Has it been causing problems?(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常傾向動(dòng)作業(yè)已完成?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)大多都表示動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行或反復(fù)。She has painted her room.She has been painting her room.(可能還未漆完)Ive read a book.Ive been reading a book.(4)有些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。Ive known him for many years.Theyve been married for 50 years.This has lasted for a long time.(5)在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，特別是有l(wèi)ong、how long這類狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。（七）過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.概念（1）表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前業(yè)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生在前面的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，發(fā)生在后面的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。（2）在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束。（3）造成的是對(duì)過(guò)去的影響或結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系。（4）過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般都有過(guò)去時(shí)相襯托。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)S+had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)分（P.P.）When I got to the station the train had left.I had been at the bus stop for over one hour when a bus finally came.I had wanted to attend the meeting, but I fell ill.(未完成)3.難點(diǎn)（1）當(dāng)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作用and， then, but等連詞時(shí)，因?yàn)橛袆?dòng)作先后順序，須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。He stood up, took his coat and went out.(2)如果有after, before, as soon as等連用，且清楚有動(dòng)作先后，從句一般用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。I told them the news after you (had) left.As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again.They had already sold it when I asked the price of that car.(3)注意固定搭配hardly.when., no sooner.than, scarcely.when etc.He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.Wed scarcely arrived when she started crying.(4)用于hope, intend, mean, think等詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。We had thought to return early but they wouldnt let us go.(5)用于expect, hope, want, think等詞的過(guò)去時(shí)，表示“比”。It was easier than I had thought.We arrived earlier than we had expected.The place wasnt as clean as we had wanted it to be.（八）過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念(1)表示到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻此動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行。（2）用在從句中，從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前而對(duì)其有影響。At last the bus came, I had been waiting for half an hour.Until then she had been loving her daughter.Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.I heard youd been looking for me.2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)S+had+been+doing注意其否定、疑問(wèn)形式。3.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)/過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Hes been smoking for 20 years.Hes still smoking.Hed been smoking for 20 years when he decided to give it up.至過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻還在進(jìn)行某動(dòng)作。4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)/過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)By last week she had collected 2000 stamps.(已完成)She had been collecting stamps all these years.(未必完成)She had been painting the door all afternoon.(未必完成)（九）一般將來(lái)時(shí)1.概念表示將要發(fā)生的事，一般與表將來(lái)意義的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)tomorrow, (this) next year, in two days, in the future etc.2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)第一人稱I（we）+will(shall)+v.注意其否定、疑問(wèn)式。其他人稱S+will+v.注意其否定、疑問(wèn)式。willwontshallshant3.其它表示將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)（1）Be going to結(jié)構(gòu)（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（3）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞leave start etc)(4)Be to+動(dòng)詞原形Be+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（之前的動(dòng)詞時(shí)有講）(5)Be about to do sth表即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（6）Be due to do sth(按時(shí)間表)將Its due to be completed in 2010.(7)Be on the point of doing sth正要做某事。(十)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1.基本用法在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作將正在進(jìn)行。This time next week Ill be lying on the beach.2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)S+will(shall)+be+doing注意其否定、疑問(wèn)變化形式。3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)/現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可以互換4.將來(lái)時(shí)/將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)Mary wont pay this bill.表示意愿。Mary wont be paying this bill.單純談未來(lái)情況。（十一）將來(lái)完成時(shí)1.基本用法表示到將來(lái)某動(dòng)作業(yè)已完成或產(chǎn)生某種影響結(jié)果。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)S+will(shall)+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞e.g By the end of the trip, shell have travelled more than 3,000 miles.Ill have retired by the year of 2010.二、從句(一)定語(yǔ)從句1.定語(yǔ)表示法(1)形容詞Shes a responsible girl.(2)代詞This could change our lives.(3)數(shù)詞She bought 2 kilos of apples.(4)名詞或名詞所有格Whats your governments view about it?(5)不定式There are lots of things to be done.(6)分詞Theres a door leading to the garden.(7)介詞短詞That has no relation to the matter under discussion.(8)副詞The buildings around were badly damaged.