動(dòng)名詞_Microsoft_Word_文檔_(2).doc

1、-ing分詞的構(gòu)成-ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表幾種形式（以do為例）：一般式 完成式主動(dòng)形式 doing 主動(dòng)形式 having done被動(dòng)形式 being done 被動(dòng)形式 having been done-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書本很感興趣。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式：-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語)后，作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義。如：Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。4. -ing分詞的語法作用 -ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語等。1)ing分詞（短語）作主語：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，-ing分詞也作主語。為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實(shí)主語放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。2) -ing分詞（短語）作表語：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。3) -ing分詞作賓語：ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。-ing分詞作賓語也可用在復(fù)合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎？-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來吃飯。They dont feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, be responsible for（對(duì)負(fù)責(zé)）, insist on（堅(jiān)持）, think of（考慮，想到）, dream of（夢(mèng)想）, object to（反對(duì)，抗議）, hear of（聽說）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（從事于）, depend on（依靠，依賴）, thankfor（因而道謝）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（獻(xiàn)身于）, set about（著手做）, be/get used to（習(xí)慣于）, be fond of（喜歡）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（對(duì)厭煩）, succeed in（成功地做）, be interested in（對(duì)感興趣）, be ashamed of（對(duì)感到羞愧）等等。注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪ァＨ纾篒 have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過去他?；ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚？另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。如：He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽到這個(gè)消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來。4) -ing分詞作定語：單個(gè)的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室-ing分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰？They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。5) -ing分詞做狀語： -ing分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。-ing分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?，我不能把這本書送給他。Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒睡著。ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：They stood there for half an hour， watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。 -ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。注：-ing分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是整個(gè)句子的主語?！皐ith/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。6) -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語：-ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。上面這類句子也可變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)，-ing分詞可看成是主語補(bǔ)語。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時(shí)間。Lily was never heard singing that song again. 人們?cè)僖矝]有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。 5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。 6. ing分詞作主語和表語時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：1）、-ing分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區(qū)別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時(shí)多用-ing分詞；在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如：Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸煙）這里禁止吸煙。Its not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸煙）吸這么多煙對(duì)你的身體不好。2）. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞：mind（介意）, suggest（建議）, enjoy（欣賞，）, admit（承認(rèn)）, appreciate（感激，欣賞）, avoid（避免）, delay（推遲）, dislike（不喜歡，厭惡）, escape（逃脫）, finish（完成）, forgive（寬恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（錯(cuò)過）, practise（訓(xùn)練）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, deny（拒絕，否認(rèn)）, consider（考慮）等。例：He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost答案B.后risk 后接動(dòng)名詞，he與 lose是主謂關(guān)系。3）. 有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：forget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作。如：Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎？Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時(shí)要記得鎖門。動(dòng)詞mean, stop, try, go on等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。Would you please try doing that again? 請(qǐng)你再試一次好嗎？I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個(gè)。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車就意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工作。例：When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _.A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leaveC. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave答案C.記得來過晚會(huì)，用arriving,但是后的動(dòng)作仍然記得，用leaving.動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語。如： Please permit me to say a few words. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話。We dont permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，后面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。如：The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個(gè)房間需要打掃。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。動(dòng)詞like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性動(dòng)作，多用-ing分詞；如指特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學(xué)校。I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。動(dòng)詞begin, start后面，如表示有意識(shí)地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：We began to do that job last year. 我們?nèi)ツ觊_始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談?wù)撃遣侩娪?。注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：a. 