歷年考研英語試題命題特點及規(guī)律word版.doc

鯉魚網(wǎng)（）第六部分 寫作B部分命題的特點和規(guī)律在研究生英語入學(xué)考試中，英語寫作歷來是考生的一個難點。英語寫作主要考查考生運用英語的綜合能力，其中包括用英語組織篇章段落的能力、英語的語句表達能力以及語法的綜合運用能力。要做好寫作部分的試題，要求考生不僅具有較扎實的語言基礎(chǔ)，而且還要掌握一些寫作的基本技能，如：信息的分析和綜合能力以及豐富的想像力。英文寫作是一個最能體現(xiàn)考生書面英語水平和技能的測試項目。一、寫作B部分命題的基本指導(dǎo)思想考試大綱對寫作的評價目標(biāo)根據(jù)大綱規(guī)定：考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目以及寫作提綱或規(guī)定的情境、圖表、圖畫等寫出大約200個詞的短文。具體要求概括如下：(1)內(nèi)容切題，包含提綱或圖畫的全部要點和信息。所謂內(nèi)容切題是指所寫的短文切合題意，即正確理解題目的意思。誤解題目或曲解題意，寫出來的短文答非所問就是跑題。另外，也要注意不漏掉提綱或圖畫中的要點和信息，如果提綱中給出了三個要點，考生卻只寫了兩個要點，顯然從內(nèi)容上就不切題了。因此，審題是短文寫作成敗的關(guān)鍵?？忌欢ㄒJ真閱讀寫作要求，仔細琢磨題意，弄清題目以及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情境、圖表的內(nèi)容范圍，依此表達題目限定的中心思想，做到內(nèi)容切題。(2)表達清楚，意思連貫。表達清楚是指清楚地表達思想，而不是含糊其辭，使人不得要領(lǐng)。在寫作過程中，考生應(yīng)思路清晰，運用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z句表達意思。此外，還要根據(jù)題目要求，圍繞中心提出論點，擺出論據(jù)，使短文層次分明，合乎邏輯。意思連貫是指句子與句子、段落與段落之間銜接自然，整體性強。考生應(yīng)熟練運用連接詞語來正確表達一個觀點與另一觀點之間的關(guān)系。(3)用詞正確，句式有變化，語言比較規(guī)范。語言比較規(guī)范是指在遣詞造句中應(yīng)符合英語語法和習(xí)慣用法。首先在詞語運用上能夠選用恰當(dāng)?shù)?、能夠?zhǔn)確表達意義的詞，并能顯示出一定的詞匯量(用詞面較寬);其次，寫出的句子符合語法規(guī)范，沒有重大語法錯誤，句式上多變，不要只用簡單句或陳述句，應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加句子形式的多樣性，不僅有短句，也有長句，不僅有簡單句，也有并列句、復(fù)合句等等。(4)文章的長度符合要求。長度是指短文的字數(shù)。符合要求的字數(shù)應(yīng)是160至200個詞左右?，F(xiàn)將大綱對寫作部分的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摘錄如下：(1)2017分。內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三個方面的內(nèi)容;清楚表達其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫;句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。(2)1613分。內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三個方面的內(nèi)容;比較清楚地表達其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫;句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤;文章長度符合要求。(3)129分。內(nèi)容切題，基本包含題中所列三個方面的內(nèi)容;基本清楚地表達其內(nèi)涵，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤。文章長度符合要求。(4)85分。內(nèi)容基本切題，基本包含題中所列三個方面的內(nèi)容;語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯誤。文章長度基本符合要求。(5)41分?；景凑找髮懽?，但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。(6)0分。文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。二、寫作B部分材料的選擇(一)選擇材料的特點縱觀歷年試卷，寫作的題目多集中在社會倫理、人生哲理、學(xué)校教育、人際關(guān)系交往、娛樂方式、健康和生活方式等方面。最近幾年的命題多與當(dāng)前的社會現(xiàn)實和熱點問題有關(guān)，要求考生對社會現(xiàn)象和社會的經(jīng)濟、文化生活有所關(guān)注和思考，并形成自己的見解。從命題內(nèi)容來看，其材料特點有：1. 普遍性：發(fā)生在身邊的事情，各種考生都有一定的體驗，可以有感而發(fā)。比如2003年的溫室里的花和2002年的中國與國際的交流。不管你身處何處，這些現(xiàn)象和變化都是中國人共同體驗的?？碱}不會考查一部分考生熟悉，而另一部分考生不了解的內(nèi)容。對于社會生活中的敏感問題，一般不會涉及。2. 教育性：論題有警示作用的，可讓考生作深層思考。比如，有關(guān)人生哲理的2008年 “合作的重要性”，2007年的“樂觀心態(tài)是成功的關(guān)鍵”，2004年的“終點又是新的起點”。3. 社會性：社會關(guān)心的、典型的事。如2009年的題目是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“近”與“遠”，2006年的題目是偶像崇拜，2005年則對贍養(yǎng)老人問題展開討論，2003年的試題既可以討論加入世界貿(mào)易組織后的中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實問題，也可以談孩子的教育問題，2002年的題目是中外文化交流問題。