考研英語基礎(chǔ)測試卷3.docx

點這里，看更多英語資料 考研英語怎么復(fù)習(xí)？在考研復(fù)習(xí)中，復(fù)習(xí)資料的選擇至關(guān)重要。中公考研輔導(dǎo)老師為考生整理了【考研英語知識點講解和習(xí)題】，同時可以為大家提供名師考研英語視頻、考研英語復(fù)習(xí)資料、考研英語真題和考研英語輔導(dǎo)等，助您沖擊名校！Part one以下單詞選自考研核心詞匯，請考生給出至少一層釋義。(800.5=40分)homelessraisemake uphardlypercentagecoverpopulationchangeproportionrangelocaldifferfederalnow thatsupportalthoughminimumprovided thatwageinflateestimateexpandvaryincreasefigure extendanalysts predictdecadedisplaybulkprovebe addicted todiscoveralcoholuncovercomplementaryassistsignificant trackserioussustainmentaldismissdisorderhencecompensatelodgeinterpretsheltersituation dwellingaddress searchcommunity strollservice crowdpackage wanderdealexistenceindeedsurvivaldirectormaintenancelikewiseturn aroundthereforeturn overfurthermoreturn oncopeturn upapproveturn toretainmanipulationaddcoordinationPart Two reading comprehension (20*2=40)Text 1Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shifted - have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.1.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is _.A global inflationB reduction in supplyC fast growth in economy（B）D Iraqs suspension of exports2.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if _.A price of crude risesB commodity prices riseC consumption rises（D）D oil taxes rise3.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries _.A heavy industry becomes more energy-intensiveB income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil pricesC manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed（D）D oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP4.We can draw a conclusion from the text that _.A oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC energy conservation can keep down the oil prices（A）D the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry5.From the text we can see that the writer seems _.A optimisticB sensitiveC gloomy（A）D scaredText 2The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,” he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.”O(jiān)n another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”6.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _.A doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients painB it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide（B）D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide7.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.（C）D A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.8.According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _.A prolonged medical proceduresB inadequate treatment of painC systematic drug abuse（B）D insufficient hospital care9.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 3, paragraph 7)?A BoldB HarmfulC Careless（A）D Desperate10.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they _.A manage their patients incompetentlyB give patients more medicine than neededC reduce drug dosages for their patients（D）D prolong the needless suffering of the patientsText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.11.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because _.A cost reduction is based on competitionB services call for cross-trade coordinationC outside competitors will continue to exist（C）D shippers will have the railway by the throat12.What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A Indifferent. B Supportive. C Indignant.（D） D Apprehensive.13.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that _.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief（C）D a government board ensures fair play in railway business14.The word “arbiters” (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those _.A who work as coordinatorsB who function as judgesC who supervise transactions（B）D who determine the price15.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by _.A the continuing acquisitionB the growing trafficC the cheering Wall Street（A）D the shrinking marketText 4During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Todays families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbacka back-up earner (usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary canner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risenand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parentand all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.16. Todays double-income families are at greater financial risk in that .A the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance17. As a result of President Bushs reform, retired people may have .A a higher sense of security B less secured paymentsC less chance to invest D a guaranteed future18. According to the author, health-savings plans will .A help reduce the cost