(9)詞組或合成詞 They were mostly welltodo farmers.2.定語(yǔ)從句限定（制）性定語(yǔ)從句/非限定（制）性定語(yǔ)從句在主從復(fù)合句中，由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，此從句為定語(yǔ)從句，起修飾限定作用。（1）先行詞被修飾限定的名詞或代詞（2）關(guān)系代詞其作用：連接主從句；在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。有that, who, what, whose, which etc.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why etc.3.定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代（副）詞與先行詞的正確搭配。（1）當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)且關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。人+who(that)+動(dòng)詞who較正式,都不能省。The man who stole your car has been arrested.I have a sister who (that) lives in Mars.(2)當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)且關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。人+who (whom/ that)+主+及物動(dòng)詞人+who (whom/ that)+主+不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞The man (whom) I saw told me to come here.The man with whom I travelled couldnt speak English.Hes the thief (whom) I caught yesterday.(3)當(dāng)先行詞是人且關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這種情況很特殊，whose不能省略。人+whose+名+動(dòng)詞People whose rents have been raised can appeal.The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.(4)先行詞是物時(shí)且關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)物+which/that+動(dòng)詞關(guān)系代詞都不能省This is the parrot which always sings at night.Thiss the film that created a great sensation.(5)先行詞是物時(shí)且關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。物+which(that)+主+及物動(dòng)詞都可以省略。Its the best hotel (that) I know.The book (which) they sent me is very good.(6)先行詞是物時(shí)且關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。物+介詞+which+主+動(dòng)詞此種情況相當(dāng)特殊，介詞后只能用which.This is the pan on which I fried the eggs.The agency from which me bought our tickets is bankrupt.以上情況可以改作用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)that都可省略。This is the pan (that) I fried the eggs on.The agency (that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt.(7)關(guān)系副詞引起的定語(yǔ)從句。WhenTherere times when such things are necessary.WhereThis is the village where he was born.where可省。WhyGive me one reason why we should help them.4.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中的正確搭配(1)它對(duì)所有修飾的先行詞沒(méi)有起修飾限定的作用，而只是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，把它拿掉，主句照樣成立；其一般都與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。whoIve invited Diana, who lives in the next flat.whomMr Green, for whom I was working, was very generous.whoseMrs Green, whose daughter is in college, is trying to get a job.whichShe gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself.(2)which, whom等可以和of等介詞一起連用。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised.Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning.I met the fruitpickers, several of whom were university students.Gieorge, with whom I played tennis on sunday, was thinner than me.This I did at 9 oclock, after which I sat reading the paper.Ashdown forest, through which well be driving, isnt a forest any longer.His house, for which he paid 10,000, is now worth 50,000.(3)which有時(shí)代表的是前面句子的全部或部分意思。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.Rats ran about the attic all night, which kept me awake.He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.有時(shí)which還可在從句中作定語(yǔ)。He adviced me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.(4)關(guān)系副詞也可以引起非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.She was working in Nokia, where she went daily in a bus.We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.(5)As可用作關(guān)系代詞，引起定語(yǔ)從句，可以跟such連用。Hes not such a fool as he looks.He never remembered to have such weariness as he felt now.There was a look of fear in her eyes, such as people have when theyre suddenly awakened.We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.還可以跟same連用My stand on this is just the same as it was 4 years ago.You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.As還可以引起非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.Jack, as night be expected, was attending the conference.(6)But作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)可引起定語(yǔ)從句，表示who(that).not.誰(shuí)不以上這種方法較陳舊。There are very few but admire his talents.Not a man but had tears in his eyes.無(wú)人眼中無(wú)淚。（7）Whereby, wherein, whereupon也可引起定語(yǔ)從句。This is a way whereby (by which) you can learn quickly.He got into a situation wherein (in which) its hard to decide whats right and wrong.三、動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式（一）不定式1.不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)To help others is our duty.To speak good English is not easy.注：可將it形式主語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)的位置，把動(dòng)詞不定式放在句尾。（形）Its necessary for us to meet again.(名)Its a good idea to draw the fish.2.作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)She decided to take the examination.注:It作形式賓語(yǔ)。I think it important to speak good English.介詞but和except的賓語(yǔ)常用于do+anything/nothing/everything后面，通?？梢允÷詔o.When she is nervous,she does nothing but eat.He will do anything to help you except lend you money.3.作表語(yǔ)時(shí)To teach is to learn.4.作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)They told me to wait outside.注：在感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后如see，make等之后to常常被省略，但在它的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to不能被省略。