Module3Unit3Grammar (2).doc

Module 3 Unit 3 Grammar and UsageTeaching aims: Enable the students to learn: 1 object complement; 2 either.or; neither.nor; 3 subject-verb agreementTeaching important points:1. Learn how to use object complement and subject-verb agreement2. Understand when subject-verb agreement is used in sentencesTeaching methods:Explaining and practicing.Teaching procedures:Activity 1: Object complement一英語(yǔ)的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)：S主語(yǔ)；V謂語(yǔ)；P表語(yǔ)；O賓語(yǔ)；O1間接賓語(yǔ)；O2直接賓語(yǔ)；C賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) S 十 V 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) He runs quickly他跑得快。 S 十 V 十 P 主系表結(jié)構(gòu) The story sounds interesting這個(gè)故事聽(tīng)起來(lái)有趣。 S 十 V 十 O 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) They built a house last year他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印?S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu) He offered me his seat/ his seat to me他把座位讓給我。 S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主謂賓賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)They found her happy that day 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。I found him out 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他出去了。They named the boy Charlie 他們給這個(gè)男孩起名為查理。I saw him come in and go out 我見(jiàn)他進(jìn)來(lái)又出去。They felt the car moving fast 他們感到汽車行駛得很快。He found the door of study closed to him 他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究所的大門對(duì)他關(guān)閉了。二賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：1、定義：賓補(bǔ)是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，使句子意義完整的句子成分。2、結(jié)構(gòu)：Verb + object + object complement3、可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的詞和詞組有：(1). 名詞： We made him our monitor. They thought this good advice. They named their daughter Jenny.注：充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞若表示正式的或獨(dú)一無(wú)二的頭銜、職位時(shí)，前面一般不用冠詞。They elected John chairman of the committee.(2). 形容詞： You should keep your room clean and tidy. Wed better leave the door open.We found the ruins most interesting.(3). 介詞短語(yǔ)He left his bag in the office.We found ourselves in the middle of a desert.(4). 副詞He opened the window to let the fresh air in.I saw him out with his father the day before yesterday.(5). 現(xiàn)在分詞： Im sorry to have you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. At this moment she noticed the teacher coming in.(6). 過(guò)去分詞：When he wake up, he found himself tied to a tree.He raised his voice to make himself heard.I had my watch repaired yesterday.(7). 不定式 或 省略 to 的不定式My mother allowed me to play games for a while.Can you make your car park over there?注：(1).使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)， 五看（see, watch, notice, observe, look at） 三使（make, let, have） 兩聽(tīng)（listen to, hear）一感覺(jué)（feel） 后接省略to 的不定式(2).help 一詞后的不定式，可帶 to，也可以不帶 to。4、在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)通常為名詞或代詞，但有時(shí)也可以用不定式（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）或that從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。一般情況下，賓補(bǔ)通常緊跟在賓語(yǔ)之后。值得注意的是：think, find, consider, feel, make, take等動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用先行詞it代替賓語(yǔ)，it后面應(yīng)接賓補(bǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)移到句子的后部 I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings. I think it very important to attend this meeting. We all thought it a pity that you couldnt join us.注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通常為名詞或形容詞；常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等?！拘〗Y(jié)】1、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是補(bǔ)充賓語(yǔ)的成分，通常置于賓語(yǔ)之后。 賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)=復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。2、可以用作賓補(bǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。3、能帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞一定是及物動(dòng)詞。4、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中的賓語(yǔ)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中是主語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的賓補(bǔ)就成為主補(bǔ)。常跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：第一類, 感官動(dòng)詞, 所接的賓補(bǔ)可以是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，也可以是現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞。feel, hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, look atI saw him cross/crossing the road. = He was seen_/ _ the road.但句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式的to要還原。第二類, 使役動(dòng)詞，所接的賓補(bǔ)多為動(dòng)詞不定式或過(guò)去分詞。如：let, have, get, make, would like, want等。This makes people realize the importance of protecting the environment. If you are back, will you please make yourself known to me?第三類, 含命名意義的動(dòng)詞，所接的賓補(bǔ)一般是名詞。如：call, name, appoint, elect, make, consider等。Call me Joe, please. She was elected president of the company.第四類, v. + sb. + to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞，所接的賓補(bǔ)一般是不定式。這類動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, force, get, help, inspire, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, wish, report等第五類, find, keep, leave 等幾個(gè)詞的用法非常靈活，后面所接的賓補(bǔ)可以是形容詞、副詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等。We found it very difficult to solve the problem.How can you keep them waiting for so long?Keep the door closed.Consolidation 【課堂檢測(cè)】一單句改錯(cuò)1. We all elected Jason the monitor.2. The teacher asked us not make so much noise.3. -What a nice fire you have in your fireplace!