高中英語短文改錯解題技巧.doc

短 文 改 錯 技 巧 “短文改錯”題是各類考試中的一個重要題型。盡管該題難度不大，但仍有一些同學(xué)在做此類題目時不得要領(lǐng)，因而得分甚少。本文結(jié)合高考試題(出處被略去)，對“短文改錯”題中的常見錯誤加以分析，從中找出命題者設(shè)置錯誤的規(guī)律并介紹一些解題技巧。 一、“短文改錯”題中的常見錯誤類型 (一) 名詞方面的錯誤 名詞方面的錯誤多指名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式的誤用，可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的錯誤，名詞所有格中“s”的誤置等。例如: 1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests. 2. In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful. (二) 動詞方面的錯誤 動詞錯誤在短文改錯中所占比重最大，它所涉及的錯誤包括動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)錯誤；易混動詞的用法錯誤；動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)錯誤；動詞的非謂語形式，以及動詞的句型搭配錯誤等。在改錯題中，動詞方面的考查比例較大。例如: 1. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon. 2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. 3. How about join us? The camp is at the foot of a small hill. 4. Ill send my friend Charlie meet you at the airport. (三) 形容詞、副詞方面的錯誤 這類錯誤多指誤用形容詞修飾形容詞，誤用副詞修飾名詞，誤用形容詞修飾動詞，誤用形容詞或副詞的原級、比較級和最高級以及誤用帶-ly的副詞與不帶-ly的副詞等，特別注意根據(jù)上下文該用比較級而未用的“暗中比較”。例如: 1. They came back lately and had some tea. 2. you always gave me specially attention. 3. . they fly down immediate and catch them without delay. 4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . 5. I know you are particular interested in Human Rights. 6. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the more popular in our school. (四) 連詞方面的錯誤 短文改錯中出現(xiàn)連詞就要判斷連詞用的是否正確，是否符合句子意思；連接的是詞還是句子，是否符合邏輯關(guān)系。此外如果是平行結(jié)構(gòu)就要注意前后時態(tài)、語態(tài)、詞性一致問題平行結(jié)構(gòu)常借助與并列連詞and, or, but, not onlybut also, notbut, eitheror, neither nor, as well as等，though不與but連用，because不與so連用等。 1. I became very active but made new friends. 2. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite. 3. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again. 4. The more friends we have, the more we can learn for one another, but the more pleasure we can share together. (五) 代詞方面的錯誤 這類錯誤主要包括形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的誤用，關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞的誤用，主格與賓格的誤用，代詞單數(shù)與代詞復(fù)數(shù)的誤用，各個不定代詞之間的誤用，反身代詞與代詞賓格之間的誤用，代詞的指代錯誤，定語從句中多用代詞等。 1. . the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves. 2. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，they will go hungry. 3. I just smiled to me and thought. 4. your life in your country is quite different from me. 5. Everybody sleeps in tents , that is very exciting. (六) 介詞方面的錯誤 這類錯誤多指漏掉介詞、多用介詞或介詞與其他詞語搭配的錯誤等。例如: 1. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised. 2. He was looking for a glass the cupboard. 3. . he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes. 4. Could you share your experience for us? 7. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care. (七) 冠詞方面的錯誤 這類錯誤多指a(n)與the的誤用，a與an的誤用。有時也表現(xiàn)為:單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面該用冠詞的地方缺少冠詞，不該用冠詞的地方多了冠詞。例如: 1. the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with. 2. And if he breaks the law of society ., he may go to the prison. 3. so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun. 4. I saw a interesting movie yesterday evening. (八) 時態(tài)、語態(tài)方面的錯誤 這類錯誤主要為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)與過去時態(tài)、主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的誤用。