大學(xué)英語-InauguralAddress

Unit4InauguralAddress JohnF Kennedy Backgroundknowledge Introductiontothepassage Detailedstudyofthetext OrganizationalPattern Languagefeature Questionsfordiscussion Backgroundknowledge 1 Thepresidentialelectionsystem2 Inaugurationday Presidentialoath4 JohnF Kennedy5 Biblicalallusionandbiblicalstyle6 ColdWar7 ArmsRace PresidentialElectionSystem Bylawanynatural bornAmericancitizenofandover35yearsofagecanrunforthePresidency Butinfactonlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorparties theRepublicanandtheDemocratic havethechancestowinaPresidentialelection ThechoosingofacandidateforthePresidencyisextremelyimportantforbothparties Todothis eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryears inthesummerbeforethegeneralelection Theconvention大會(huì)isanassemblyofpartybossesandactivists Severalmonthsbeforetheconvention alltheaspirants fornominationbegintheirpersonalcampaignswithintheparty Hispurposeistohavehissupporterschosenasdelegatestotheconvention Themoresupportershehas thebiggeristhechanceforhimtobenominatedforthecandidacy Thisprocessiscalledtheprimaryelection TowinaPresidentialelection acandidatehastospendmanymillionsofdollarswhichcomesfromitspersonalcollection party shelpandgrantfromtheGovernment Hehastotravelalloverthecountry makingcountlessspeechesandshakinghandswithcountlessvoters Hehastofacehisrivalindebatesontelevision Hehastomakethebestuseofhisglibtongueandarousepublicconfidenceinhim Acandidatemustalsotrytoprofitfromhisrival sdisadvantage makingharshattacksonhispoliciesandexposinghispersonalflaw Thismaybecomeverydisgustingsometimes WhenLincolnranforthePresidency hismother forexample wasabusedofimmortality Apresidentialcandidatealsotirestocollectinformationabouthisrivalssoastoemploythemostprofitabletactics ThecaseinpointwasNixon sWatergatebreak in Thegeneralelection heldonthesecondTuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovemberineachelectionyear Inaugurationdayandpresidentialoath Thefirstone onApril30 1789 GeorgeWashington Since1937 InaugurationDayhasbeenchangedtoJan 20 OnthisdayeveryfouryearsthenewlyelectedpresidentoftheUnitedstatesfacesthepeopleforthefirsttimeandtakesthepresidentialoathofofficeanddelivershisinauguraladdress Thesolemnpresidentialoath traditionallyadministeredbytheChiefJustice isprescribedinArticleII section1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates IdosolemnlyswearthatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeofpresidentoftheUnitedStates andwilltothebestofmyability preserve protectanddefendtheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates JohnF Kennedy Kennedyisthe35thPresident wasswornonJanuary20 1961 Born May29 1917 inBrookline MassachusettsDied November22 1963 inDallas TexasNickname JFK Married JacquelineLeeBouvier 1929 1994 onSeptember12 1953Religion RomanCatholicEducation GraduatedfromHarvardCollege 1940 PoliticalParty Democrat PresidentKennedy sinauguraladdresswasbotheloquentandmemorable Hestoodbeforethecapitol handsomeandyouthfulatage43 callingforafreshspiritinnationallife Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace tofriendandfoealike thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans Career author officer U S Navy 1941 45 newspapercorrespondent memberofHouseofRepresentatives 1947 53 UnitedStatesSenator 1953 61 PresidentoftheUnitedStates 1961 63 HewasthefirstRomanCatholictobecomepresidentoftheUnitedStated At43hewasalsotheyoungestmaneverelectedtothehighestofficeofhiscountry HewasaHarvardgraduate JohnKennedy the35th JohnF Kennedywasawarhero aPulitzerPrize winningauthor InNovember1960 attheageof43 JohnF hebecametheyoungestmaneverelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates Hisdeath HewasassassinatedinNovember1963 whenjourneyedtoTexasforaspeech makingtour Hewasshotintheneckandheadbya24 year oldman Hediedhalfhourlater Withintwohours vice presidentJohnsontooktheoathaspresident Astatefuneralwasheldforhim HisInauguralAddressofferedthememorableinjunction Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry Biblicalallusionandbiblicalstyle TheBibleisarichsourceofallusions bothfromtheOldTestamentandtheNewTestament Manyarewell known ThosethatarenotcanbeeasilylookedupintheBible Belowaresomeofthemostcommonones TheOldTestamentTheNewTestament Biblicalstyle IntermsofparagraphsandformsMoreshortparagraphsMoreitalics butnotallofthemforemphasis Withtheword Lord God capitalized IntermofgrammarInsteadofellipticalandcomplicatedsentences thestructuresofthesentencesaresimpleandcompleteTheoldformofpronouns suchas ye thou thee thy etcTheverbforminthesecondversionisintheoldest est form eg shouldest ThereisnoabbreviationThereisnoauxiliaryinnegativeform shall isnotonlyusedtoexpressfuturetime butcontainsomemodalmeaning SomeinversionsarenolongerinuseinmodernEnglish IntermofvocabularyTherearesomearchaicwordswhicharenotusedtoday egsubtil subtleMostofthewordsareshortandsmallSomewordsarenotoldenough theuseofthemhavealteredcompletely egeatof gaveofThe dideat intheparagraphisnotforemphasizing butindicatingpasttense Thisisoftenseeninbiblicalstyle SomewordsarespecificallyemployedintheBible ColdWar Itreferstotheperiod1953 1964 TheUnitedStatesandthenationsofWesternEuropebegantofearSovietPower TheSovietswerefearedofWesternPower AsituationofdistrustandhostilitybetweenthemiscalledColdWar ThemostvisiblepartofTheColdWarwasthearmsrace Massiveandexpensivemilitarizationmovementsonthepartofbothnationsinvolvedcausedanewpsychologytodevelop Mutuallyassureddestruction appropriatelyknowasMAD wasthephilosophythatboth nationshadthepowertodestroyeachothercompletelyintheeventofanattack Thetheorywasbasedonthreeideas One bothnationshaveenoughweaponstodestroytheother two bothnationscandetectafirststrikebeforeitarrives andthree bothnationsareabletorespondadequatelybeforetheyhitbythefirststrike TheinventionandperfectionoftheInternationalBallisticMissile ICBM wasthebeginningofMAD Armsrace Anarmsraceisacompetitionbetweentwoormorecountriesformilitarysupremacy Eachpartycompetestoproducesuperiornumbersofweaponsorsuperiormilitarytechnologyinatechnologicalescalation Historicalexamplesofarmsracesabound OnesignificantrecentexamplewastheracetodevelopmoreandbetternuclearweaponsduringtheColdWar Theterm armsrace isusedgenericallytodescribeanycompetitionwherethereisnoabsolutegoal onlytherelativegoalofstayingaheadoftheothercompetitors Evolutionaryarmsracesarecommonoccurrences Generalunderstandingofthespeech Theobjectofapoliticalspeechistoexplain convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandplanningtodobestrepresentstheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim AspresidentoftheUnitedStates Kennedyhastoaddressaworldwideaudience HehastoappealnotonlytotheAmericanpeoplebutalsotothedifferentgroupsofnationsintheinternationalcommunity Themessageinthespeechisclear TheUnitedStates theself appointedleaderofthe freedemocracies ispreparedtopayanypricetodefendhumanrightsandthelibertyandindependenceoffreenations sothesenationsshouldsupportandaccepttheleadershipoftheUnitedStates Thereisveiledthreat warningandadvicetotheenemycamp Introductiontothepassage 1 TypeofliteratureThisisapoliticalspeech Theobjectofpoliticalspeechistoexplain convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandplanningtodobestrepresentstheirinterestssothattheyshouldsupporthim