- During the winter I like my house warmly and comfortable.4. Dont leave the water run while you brush your teeth.5. He pushed the door opening.6. She looked around and caught a man put his hand into the pocket of a passenger.7. With a lot of difficult problems settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.8. When I came in, I found a boy hide behind the door.9. It was a pity that the great writer died of his works unfinished.10He was heard sing last night.二用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. In the end, we found the girl _ (lock) in a dark room.2. Just at that time, I saw an old woman _ (cross) the narrow street.3. Dont let your son _（play）computer games like this any more.4. Ive never heard the word _ (use) in spoken English.5. I think you cant force your son _(go) to see her.三單項(xiàng)填空1Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut2. -Theres a hole in your bag. - I know, Im going to have it _.A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended3. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister.A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry4. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going5. I found the door _when I got home.A. opened B. close C. unlocking D. open6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do D. do not to7. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise_.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on8. With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled9. I advised _ at once. A. him to starting B. him to start C. to starting D. to start 10. When I put my hand on his chest, I could feel his heart still _.A. beat B. to be beating C. beating D. was beating11. You had better get a doctor _ your bad tooth.A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out12. He managed to make himself _ with his _ English.A. understand; breaking B. understand; brokenC. understood; breaking D. understood; broken13. The doctor asked him not to leave his wound _.A. expose B. exposed C. to expose D. exposing14Dont you think it _ to learn this kind of skill at present?A. difficulty B. difficult C. difficultly D. the different15. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skill.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take16. The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up17. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked18. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _as much as we can.A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak19. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt20. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _in his lectures.A. interesting B. interest C. interested D. to interestKey:一. 單句改錯(cuò)：1.去掉the 2.not后加to 3. warmly 改為 warm 4.run改為running5. opening 改為 open 6. putputting 7. to settle 8. hidehidden 9.ofwith 10. to sing.二1locked 2. crossing 3. play 4. used 5. to go三 1-5 BCAAD 6-10 AACBC 11-15 BDBBD 16-20Activity 2: either.or; neither.nor1. either.or. 不是.就是.; 或者.或者. 可以連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等句子成分. E.g. He will choose either you or your brother to finish the task. 他會(huì)選擇你或者你兄弟來(lái)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。 You may either swim or play football. 你可以游泳也可以踢足球。 Either you say youre sorry or you get out! 你要么道歉，要么滾出去！注：當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either or連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。（就近原則） E.g. Either you or I am wrong. Either you or he is wrong.2. neither.nor. 既不.也不. 并列連詞, 用于連接兩個(gè)并列的成分. E.g. The robot neither sings nor dances. 那個(gè)機(jī)器人既不唱歌也不跳舞。 I like neither him nor you. 我既不喜歡他，也不喜歡你。 He did this neither for fame nor for money. 他做這件事，既不為名，也不為了利。 I found him neither clever nor hard-working. 我發(fā)覺(jué)他既不聰明，也不勤奮。注：當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由neither nor連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。（就近原則） E.g. Neither you nor he knows the answer.Activity 3: subject-verb agreement 在英語(yǔ)句子里，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。1、 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。E.g. To study English well is not easy. What he said is very important for us all. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。E.g. What I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、 由連接詞and或both and連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。E.g. She and I are classmates. The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. Both she and he are League members.注： 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人，物或同一概念時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。 E.g. The writer and artist has come. Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every, many a等修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。 E.g. Every student and every teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it.3、 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(就前原則) E.g. Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 E.g. Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。 E.g. None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。注： 在one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) E.g. He is one of my friends who are working hard. 在the only/very one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)E.g. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。E.g. The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls. The class are doing experiments. The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population are peasants.people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。