做題時，應(yīng)注意把握文中動詞時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)規(guī)律，注意把握諸個并列動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)的呼應(yīng)規(guī)律。例如: 1. We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel before. 2. I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college. 3. Ill send my friend Charlie to meet you at the airport when you arrived. (九) 主謂一致方面的錯誤 這類錯誤主要指主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞形式的錯誤。因此做題時，要注意謂語動詞的形式要和句子主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如: 1. “I just want to know what the sign say.” 2. Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish. 3. Here are the information about Manchester University. 4. What may surprise you are that Im going to. (十) 短語、句型固定搭配錯誤 主要考查介詞與動詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配；副詞、動詞的固定搭配；及物動詞后多介詞或副詞以及不及物動詞后少介詞，英語中的一些固定句型與習(xí)慣搭配等。 1. My teacher advised me to keep my diary. keep a diary是固定搭配，意思是“寫日記”. 2. In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To ones surprise 是固定搭配 3. I thought that was dull to watch a game 此題考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 二、解題技巧 要想做好“短文改錯”題，不妨試試分成“四步走”，遵循“四原則”，實(shí)施“四查法”。具體做法如下: (一) 分成“四步走” 1. 通讀全文，了解大意。注意語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和行文邏輯。不能在不了解文章大意的情況下，逐字逐行地進(jìn)行修改。 2. 先易后難，縮小范圍。在通讀全文的過程中，可以先把文中明顯的錯誤找出來改正，然后再根據(jù)具體語境，仔細(xì)分析判斷，將注意力集中在較難的句子上。 3. 把握句意，逐行判斷?？梢罁?jù)“動詞形，名詞數(shù)，注意形和副；非謂動詞細(xì)辨別，習(xí)慣用法要記??；句子結(jié)構(gòu)多分析，邏輯錯誤須關(guān)注”的口訣行事。 4. 再次通讀，復(fù)查驗(yàn)證。把大部分錯誤改正之后，如果還有拿不準(zhǔn)的地方，就應(yīng)再次通讀全文，并利用語感來做最后的判斷。 (二) 遵循“三原則” 1. 實(shí)詞以改變詞形為原則。在“短文改錯”題中，一般只是改變實(shí)詞的形式，而不能改變實(shí)詞的詞義，也不能將其改換成另一個實(shí)詞，更不能隨便增刪。例如: The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon . (把keeps改為keeping) Yes, it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . (把clearly改為clear) 2. 虛詞以添加或刪除為原則。歷年的“短文改錯”題中需要添加或刪除的地方至少一處。這些需要添、刪的詞一般都是虛詞(如冠詞、介詞等)，不是實(shí)詞(如動詞、名詞等)，否則會改變句子的原意。例如: They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early . (刪去that) He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加in) 3. 以保持句子原意不變?yōu)樵瓌t。做“短文改錯”題時，一般不應(yīng)改變句子原意。改錯時，應(yīng)該針對短文中的用詞錯誤、語法錯誤、邏輯錯誤加以改正，不應(yīng)更改作者的原意。做到換詞不改意，加詞不增意，去詞不減意。如有多種改法，應(yīng)以保持原意為條件，擇其佳者而從之。例如： But I have spent most my money, so I cannot 改正：在my前加of。也有同學(xué)去掉most，這種改法雖改正了語法錯誤，但改變了原意。作者想說的是“花掉了大部分的錢，而不是全部”。 (三) 實(shí)施“四查法” 1. 左顧右盼查名詞?？忌鷳?yīng)注意搜尋名詞之前及其本身出現(xiàn)的錯誤，還要看該名詞前面是否缺限定詞、該用何種限定詞，尤其要查名詞前冠詞的使用情況。當(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞修飾時更要加倍注意。例如: Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. (把knowledges改為knowledge) 2.“語(態(tài))”、“時(態(tài))”俱進(jìn)查動詞?？忌鷳?yīng)認(rèn)真分析動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)的使用是否正確，尤其要根據(jù)上下文所提供的時間信息，仔細(xì)推敲，從而選用正確的動詞時態(tài)形式。例如: (2006天津) I gained so much confidence that I go back to school . (把go改為went) 3. 啟承轉(zhuǎn)合查連詞。若要使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，應(yīng)在文中使用各種啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的連詞。這些連詞能使文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上和意義上通順流暢。例如: The bridge started to rise higher. So