高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí) 定語(yǔ)從句課件.ppt

定語(yǔ)從句 theattributiveclause 一 定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ) 1 定語(yǔ)從句 修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后 2 先行詞 被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞 3 關(guān)系詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞 關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有 that which who whom whose as等關(guān)系副詞有 when where why 關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用 a 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 b 代替先行詞 c 在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分 themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman 二 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1 who指人 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ) theboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromclassone thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning yesterdayihelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics 2 whom指人 在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ) 常可省略 mrliuistheperson whom youtalkedaboutonthebus limingisjusttheboy whom iwanttosee theprofessor whom youarewaitingforhascome thegirl whom theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor 注意 關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來(lái)代替 也可省略 theman whom who youmetjustnowismyoldfriend 3 which指物 在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略 footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice thisisthepen which heboughtyesterday thefilm which theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall 4 that指人時(shí) 相當(dāng)于who或whom 指物時(shí) 相當(dāng)于which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?thenumberofpeoplethat whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion whereisthemanthat whomisawthismorning thepersonthat whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind theseasonthat whichcomesafterspringissummer yesterdayireceivedaletterthat whichcamefromaustralia 5 whose通常指人 也可指物 在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ) ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin 注意 指物時(shí) 常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替 theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow 三 介詞 關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí) 從句常常由 介詞 關(guān)系代詞 引出 theschool which that heoncestudiedinisveryfamous theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous tomorrowi llbringherethemagazine which that youaskedfor tomorrowi llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked thisistheboy whom who that iplayedtenniswithyesterday thisistheboywithwhomiplayedtennisyesterday we llgotohearthefamoussinger whom who that wehaveoftentalkedabout we llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked themanagerwhosecompanyiworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions themanagerinwhosecompanyiworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions 注意 1 含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi) 介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面 如 lookfor lookafter takecareof等 thisisthewatch which that iamlookingfor thisisthewatchforwhichiamlooking thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy thebabies whom who that thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前 關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom 不可用who that 關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which 不可用that 關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour themanwiththat whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour theplaneinwhichweflewtocanadawasreallycomfortable theplaneinthatweflewtocanadawasreallycomfortable 介詞 關(guān)系代詞 前還可有some any none all both neither many most each few等代詞或者數(shù)詞 heloveshisparentsdeeply bothofwhomareverykindtohim inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples someofwhichhavegonebad therearefortystudentsinourclassinall mostofwhomarefrombigcities uptonow hehaswrittentenstories threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife 四 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1 when指時(shí)間 在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) istillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametothisschool thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived october1 1949wasthedaywhenthepeople srepublicofchinawasfounded doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents 2 where指地點(diǎn) 在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) shanghaiisthecitywhereiwasborn ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised thehousewhereilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy 3 why指原因 在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ) pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous idon tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday 注意 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)?？梢杂?介詞 關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示 fromtheyearswhen inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup 五 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 a 限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào) 與主句隔開(kāi) 用逗號(hào) 與主句隔開(kāi) 意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ) 如刪除 主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整 b 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 如刪除 主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思 譯法上譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ) 的 通常譯成主句的并列句 關(guān)系詞的使用上a 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略b 不可省略a 可用thatb 不用thata 可用who代替whomb 不可用who代替whom greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere inwhichtheylive thereasonwhy forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear theteachertoldmethattomwastheonlypersonthaticoulddependon chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory inthestreetisawamanwhowasfromafrica 限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例 hismother wholoveshimverymuch isstrictwithhim china whichwasfoundedin1949 isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful lastsummerivisitedthepeople sgreathall inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear 注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義 1 herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege 她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué) 意含 她還有其他哥哥 herbrother whoisnowasoldier alwaysencourageshertogotocollege 她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的 他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué) 意含 她只有一個(gè)哥哥 2 allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten 所有里面帶插圖的書(shū)都寫得很好 意含 不帶插圖的書(shū)則不一定寫得好 allthebooks whichhavepicturesinthem arewellwritten 所有的書(shū)都帶插圖 這些書(shū)都寫得很好 意含 沒(méi)有不帶插圖的書(shū) 一 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況 1 當(dāng)先行詞是everything anything nothing something除外 all none few little some等代詞時(shí) 或當(dāng)先行詞受every any all some no little few much等代詞修飾時(shí) haveyoutakendowneverythingthatmr lisaid thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld allthatcanbedonehasbeendone thereislittlethaticandoforyou hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 注意 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí) 偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who allthegueststhat whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 2 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí) thefirstplacethattheyvisitedinlondonwasthebigben 3 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) thisisthebestfilmthatihaveeverseen 4 當(dāng)先行詞被thevery theonly修飾時(shí) thisistheverydictionarythatiwanttobuy afterthefireinhishouse theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns 注意 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí) 通常用關(guān)系代詞who wanghuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting 5 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí) whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate whichisthet shirtthatfitsmemost 6 當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí) theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet 二 關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) 其用法有相同之處 也有不同之處 具體情況是 1 as和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 代表前面整個(gè)句子 hemarriedher as whichwasnatural heishonest as whichwecansee 2 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至還可以分割主句 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后 另外 as常常有 正如 正像 的含義 asisknowntoall chinaisadevelopingcountry heisfromthesouth aswecanknowfromhisaccent john asyouknow isafamouswriter zhanghuahasbeentoparismorethantentimes whichidon tbelieve 注意 當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí) 關(guān)系詞往往只用which 如 tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain whichmadehisteacherveryangry thesetablesaremadeofmetal whichmadethemveryheavy 3 當(dāng)先行詞受such thesame修飾時(shí) 關(guān)系詞常用as i veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells heisnotsuchafoolashelooks thisisthesamedictionaryasilostlastweek 注意 當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時(shí) 偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別 sheworethesamedressthatsheworeatmary swedding sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore 三 以theway為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo) 而且通?？梢允÷?theway that inwhich heansweredthequestionswassurprising idon tliketheway that inwhich youlaughather 四 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇 用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用 即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?a iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic iknowaplacewhich thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery compare b iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether iwillneverforgetthedaysthat whichwespenttogether c thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed thisisthereasonthat whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting 五 but有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents but whodon t 六 定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 1 定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞 它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系 同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容 它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系 theplanethathasjusttakenoffisforparis thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear 2 定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo) 關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)常可省略 同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo) 在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分 有時(shí)也由where when how who whether what等連詞引導(dǎo) 這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分 thenewsthathetoldmeistrue thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer 3 同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子 而定語(yǔ)從句則不能 a theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice b thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun c payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals 1 dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay ofcourse madetheothersunhappy a whichb whoc thisd what 2 afterlivinginparisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown hegrewupasachild a whichb whenc thatd where 3 thegentleman youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief a whob aboutwhomc whomd withwhom 4 pleasetakeanyseat isfree a whichb wherec inwhichd that 5 theoldmanhastwosons isasoldier a oneofwhomb bothofthemc allofwhomd noneofthem 6 thisistheship wecrossedthepacific 太平洋 a bywhichb bythatc whered inwhich 7 newyorkisfamousforitssky scrapers 摩天大樓 hasmorethan100storeys a thehigherofthemb thehighestofwhichc thehighestofthemd someofwhich 8 myhomevillageisnolongerthesame itusedtobe a whichb asc whered when 9 intheofficeineverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5 30p m manypeoplehavegonehome a whosetimeb thatc atwhichd bywhichtime 10 theboy compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup a whob whosec thatd which 11 theweatherturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect a whatb whichc thatd it 12 mr wangisaboss factorylipingworked a inwhoseb whosec inwhomd o