Todothissuccessfully thespeakermustfirstunderstandthepsychologyoftheaudiencetowhomheisdirectinghiswordsandthenemploysuitablerhetoricaldevicesandwordstocreatethedesiredemotionalimpact 2 Mainidea AspresidentoftheUnitedStates Kennedyhastoaddressaworldwideaudience HehastoappealnotonlytotheAmericanpeoplebutalsotothedifferentgroupsofnations Inordertounderstandandevaluatehisspeechbetter weshouldalsobearinmindthathebecamepresidentduringthecold warperiodwhentheworldwasdividedintotwohostilecamps Themessageoftheaddressisclear TheUnitedStates theself appointedleaderofthe freedemocracies ispreparedtopayanypricetodefendhumanrightsandthelibertyandindependenceoffreenations sothesenationsshouldsupportandaccepttheleadershipoftheUnitedStates Thereisveiledthreat warningandadvicetotheenemycamp Heispreparedto opposeanyfoe and darenottemptthemwithweakness sotheyshouldnegotiateandcooperate Thisspeechiswellorganizedandhighlyrhetorical Itismostlypersuasionwithverylittleexplanation Astheaddressisgenerallyshortithastorelychieflyonasuccessfulappealtoemotionsforitdoesnothavetimeenoughtocitefactsandreasonswhichcouldconvince 3 OrganizationPara1 5 ageneralstatementofbasicpolicygoals para6 10 addressingtodifferentgroupsofalliednationsorwould beallies para11 20 addressingtohisenemywiththreatandwarning para21 27 appealingtohiscountrymenforsupportandsacrificeTheorderisclearandthetoneappropriatetothedifferentgroupsheisaddressing Para1 5Generalstatementofbasicpolicygoals Questions 1 WhatdoesKennedymeanby avictoryofaparty butacelebrationoffreedom 2 Whatare anendandabeginning and renewalandchange referredtorespectively 3 Whydidhesaythattheworldisverydifferentnow Whatarethedifferencesdoeshehaveinmind Doyouagreewithhim 4 Whatbeliefisstillatissuearoundtheglobe Whydidhesaythat 5 Whatdoeshemeanbysaying heirsofthatfirstRevolution 6 Commentonthelanguage Findoutalltherhetoricaldevices parallelstructure repetition antithesis biblicalstyle 7 Commentontheeffectofthefirstpartofthespeech DOyouthinkitisgood Inwhatway Para1 theopeningparagraph Kennedyemphasizestheimportance significanceofhiselectionaspresidentoftheUS 1 Theopeningsentenceisawell thoughtoutbalancedsentence Noticetherepetitionofthephrase aswellas Parallelism Theuseofidenticalorequivalentsyntacticconstructionsincorrespondingclauses end theendofEisenhower spresidentialtermbeginning thebeginningofKennedy spresidentialtermrenewal thecontinuationofpresidencyandofficeofpresident 2 observe tokeeporcelebrate aholiday forexample observeananniversary observethespeedlimitobservestressesrespectfuladherence astolawortradition oftenintheformofcompliancewithprescribedrites 3 celebrateWeareplanningasurprisepartytocelebrateherbirthday 4 signify todenote mean makeknown aswithasignorwordHesignifiedhiscontentwithanod 5 renewal Theactofrenewingorthestateofhavingbeenrenewed更新 復(fù)興 恢復(fù) 續(xù)借 重申 補(bǔ)充6 almighty havingabsolutepower all powerfulIt salmightycoldoutside 7 solemn referalmostexclusivetoanextremelyformalandinspiringreligiousritual grave veryserious asolemnoath莊嚴(yán)的誓言asolemndedicationtothecauseoffreedom為自由事業(yè)而始終不渝的獻(xiàn)身 8 prescribe setdownorimposec f ascribe 常與to連用 歸于 歸因于Heascribedhisfailuretobadluck describeinscribe 刻 寫 雕 subscribe 捐款 訂閱 簽署 Acenturyandthree quartersago ThefirstpresidentialoathtakenbyGeorgeWashingtononApril30 1789 prescribe setdown impose 1 Whatpunishmentdoesthelawprescribeforthiscrime 2 Governmentschoolsmustworkforaprescribednumberofdayseachyear 3 Goodcitizensdowhatthelawsprescribe 4 Someonewhobehavesasfoolishlyasyouhavenorighttoprescribehowothersshouldbehave para2 1 Mainidea thegeneralsituationofthisworldtopicsentence