因此考生平時應(yīng)關(guān)注社會性的問題，加深思考深度，并且閱讀英文報紙，積累相關(guān)詞匯。在近10年的考題中三分之一是正面現(xiàn)象的分析論證，如2004年的終點又是起點，2002年的“國際化交流”，2001年的“希望工程或愛心工程”。而其余的考題關(guān)注的是社會中存在的一些問題，也就是說三分之二的題目是有關(guān)負面問題的分析解決。(二)作文的體裁從體裁上看，近10年的作文都為論說文。論說文的特點是說議結(jié)合，一部分為對論題的說明，一部分為議論，或者夾敘夾議。這種寫作的難點在于將說明或描寫與議論有機地結(jié)合起來，形成一個銜接自然的文章。下表為近十年考題特點的小結(jié)。時間中心思想題材類型2009年網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“近”與“遠”社會生活圖畫式作文2008年合作的重要性人生哲理圖畫式作文2007年樂觀心態(tài)是成功的關(guān)鍵人生哲理圖畫式作文2006年偶像崇拜社會生活圖畫式作文2005年年輕人應(yīng)該贍養(yǎng)父母社會倫理圖畫式作文2004年終點又是新的起點人生哲理圖畫式作文2003年溫室里的花經(jīng)不起風(fēng)雨教育或經(jīng)濟問題圖畫式作文2002年中國與世界的文化交流文化與交流圖畫式作文2001年困難的時候，人人都應(yīng)該獻愛心社會倫理圖畫式作文2000年自然生態(tài)平衡遭破壞環(huán)境保護圖畫式作文三、寫作B部分題型透(一)圖畫式作文從2000到2009年這十年間B部分寫作考的都是圖畫式作文。從命題者的角度來說，這是為了更好地考查考生的寫作能力，如：理解、推斷和書面組織。由于它只允許考生在規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)進行描述、分析，這就避免考試時套用考試前背好的范文的現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。圖畫常以漫畫或照片的形式出現(xiàn)，有的圖畫還有題目和提示性文字，這是為了幫助考生理解圖畫的內(nèi)容。從應(yīng)試的角度看，審題、謀篇、語言是寫好作文的三要素。命題，圖畫及題中的文字說明是用于審題的;而“寫作要求”往往是針對布局謀篇的，同時寫作要求也影響語言的分配。1. 圖畫式作文的審題第一，仔細研讀作文指令，從題目中找出中心詞，分析修飾詞，從而準(zhǔn)確地抓住題目的中心?？忌紫纫闱宄魑牡囊螅纾菏欠裼袠?biāo)題?標(biāo)題是什么?是否有提綱?文章字數(shù)是多少等。然后，從作文的題目中理解命題者命題的主要意圖。如2002年考題，題目為“CultureNational and International”。首先，中心詞為“文化”，觀察圖片發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個身著中國民族服裝的西方女孩的照片。從女孩那燦爛的笑容上我們不難看出她的心里是多么的欣喜，而這種欣喜來自于對中國文化的感受。而后再看修飾詞“本國的，國際的”，這進一步縮小寫作范圍為文化的交流，而這種交流反映了兩方面的情況：一方面是中國文化對世界文化的滲透;另一方面是世界對中國文化的了解與接受。第二，考生要注意題目中的文字說明，看文字說明要做到看清主、謂、賓。比如，2001年考題是“愛心是一盞燈，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”。很多考生寫到了愛心的比較上，哪里要多給一些愛心，哪里要少給一些愛心，這就是偏題。之所以偏題的原因就是沒有抓住句子主語。這一句的主語是什么?自然是“愛心”。再看其謂語、賓語，可以看出本題是提倡在需要的地方獻愛心。第三，要認真解讀圖畫，因為圖畫是作文的信息基礎(chǔ)。如果說題目與文字提供了中心的骨，那么圖畫就提供了中心的肉。圖畫作文的中心思想通常體現(xiàn)在圖中人物的動作、表情或畫龍點睛的一句或幾句話中?？忌梢栽谧プ☆}目與說明文字的基礎(chǔ)上，對圖畫進行抽象，點出圖畫的寓意。如2009年考題，我們看到了網(wǎng)絡(luò)既拉近了人們的距離也在人們之間豎起了隔膜。2006年考題，我們看到了對明星盲目的崇拜。2002年考題，我們可以看到欣喜了解中國文化的欣喜。2. 圖畫式作文的謀篇作文的題干中會提出兩到三項寫作要求，考生在謀篇時要抓住這些要求。雖然圖畫式作文的寫作要求看似變化莫測，但實際上只涉及5個方面：描述圖畫、指明寓意、分析原因、聯(lián)系實際、給出建議。不僅歷年的考查內(nèi)容有限，考查內(nèi)容的個數(shù)也很相似，一般來說是考查3個考點。即使只有兩條要求，實際上它常包含一個隱性條件，所以考生也要涉及3點才能把文章寫透徹。比如2009年的考題要求：1) describe the drawing briefly 2)explain its intended meaning 3) give your comments。由于這些寫作要求類似于提綱，圖畫式作文也可以當(dāng)做三段式的提綱作文。第一段用來描述圖畫并揭示出其寓意(寓意用一句話來概括即可)，第二段分析原因，最后一段發(fā)表評論或提出建議。篇幅的比例分配，第二、三段應(yīng)是文章的重點，應(yīng)占2/3。3. 圖畫式作文的語言組織作文的語言應(yīng)長短句兼顧，句式變化多樣，當(dāng)然語法的正確性是必需的。如果實在掌握或控制不好語言，可以采用長短句按13的比例或反之。句子寫完后，也可自問一下是否用了分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式，感嘆句等多種句式。如沒有，可適當(dāng)調(diào)整句式。在組織語言中要特別注意連貫性，連貫性不僅從連詞、語句的使用中體現(xiàn)出來，更重要的是語意的相互照應(yīng)?？忌⒁庾约旱淖魑闹行氖欠衽c主題句緊密連接，例子是否直接支持主題，號召是否呼應(yīng)了主題和例子，等等。4. 圖畫式作文的描寫描寫是再現(xiàn)客觀事物，其目的是使人感受到具體的情況?？佳凶魑闹械拿鑼憫?yīng)注意的問題：第一，圍繞主題，描寫最突出的特征和能夠支持主旨的細節(jié);第二，描寫要按照一定的邏輯順序進行(如時間、空間等);第三，描寫力求生動、形象、準(zhǔn)確。