當(dāng)start, begin本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.老師走進(jìn)教室的時(shí)候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。b. 當(dāng)start, begin后接表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)。Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個(gè)好辦法來解決這個(gè)問題。c. 當(dāng)句子的主語是無生命的東西時(shí)。We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準(zhǔn)備離開，天開始下雨了。7. -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義： -ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內(nèi)容是什么。如：Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字臺(tái) listening practice 聽力訓(xùn)練-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。如：developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市8. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別： 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后，既可用-ing分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用-ing分詞時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；用不定式時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，即動(dòng)作的全過程結(jié)束了。如：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲門你聽見了嗎？Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你聽見有人敲門了嗎？ 9. 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語，后接-ing分詞或名詞。如：admit to（承認(rèn)）, contribute to（捐助、貢獻(xiàn)）, get down to（著手做）, give way to（讓位于），keep to （堅(jiān)持、遵守）, lead to （導(dǎo)致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（從事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、堅(jiān)持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、處理）, be used to （習(xí)慣于）, devote oneself to （獻(xiàn)身于）, be equal to （勝任的、等于）, be familiar to （為熟悉）.高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語，如generally speaking（一般來說）, judging from（根據(jù)來判斷）, considering（考慮到）, talking of（談到，提到）, supposing（假如）等，它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語，也可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語。如：Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考慮到他是多么的窮，我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽音樂會(huì)。國家四級(jí)真題動(dòng)名詞在句中起名詞的作用，可以充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語(動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語)。它可以有自己的定語、賓語或狀語。1)動(dòng)名詞作主語_in an atmosphere of simply living was what her parents wished for. (CET-4 1999,1) A) The girl to be educatedB) The girl educated C) The girls being educatedD) The girl was educated動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以做主語。不定式做主語表示具體的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)名詞做主語則可以表示抽象或一般性的動(dòng)作或情況。根據(jù)句意，這個(gè)女孩在樸素的生活環(huán)境中接受教育是她的父母所希望的，接受教育不是具體的一次性動(dòng)作，因此用動(dòng)名詞，答案為C。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，我們常用先行詞it作形式主語，而把真正的主語動(dòng)名詞放到句尾，特別要注意如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It is useless (no use, no good, no harm) doing. It is a waste of time doing. It is worthwhile doing. 【例如】It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is a waste of time discussing such matters with him.It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.2)動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語是大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試的重要內(nèi)容。a)英語中有些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞作它的賓語。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：admit, advice, anticipate, appreciate, avoid，consider, delay，deny，dislike, enjoy，escape，excuse, fancy，favor, finish，imagine，include , keep, mind，miss, postpone, practise，prevent , propose, resist, risk, suggest等?！纠纭縈ike often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. The doctor suggested that I avoid smoking and drinking for a month. Would you mind opening the window?The murderer denied killing the rich man.I would appreciate _it a secret. (CET-4 1995,6) A) your keeping B) you to keepC) that you keep D) that you will keepappreciate后面一般加動(dòng)名詞做賓語，動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯主語，因此答案為A。That young guy still denies_the fire behind the store. (CET-4 2000,12) A) to start B)shavings startedC) start D) to have startedDeny后面加動(dòng)名詞作賓語，而且引發(fā)火災(zāi)是在否認(rèn)這一動(dòng)做之前，所以用動(dòng)名詞的完成式，答案為B。b)動(dòng)名詞在demand, deserve, need, require, want等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語時(shí)，表示被動(dòng)的意思。【例如】My shoes need mending.The following language points deserve mentioning.This matter demands discussing.Your hair wants _. You had better have it done now. (CET-4 1997, 1) A) cut B) to cutC) cutting D) being cutWant, need, require等動(dòng)詞后經(jīng)常加動(dòng)名詞做賓語，表示被動(dòng)的意思，故答案為C。c)有些短語動(dòng)詞和結(jié)構(gòu)后面也要求跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語。這樣的短語動(dòng)詞常見的有：feel like，give up，go on，object/objection to，put off，keep on，insist on，leave off，look forward to，think of, cant help, be/get used to, spend.in , have difficulty in, have trouble/a hard time in, there be no need, confess to等?！纠纭緿o you feel like going out for dinner with me tonight?Chinese people are looking forward to holding the 27th Olympic games.I am used to going to bed late and getting up late.Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _late for his lecture. (CET-4 1998,1) A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) to students beingbe/get used to doing表示習(xí)慣于干什么，是固定用法，因此答案為D。I have no objection_ your story again. (CET-4 2000,6) A) to hear B) to hearingC) toshavingsheard D) to have heardobject/objection to doing是固定用法，因此A和D可以排除。動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，而句中聽的動(dòng)作還沒有進(jìn)行，因此用動(dòng)名詞的一般式，答案為B。d)有些動(dòng)詞既可以加動(dòng)名詞，又可以加不定式，兩者在意義上有差別。這些動(dòng)詞有：forget, like, remember, regret, try等。