Theworldisverydifferent 2 QuestionInwhatwayistheworlddifferent Theworldisdifferentinthewayofscienceandtechnology Peoplehavemodernandadvancedscienceandtechnology 3 Languagepoints 1 Formanhold humanlife Manhasmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnologysohehasthepowertoabolishpoverty butbealsohasthepowertodestroyhumanlife Hencetheworldisdifferentnow 2 thepower thepowerofscienceandtechnologywiththehelpofscienceandtechnology 1 Peoplecanbecomeveryrich 2 Peoplecanbeexterminated Sciencecanbeusedtogetridofpoverty Sciencecanbeusedtodestroyallhumanbeings 3 revolutionarybelief humanrightsAllmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem 4 Andyetthesame Aroundtheglobe OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld 5 atissue undecided indisputeThepointatissueiswhetheryouarewillingtogoabroadornot Thatisnotthepointatissue withoutissue todiewithoutchildrenHediedwithoutissue Para 3 Mainidea generalpolicyoftheUSPeopleintheUSmustkeepanddefendhumanrightsnotonlyintheUSbutalsointheworldaswell Languagepoints Wedarenot firstrevolution Wedarenotforgetthatwearethedescendantsofthosewhofoughtthefirstrevolutionarywar thewarofindependence 2 heritage allthequalities traditionsorfeaturesoflifethathavebeencontinuedovermanyyearsandpassedonfromonegenerationtoanother usedespeciallytorefertothingsthatareofhistoricalimportanceorthathavehadastronginfluenceonsociety heritagePekingoperaispartofourculturalheritage ThisbuildingispartofBritishnationalheritage inheritance 1 moneyorpropertywhichyoureceivefromsomeonewhoisdead2 asituationorstateofaffairswhichhasbeeninfluencedbyaparticularevent person booketc heritage mit commitoneselfto doing sthbecommittedtosth doingsth promise pledgetodo supportsthAllanhasbeencommittedtostayingthereforalongtime mit Hehasbeencommittedtoequalrightsforwomen Deeplycommittedtohisreligion hehasoftenspokenoutagainstgreedandmisuseofpower Nobodycommittedthemselvestoadefiniteanswer Para 4 StrongdeterminationKennedyputstheUStotheleader sohesaysinordertokeephumanrights survivalandthesuccessofliberty 1 thesurvivalandthesuccessof freedemocraticcountries 2 thenewlyindependentthirdworldcountries Para5 Transition Aonesentenceparagraphthatfunctionsasatransitionfromthegeneraltothespecific Inthefollowingparagraphshewillbeaddressingdifferentspecificgroupsofnations Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore para6 10 addressingtodifferentgroupsofalliednationsorwould beallies Questions 1 Whatarehispoliciesfortheoldallies 2 Whatdothe irontyranny and tiger referto 3 Whodo hutsandvillages referto 4 Whatisthepolicyfor sisterrepublicans whoarethey Para 6 Mainidea thespecificpolicytowardhisfriendsandwould befriends Languagepoints 1 allies ally Britain Canada NewZealand Australia WestEuropeancountriesacountrythathasatreatyoranagreementtohelpandsupportanothercountry esp duringawar allied adj theAlliedandAssociatedPowers協(xié)約國WWItheAlliedMilitaryGovernment聯(lián)合國民政府WWII 2 culturalandspiritualorigins 1 speakthesamelanguage belongtothesomelanguagefamily2 havethesamereligiousbelief 3 antithesis 1 Unitedwecandoeverything Dividedwecandonothing theimportanceofunity 2 Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry antithesis平行對(duì)照 4 apowerfulchallenge astrong powerfulthreatposedbythesocialistcampIfwearequarrelingandsplitapart wecannotcompetewiththestrong powerfulenemyinfrontofus Para 7 Mainidea tosomenewlyindependentcountriesHepromisestoaid support thenewlyindependentcountriessothattheycanremainfreeandindependent Languagepoints 2 ranksofthefree thecommunityoffreeandindependentnationsafarmoreirontyranny acommunistdictatorship ridingthebackofatiger Compare