泰興市第四高級中學高二英語教學案（新版）M5U1+語法.doc

泰興市第四高級中學高二英語教學案M5U1動詞不定式動名詞的構成形式 動詞不定式是由 “ to + 動詞原形” 構成；動名詞由動詞+ing構成。主動式有： 一般式、進行式、完成式和完成進行式；被動式有： 一般式、進行式和完成式。時態(tài) 語態(tài)主動被動一般式動詞不定式to doto be done動名詞doingbeing done進形式動詞不定式to be doingto be being done動名詞doingbeing done完成式動詞不定式to have doneto have been done動名詞having donehaving been done完成進形式動詞不定式to have been doing動名詞having been doing動詞不定式、動名詞用法要點講解一做主語 不定式作主語 動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名詞to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb. + some time + to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容詞for sb.to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容詞of sb.to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. It seems(appears)形容詞to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb.，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當于sb. is形容詞to do句式，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. 動名詞做主語 Learning without practice is no good. 動名詞做主語時，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容詞doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 這樣用的形容詞有expensive, nice, tiring等，但important, necessary則不適用于這種結構，應用不定式 代替，如：Its important for you to keep fit. There is no + doing There is no saying what will happen next. There is no denying that he has stolen the bike. 在這一結構中，動名詞后常帶賓語，相當于Its impossible to結構。 動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別 不定式作主語經常表示具體動作，常與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動名詞作主語經常表示抽象動 作，經常不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如： Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 動名詞結構作主語，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語。如： Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二、作賓語 不定式作賓語 以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語。如：agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail, help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等，這些詞大部分可接that引導的從句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. 當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語動 詞it補語to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介詞but, except, besides + to do(do) 在這種句型中，如介詞前有動詞do，后面應接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to， 帶to不帶do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 動名詞作賓語 以下動詞后，只能接動名詞作賓語，如：admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practice, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, resist, risk, give up, insist on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. 動名詞作介詞的賓語 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 動名詞前的介詞有時可以省略，如：have difficulty (in) doing, have no trouble (in) doing, lose no time (in) doing, prevent/stop (from)doing, there is no use (in)doing等。 部分動詞后面，既可接動詞不定式，也可接動名詞作賓語，意義不變。如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, prefer等。hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未來事件，接動名詞表示目前 正在進行的活動或一般的行為。 在need, require, want后接-ing形式，表示被動意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動形式，如：Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). 在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有would(should)時，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 當謂語動詞begin, continue, start等是進行式時，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult math problem. begin, continue, start與know, understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如： Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應根據(jù)句子語境選擇使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經發(fā)生。如： Dont forget to post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 設法盡力做某事 try doing 試著做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語） stop doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 cant help to do不能幫助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同內容的事 go on doing 繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動作的繼續(xù) He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world. leave off to do 離開某地去干什么（目的狀語） leave off doing停下某事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表語 不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動作；動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例）。當主語是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例）時，或以what引導的名詞性分句（例），不定式說明主語的內容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting. 句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉換，如Serving the people is our work，而句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，說明主語的性質、狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動名詞作表語還應與進行時態(tài)區(qū)別開來。 四、作定語 不定式作定語 不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系： (1)表示將來的動作（例）。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞（例）。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時，盡管有被動含義，卻仍 用主動語態(tài)（例）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例）。 (4)不定式作定語時，一般可轉換為定語從句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 動名詞作定語 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句動名詞作定語說明一種性能，即：用來的；第句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個分詞作定語常置于被修飾詞之前，與被修飾詞之間可構成邏輯上的主謂關系，分詞短語作定語常置于被修飾詞之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Smith. 五、不定式作補足語 作賓語補足語 一些及物動詞除要求按賓語外，有時還需要有賓語補足語，說明賓語的行為、狀態(tài)、特征，這時意思才相對完整。 (1)常要求不定式作賓補的動詞有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（強迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like (love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分動詞后常接to be形容詞、名詞短語等形式，有時to be可省略，如：believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=understand), understand等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但當不定式是完成式時，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish. (3)感覺動詞和使役動詞后用作賓補的不定式須省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，to不能省略，如第句：The students are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help, know后面的to可有可無。如： Would you please help me (to) fill in the tax form? Ive never known her (to) be late before. 但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短語動詞后，常接不定式作賓補，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常這樣用的短語動詞有：ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for（渴望），prepare for, wish for等。 