E.g. The police are looking for the lost child.7、 由“some,/ half,/a lot of, /lots of, /plenty of, /the rest of, /the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。 E.g. There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 50% of the students in our class are girls.a number of“許多”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“的數(shù)量”，主語(yǔ)是number，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。8由kind /type/ series /quantity of 等修飾的主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)形式取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而不是它們后面所跟的名詞。E.g. Large quantities of water are needed for watering the flowers. A new type of bus is now on show.9、在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。E.g. There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts.10Many a + 單數(shù)名詞（許多）；more than one +單數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 E.g. Many a page in this book is missing. More than one student has failed in the exam.11、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。E.g. Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.12、 表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于做主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體. E.g. Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 13、 若英語(yǔ)是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。 E.g. The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.14、 表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 E.g. One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.15、 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。 E.g. The paper works was built in 1990. I think physics isnt easy to study.16、 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 E.g. My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes is under the bed.17、“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 E.g. The old are taken good care of here.18、 （1）當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also, notbut連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。（就近原則） E.g. Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? As far as I know, not only his parents but also his brother treats the girl very well.（2） there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。 E.g. There are two chairs and a desk in the room.Consolidation 【課堂檢測(cè)】1、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1) His Selected Poems ( be )first published in 19652) Twenty dollars ( be )enough for the coat 3) The poor woman with her two children ( see, beg ) in a street corner 4) Is there anybody in the classroom? No, the teacher as well as the students ( go ) to the playground 5) Three-fourths of the land ( cover ) by forest and grass 6) Have you heard about the new school? No, when and where to build the new one ( not decide ) 7) E-mail，as well as telephones， ( play ) an important part in daily communication8) The worker and poet ( invite ) to the party the other day9) This morning I saw Mr. Lee (kill) a chicken.10) When I was here last year, the bridge was seen (build)by the workers.2、句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1. Both his father and mother are fond of light music. (改為否定句)_ 2. We find that it is important to learn a foreign language well. (改為簡(jiǎn)單句)_ 3. If you can keep still, you can sit on this end of the boat and you can also sit on that end. (用eitheror改變句型)_ 4. Helen is not good at French and John is not good at French, either. ( 用neithernor改變句型)_ 5. We believe that he is honest. (改為簡(jiǎn)單句)_3、單句改錯(cuò)1. This is one of the most interesting questions that has been asked.2. Many a ship have been damaged in the storm.3. Neither I or he am in favor of her marriage.4. Tom as well as two of his friends were invited to the party.5. About one third of the books is worth reading.6. The number of students from the north are small.7. What may surprise you are that Im going to the US this July on a summer camp.8. More than one worker have been failed in the exam.9. Each boy and each girl have a beautiful dream.10. Maths are one of the most important courses in middle school.Keys:1) was 2) is 3) was seen begging 4) has gone 5) is covered 6) is not decided 7) is playing 8) was invited 9)killing 10）being built1. Neither his father nor his mother is fond of light music.2. We find it important to learn a foreign language well.3. If you can keep still, you can sit either on this end of the boat or on that end.4. Neither Helen nor John is good at French.5. We believe him to be honest.4. 單項(xiàng)選擇1.Each of you _ responsible for the accident. a. am b. be c. is d. are2.Every means _ tried but without much result.a. has been b. have been c. are d. is3.Not only I but also David and Iris _ fond of playing basketball.a. am b. is c. are d. was4.Neither Tom nor his parents _ at home.a. is b. are c. has d. was5._ was wrong.a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacherc. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher6. -_ twenty dollars a big sum to her? -I suppose so.a. Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were7.Three hours _ enough for us to finish the task.a. are b. has c. is d. were8.All that can be done _.a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done9.More than one worker _ dismissed.a. have been b. are c. has been d. has10.Many a student _ the importance of learning a foreign language.a. have realized b. has realized c. have been realized d. has been realized11.The gas works _ near the city.a. is b. are c. were d. be12.The committee _ over the problem among themselves for two hours.