seekingtheaidofsocialistcountries to ridinghebackofatiger Para 7 1 Thosecountrieswhichfoolishlyseektheaidofsocialistcountrieswillendupbylosingtheirindependenceasmanyothercountriesdidinthepast Itisdangeroustoridethebackofthetiger Ifyoudo youwillbeswallowedupbythetiger Youwillloseyourpowerandindependence Para8 Mainidea tothedevelopingcountrieshalftheglobe thecontinentsofAfricaandAsiaconstitutealmostonehalfofthelandsurfaceoftheglobe Languagepoints bonds chains fetters pl 1 chains ropesthatareusedtotiedownaprisoner2 fig afeeling dutyorcustomthatforcesyoutobehaveinaparticularway helpthemhelp Wepledgetohelpthemonconditionthattheydotheirbestanddowhatweaskthemtodo Para 9 Mainidea toLatinAmericancountries UsuallytheU SregardstheLatinAmericancountriesasthebackyardoftheUS forithasspecialinterestinthesecountries Languagepoints 1 sister carefulchoiceofword implyingequalrelationship onefamilymutualgoodrelationspeacefulrevolution anewallianceforprogress 2 prey metaphorcomparing peacefulrevolution toananimalwhichmightfallvictimtoenemynations Wewillnotallowanyenemycountrytosubvertthispeacefulrevolutionwhichbringshopeofprogresstoallourcountries Para 9 Mainidea 1 HeofferedspecialpledgethatallLatinAmericancountriestoworktogethertomakeprogress 2 Hewarnedtheenemiesnottointerfereintheinternalaffairsofthesecountries becausewearemasterofthishemisphere Para 10 Maididea totheUnitedNations TheUNisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinaworldwheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedandexceededtheinstrumentsofpeace Languagepointsinstrumentsofwar weapons bombs forwagingwarsinstrumentsofpeace machines toolsforproducinggoods 1 topreventtheUNfrombecominganassemblywherepeoplejustcriticize insultandabuseeachother2 tostrengthenthepowerofUNtoprotectthenewlyindependentandweaknations3 toenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeineffectorinforce Addressingtohisenemywiththreatandwarning 1 Whatisthepolicytopursuetowardsthosenationswhomheconsiderstobe ouradversary 2 Whatarethetwogroupsworriedabout Para 11 Heisspeakingtotheenemies especiallytheSovietUnion makethemselvesouradversary cleverchoiceofwordsThisphrasethrowstheblameconfrontationontheotherparty TheUShasdonenothingtocreateenemies It stheothersidethatischallengingtheUS notpledge notpromisebutarequest butaskingtheothersidetoconsiderhisproposal1 pointoutdangerdanger selfdestruction theThirdWorldWar Advancedweaponswilldestroythewholemankindwhetherintentionallyoraccidentally Para 11 anew again inanewordifferentwayquest asearchorattempttofindThequestforgoldwaslonganddifficult engulf oftheearth thesea todestroybyswallowingupThestormyseaengulfedthesmallboat Para 12 pointoutpositionofstrengthWemustbeverystrong Ifweareweak theywouldattractus Wedarenotbeweakbecauseitmighttempttheenemytotakerashactions tempt attractThewarmsuntemptedustogoswimming atemptingmeal Para 13 pointoutneeds situation findnocomfortinpresentsituation coldwar hostileconfrontation 1 Bothsidesarefeelingthegreatfinancialburdenofthearmsrace 2 Botharemadeconsciousofthegradualspreadoftheterribleatombombs 3 Bothsidesaretryingtochangethisuncertainbalanceofthisterriblemilitarypowerwhichrestrains preventeachgroupfromlaunchingtheThirdWorldWar Para 14 18 1 pointoutco operation differentproposalstryingtofindoutspecificfieldinwhichwecanagreewitheachother 2 sincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof One ssinceritymustbeprovedbyfacts Peoplemaysayorpromiseallkindsofthingsbuttheymustbeprovedbydeeds 3 subjectto dependingon取決于 尚待 在 的條件下Theyhaveauthoritytodecide subjecttotheminister sapproval Thetreatyissubjecttoratification 認(rèn)可 批準(zhǔn)Theplanissubjecttoconfirmation 4