公共英語等級考試備考輔導(dǎo)公共英語等級考試PETS三級綜合輔導(dǎo)四2

公共英語等級考試PETS三級綜合輔導(dǎo)(四)2三、推理性試題的常見提問方式及答題技巧它要求考生能推斷話語中深層含義或弦外之音。因此考生要學(xué)會理解講話的內(nèi)涵和反義，或者選用某一詞語的比喻用法。這種題一般從文章中不能直接找到答案，要在正確理解原文和字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上，準(zhǔn)確理解文章字里行間的意思，我們需要對找到的相關(guān)信息進行仔細(xì)的分析，弄清它們相互之間在時間、方位、因果、對比等邏輯關(guān)系，在此基礎(chǔ)上進行綜合的推理。所以,推理題僅比主題思想題稍微容易點，但比主要事實及細(xì)節(jié)題要難。推理性試題在題目中會有幾個詞：Infer, imply, suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably.(1): The passage implies (suggests) that _(2): It can be inferred from the passage that _(3): Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?例： When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.For instance, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. He probably isnt sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he cant make things work out right, he doesnt feel ashamed that he failed; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook on life, a special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.If you look at children, youll see great difference between what we call bright children and not-bright children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out about life - he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But, the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.1. According to this passage, intelligence is _.A. the ability to study wellB. the ability to do well in schoolC. the ability to deal with lifeD. the ability to get high scores on some tests2. In a new situation, an intelligent person_.A. knows more about what might happen to himB. is sure of the result he will getC. concentrates on what to do about the situationD. cares more about himself3. If an intelligent person failed, he would_.A. try not to feel ashamedB. learn from his experiencesC. try to regret as much as possibleD. make sure what result he would get4. Bright children and not-bright children_.A. are two different types of childrenB. are different mainly in their degree of clevernessC. have difference only in their way of thinkingD. have different knowledge about the world5. The author of this passage will probably continue to talk about _.A. how to determine what intelligence isB. how education should be foundC. how to solve practical problemsD. how an unintelligent person should be taught提示：第五題是個推理性試題，是根據(jù)已有內(nèi)容來推測即將探討的內(nèi)容。最后一段開始涉及不聰明孩子存在的問題，顯然D是最可能的答案。四、閱讀理解詞匯題常見的試題形式及答題閱讀理解中有一種題型，會考文章中的某個詞是什么意思。其中，所考的詞或詞組大多不為考生所熟悉，往往會超綱。所以在測試中，往往要求考生可以直接或間接地找到其解釋的一些偏難詞，有時則是一些對考生并非陌生，只是其意義在特定的語境中已有所改變的詞或者詞語?？傊彩强荚~匯的題都比較難，主要是考同學(xué)們根據(jù)上下文、構(gòu)詞常識、或其它的方法，猜測詞義的能力。常見的考詞匯的題往往會是這樣一些形式：The word “” in line 5 refers to (means) _The word “” (line 3, para 2) most probably means _By “” the author means _The word “”could best be replaced by which of the following?解答這類題要注意，任何一個詞語都不是孤立的。所考的詞的前后，往往會給我們猜測題義的線索，什么線索都有，比如說某個定義，解釋，甚至標(biāo)點符號，關(guān)連詞等都可以幫助大家支猜測某些詞或詞組的含義。除此之外，還必須注意所考詞或詞組跟前后一些詞所形成的同義、反義、開列關(guān)系。實在沒有線索的，我們可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，生活常識等來猜測詞義。這類題的做題技巧：標(biāo)點符號是理解詞義的一條重要線索，因為這些詞的定義就是通過標(biāo)點符號，如逗號、冒號、破折號和括號等來完成的。如：Sometimes we work on night shift - from 7:30pm to 7:30am.從破折號后的說明，可以確定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。有時可以借助信號詞is, or, is called, that is, refer to, define as等，來理解考核的詞匯。如：A volcano is a kind of chimney, or vent which goes down to a liquid deep inside the earth, called magma(巖漿)。Three types of material come out of the vent: a hot liquid called lava, pieces of rock, and great quantities of gas. The lava and rock often collect round the vent and form what is known as the volcanos cone(火山堆)。Question: The word ventmeans _.A. something like a chimney in the volcanoB. magma deep inside the earthC. the volcanos coneD. lava,rock,and gas解題說明：根據(jù)chimney后的逗號及輔助詞or，我們可以猜出vent和chimney是同義詞。故本題答案為A。另外上下文Three types of material come out of the vent:，我們可以確定vent是“火山口”的意思。根據(jù)生詞（或多義詞）前后出現(xiàn)的其他詞語的意思或整個句子的意思猜測。如：What makes it rain? Rain falls from clouds for the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earths gravity (重力) pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesnt rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effect of gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft (束) of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about wildly without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The cloud droplet of average size is only very small in diameter. (78) It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air, and it does not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to a diameter of 0。