I heard the girl sing in the classroom.The girl is heard to sing in the classroom.5.作定語(yǔ)時(shí)The only way to arrest him is to watch the papers.6.作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)We come to school to study French.注：動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，前面可以加上in order或so as.We left home (in order/so as) to catch the first train to London.7.不定式用在the only，the last，the first等以及the most，the best等形容詞最高級(jí)形式后面。She was the only girl to survive the accident.8.在there be+名（代）結(jié)構(gòu)后可用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式或被動(dòng)形式，其意思沒(méi)有多大區(qū)別。There are two sheets to wash (to be washed).There are a lot of things to do (to be done).9.后接how/what/when/where/which/why+不定式作賓語(yǔ)的常用動(dòng)詞有ask，decide，discover，find out，forget，know，learn，remember，think等。She didnt know what to say at that moment.I have found out where to buy vegetables cheaply.10.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）進(jìn)行時(shí)He pretended to be reading a book when I came into the room.完成時(shí)He seemed to have forgotten everything.（2）被動(dòng)式The meeting has to be cancelled because the chairman is ill.（3）否定式He tried hard not to do anything that might hurt her pride.（二）動(dòng)名詞1.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)Saying is easier than doing.注：It形式主語(yǔ)可放在主語(yǔ)的位置，把動(dòng)名詞放在句尾。（形）It felt funny watching myself on TV.(名)Its no use crying over the spilt milk.(覆水難收)(There be句型) Theres no getting along with him.(簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法和他相處)2.作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)He left without saying goodbye to us.Im looking forward to meeting you.3.作表語(yǔ)時(shí)My favorite sport is skiing.4.作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)I dont mind your(you) smoking here.5.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞一般表示的是主語(yǔ)的行為或狀況，如果表示的不是主語(yǔ)的行為或狀況，由名詞所有格或物主代詞表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)。（Johns）His marrying a village girl surprised all his friends.Mother dislikes my(me) working late.注：口語(yǔ)中也可用名詞或人稱代詞的賓格。They cant imagine a banker hauling garbage.Would you mind me sitting here?6.作定語(yǔ)，此時(shí)更加體現(xiàn)了動(dòng)名詞的形容詞的特征，相當(dāng)于名詞修飾名詞。The university presidents opening speech is encouraging.7.動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)形式（1）完成時(shí)態(tài)He was charged with having neglected his duty.（2）被動(dòng)形式The problem is far from being solved.The food shows no sign of having been touched.（三）現(xiàn)在分詞&過(guò)去分詞1.作定語(yǔ)時(shí)（1）前置定語(yǔ)Please throw that broken glass away.You can see growing crops everywhere.（2）后置定語(yǔ)The problem being discussed is very important.2.作表語(yǔ)時(shí)The dish looks inviting.Hes interested in science fiction.3.作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)（要求分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)須與其主句主語(yǔ)一致）Not receiving her letter,I called her up.Asked if she had any bad habit,she answered that she was a heavy smoker.The football fans home,greatly disappointed.(主補(bǔ))4.作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)（現(xiàn)在分詞）I found my mother sitting beside me.(過(guò)去分詞)The earthquake left the city completely ruined.注：在感官動(dòng)詞see，hear，watch等之后，可用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，也可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。不定式表示經(jīng)常性的或已經(jīng)過(guò)去了的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。I saw him cross the street.We can hear her sing every morning.I can hear him talking to our teacher now.5.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)The dog attacking my friend was pulled off by its owner.Computers produced by Lenovo sell very well in the home market.6.分詞的一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)（1）Entering the room,I saw Tom.Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam.（2）The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.Having been warned of typhoon,the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.四、語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)（一）真實(shí)條件句1.基本形式：主句動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)時(shí)，if條件從句中的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在時(shí)If you want something really badly,youll probably get in.2.If條件從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示狀態(tài)或必然的結(jié)果If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.3.If條件從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化If youre looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.If you have lost your car,you should report it to the police.If youre going to the U.S. ,youll need a visa.（二）虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬(1)If+did(were)+.,.would(should,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形If I were you,I would go abroad at once.If he knew it now,he could help me.(2)從句中可用If it were not for.(若不是).e.g.(倒裝句)Were it not for your help,I wouldt be doing so well.If it werent for Jack,you wouldnt be anywhere.2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬(1)If+had done+.,.would(might,could等)+動(dòng)詞原形If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for .(若不是)e.g.(倒裝句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.If it hadnt been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.3.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬(1)If+should +v.,.wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“萬(wàn)一”)，e.g. If I should fail,what shoul