2. 作主語補足語 不定式作主語補足語，和主語構成一種邏輯上的主謂關系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作狀語 1. 作目的狀語 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有時為了強調，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it. 有時為強調目的狀語可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部 分可轉換為so that, in order that,成為目的狀語從句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動形式表示被動意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常這樣用的形容詞有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等。 2. 作結果狀語 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如： soas to; suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列結構中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have，相當 于very） We have too much to learn.我們要學的太多了（不定式作定語）。 不定式短語還可作獨立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常見的短語有to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對他公道的 話），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、動詞不定式、動名詞的其它用法 疑問詞不定式結構 疑問詞who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑問詞不定式部分，均可轉換為相應的從句形式。如：When we shall leavehow I could learn 經常在這種結構中使用的動詞有：consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, learn, observe, understand, wonder等。 動詞不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài) (1)時態(tài) 一般式：動詞不定式一般式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，有時表示同時發(fā)生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（to become發(fā)生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同時發(fā)生） 完成式：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 進行式：表示的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)語態(tài) 如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如： Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主語） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主語） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作賓語） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定語） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作狀語） 在There be結構中，修飾主語的不定式可用被動，也可用主動。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now. ( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 動名詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài) (1)時態(tài) 一般式：動名詞的一般式所表示的動作可以是泛指，也可與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或發(fā)生在謂語動作之前 、之后。如： We are interested in collecting stamps. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. We are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如： Imagine having travelled on the moon. We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被動語態(tài) 如果動名詞的邏輯主語為動名詞所表示的動作的承受者，動名詞要用被動語態(tài)，動名詞的被動語態(tài)有一 般式與完成式之分。如： The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. 有些動詞后的動名詞用主動形式，但表示被動意義。如： The bike needs repairing. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 語法練習一、用動詞的不定式、動詞ing形式填空。1. My mother told me (turn) on the lights just now.2. Chinese would like (make) friends with a lot of foreigners.3. He feels like (eat) an apple4. A lot of people likes (do) some shopping on Sundays. 5. They asked me (thank) your mother.6. Would you like (drink) tea or coffee ?7. A lot of children like (swim) , because it is good for health.8. Please ask her (arrive) to school at seven thirty tomorrow morning.9. My father was glad (see) his old friends yesterday.10. Please ask uncle Wang (mend) the TV set.11. When the baby heard the music, he stopped (cry) at once.12. Look! There is a cow (lie) on the road.13. I am sorry (hear) the bad news 14. He wants (go) there with you.15. We will help the farmers (grow) rice next week16. It is time (begin) our lessons now.17. Lots of children enjoys (listen) to music.18. Could you tell me if you like (sing) English songs?19. I would love (go) fishing in the lake.20. It took him one hour (finish) his homework.21. I spent three weeks in (finish) my work.22. What about (go) out for a walk? 23. Do you mind (open) the window?24. He practices (speak) English every morning.25. We are busy (get) ready for the English exam.26. He gave up (learn) maths.27. Will you go to the cinema (see) a film?28. He went to the school library (borrow) some English books.29. In winter, leaves of trees begin (turn) yellow.30. It is the best season for (swim) in summer.31. I spent two hours on maths exercises last night. Ittookme two hours my maths exercises last week.32. He is good at (swim).33. Let us make a contribution to (protect) our environment.34. I used to (be) a history teacher.35. I am used to (get) up early 36. Remember (bring) your English books here.37. I remembered (see) him in the meeting ten years ago.38. Dont forget (turn) off the lights when you leave.39. I forgot (lock) my door this morning.40. Thanks very much for (help) me study English.41. You should give up (smoke). It is bad for your healthy.42. He kept me (wait) for a long time.43. The heavy rain stopped me from (go) out.44. I often see her (dance) in her room.45. I heard him (sing) an English song when I was walking past her room.46. How did Ling Feng make the baby stop (cry) ?47. When I met Lucy in the street yesterday, I stopped (talk) with him.48. When the teacher walked into the classroom, the students stopped (talk) .49. You are very tired, you had better stopped (have) a rest.50. It is not polite (talk) loudly in public.二、單項選擇。1. What is the way Lao Wang thought of _ enough money to buy the house?A. to get B. getting C. having got D. being got2. Without fact, we cant form a correct opinion, for we need to have actual knowledge _ our thinking.A. which to be based on B. which to base on C. on which to base D. which to base3. Tom pretended _ it but in fact, he knew it very well.A. not listen to B. not to hear from C. not to have heard about D. not to be listening to4. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction.A. seeing B. having seen C. to see D. to have seen5. Hearing his words, I couldnt decide _ or remain.A. whether to go abroad B. if I go abroad C. if to go abroad D. to go abroad6. Lilys mobile phone w