0 inch or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud droplet to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The mechanics of rain.B. The climate of North America.C. How gravity affects air current.D. Types of clouds.2. The word “minute” in Line 5 is closest in meaning to which for the following?A. Second. B. Tiny. C. Smooth. D. Predictable.3. What makes rain fall?A. air currents movementB. the earth gravityC. droplets movementD. the size of the droplets4. What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 1/5 inch in diameter?A. They never occur.B. They are not affected by the force of gravity.C. They would fall to earth.D. In moving air they fall at a speed of thirty-two miles per hour.5. What is not mentioned in the passage?A. Rain does not fall from all the clouds.B. The effect of the gravity on droplets is minute.C. the average raindrop contains much more water than a tiny cloud droplets.D. The shape of the clouds have a great influence on the raindrop.提示：第2題考核的“minute”這個詞，其意思可以結(jié)合前面一句“The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small.”出來，既然水滴和冰粒極其小，其重力肯定也是極小的。有些句子在生詞的前后語境中提供了反義詞或同義詞，根據(jù)其反義詞或同義詞，可以猜出其詞義。此外要注意Rather than, whereas, unlike, but, yet, although, however， in contrast, on the other hand等信號詞前后詞匯的關(guān)聯(lián)問題。如：It is the difficulty of overcoming the barrier of the pupils mother tongue. For the mother tongue acts as a block in all the learners reaction.解題說明：許多為了避免用詞重復(fù)，在文章中經(jīng)常使用同義詞來表達相同的意思。這里在句中用“block”來表示與“barrier”同樣的意思“障礙”。只要認(rèn)識其中一個詞，就能推出另一個詞的詞義。憑借常識或經(jīng)驗來猜測詞義。如：Most crime drama on television is about finding the criminal. As soon as he is arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorists attacks-where failure to produce results will affect the reputation of the police, little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up the most wanted men. After having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. In order to prove his case in court he often has to spend a lot of time gathering evidence.Question: “The most wanted men” in the paragraph refers to _A. the most dangerous criminals.B. Most of the witnesses wanted.C. Those the police are searching for.D. The men the police are most interested in arresting.解題說明： 依據(jù)上下文的意思，“the most wanted men”不可能是A和項。據(jù)常識，警察從一臺輕巧的機器（電腦）中最后顯示出的人也只能是嫌疑犯，即“警察正在尋找的人”（C），不可能是“警察最有興趣抓的人”（D），因為電腦也是根據(jù)警方提供有關(guān)嫌疑犯的特征等線索的指令去尋找類似的人，所以說電腦提供的不一定就是警方所感興趣的人。故C項正確。6根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法的常識來猜測詞義。對詞的結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析，并且熟悉基本的構(gòu)詞法，可以幫助我們在閱讀過程中有效地猜測詞義，提高閱讀速度，從而達到良好的閱讀效果一個詞的基本詞義可根據(jù)詞根來判斷，但并不改變其詞性英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有以下3種方法：1轉(zhuǎn)化。2合成。原本是獨立的單詞，合成在一塊，touch-me-not含羞草3派生。在詞根的基礎(chǔ)上（詞根多是動詞、形容詞、副詞，名詞有時也可以用詞根。前面加點叫前綴，后面加點叫后綴，一個詞可以派生出好幾個單詞。例如：supermarket(超級市場),foretell(預(yù)言),discontent(不滿),unusual(不平常的)等而后綴不但可以增加或改變一詞的意義，而且改變其詞性modernize形容詞“現(xiàn)代的”成為動詞“現(xiàn)代化”，waiter動詞“等候”變成“侍者”，childless名詞“小孩”成為形容詞“無子女的”等。只要知道詞根的意義，又熟悉前綴和后綴表示的意義，就不難判斷這些詞的詞義。五、推斷態(tài)度一般來說，大多數(shù)的議論文反映的思想傾向，而對所陳述的觀點是贊成、反對，還是猶豫不定，是同情、冷漠，還是厭惡，這種思想傾向有時不會直接表達出來，而往往是隱含在字里行間。因此，考生既要依靠文章的主題思想作為推理的前提，又要注意的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。常見的提問形式有：1）、The tone of the passage can best be described as2）、The authors opinion3）、Which of the following best describes the authors attitude?如For years and years people have been saying that the railways are dead. “We can do without railways.” People say-as if motorcars and planes have made the railways unnecessary. (76) We all keep hearing that trains are slow, that they lost money, that they lost money, that theyre dying. But this is far from the truth. In these days of expensive oil, the railways have become highly competitive with motorcars and planes. If you want to carry people or goods from place to place, they are cheaper than planes. And they have much in common with planes. A plane goes in a straight line and so does a railway. What is more, it takes you from the heart of a city into the heart of another. It doesnt leave you as a plane does, miles and miles from the city center. It doesnt hold you up as a car does, in endless traffic jams. And a single train can carry goods which no plane or motorcar could ever do.Far from being dead, the railways are very much alive. Modern railway lines give you a smooth, untroubled journey. Where else can you eat well, sleep in comfort, feel safe and enjoy the scene while you are traveling at speed at the same time? And we are only at the beginning. For we have just entered the age of super-fast trains(超速列車)，trains traveling at 0 miles an hour and more. (77)Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motor-ways we cant use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we cant fly in for the same reason.1. Some people think the railways are unnecessary for many reasons except that _.A. planes and motorcars have taken the place of trainsB. oil is expensive todayC. trains are slowD. railways lose money2. The writers idea seems to be that_.A. we can do without railwaysB. trains have much in common with motorcars and planesC. motor cars and planes are not as go