如：Waller，Texas，is a small town for all other forms of civilization. There is no movie theater，no bowling alley，and certainly no mall. This place doesnt even have a WalMart. Residents of Waller have all heard the saying： “There are only two things for kids to do in Waller，and one of them is drinking.” This may seem humorous at first，but，unfortunately，there is some truth to it.描述是為一定中心服務(wù)的。本段通過描述Waller精神生活的缺乏引出文章中心：娛樂活動缺乏帶來酗酒等社會問題。(二)圖表式作文圖表作文是通過提供的一組或幾組數(shù)據(jù)來反映某個趨勢或某一問題、現(xiàn)象。要求考生對圖表中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進行描述、分析和評論，并得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。它是將數(shù)據(jù)、形象信息轉(zhuǎn)換為文字信息的過程。圖表作文要求的不是對圖表的簡單敘述，而是抓住圖表所反映的主要問題。因為圖表式作文所要討論的現(xiàn)象和問題都隱含在數(shù)據(jù)里，所以考生常會感到比較難寫。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析圖表中那些最有代表性、規(guī)律性的數(shù)字，或變化大的數(shù)字。它的寫作誤區(qū)是報流水賬，對數(shù)據(jù)面面俱到，卻不能指出圖表所反映的中心，也不能利用數(shù)據(jù)進行有力的論證。常見的圖表類型有：表格，它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系;曲線，它常表示事物的變化趨勢;柱狀，它用來表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系;餅狀，表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系。表格和曲線作文的審題與其他類型的作文相比難度較大，主要表現(xiàn)在考生不易準(zhǔn)確、全面地把握圖表顯示的信息。這類作文提供了大量數(shù)據(jù)，但題目往往要求少用所給數(shù)據(jù)，避免簡單羅列數(shù)據(jù)。一般用一般現(xiàn)在時，如果圖表提供了時間參數(shù)，則應(yīng)采用相應(yīng)的時態(tài)。圖表作文的寫作步驟：分析圖表及說明性文字;分析數(shù)字所反映的主旨，得出中心論點;列提綱;寫作。關(guān)于圖表式作文的描述方法：第一種情況：橫向?qū)Ρ取Ｃ枋鲞@種圖表需要對比各數(shù)據(jù)間的差別，主要以數(shù)值、倍數(shù)、排列等方式來描述。常用句型：A department has the lowest sales figure in the three departments，followed by the B department and C department.The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.The income from sales is 10 million，making the company the highest one in sales.The As income reaches 20 million，which is in the middle of the list.第二種情況：縱向說明。只要指出不同單位之間的比較，描述如何增減，增減幅度如何，反映出什么問題，就可以了。描述這樣的圖表時，可用以下詞匯和句型:The rise lasted for two weeks and then began to level off in June.The trend/increase slowed down in May.The trend of increasing working hours began to gain momentum in January. (開始走強)Prices went up by 50%， but the number of smokers maintained.It picked up speed at the end of this year.常用詞匯及表達法：increase，decrease，rise，fall，slow down，level off，pick up speed，maintain，drop，the trend reverses，decline，gain/lose momentum, a steady/ substantial(實質(zhì)性的)increase，a minor/slight/dramatic drop。第三種情況：縱向、橫向均有的說明。這種圖表不僅要注意同一事物的變化趨勢，也要注意不同事物之間的差距及變化。表示百分比常用句型：It accounts for 30% of the total population.There are 4 members with masters degrees，making up nearly a quarter of the workforce.Doctors make up 40% of the staff in the hospital.表示增長率的常用句型：The figure of income increased by about 200% as compared with ten years ago.The number of students has reached 200，indicating a rise of 4%，compared to last year.Example：The two bar charts indicate the annual emissions of CO2 per capita and populations of seven countries. Industrialized countries certainly contribute more to the CO2 levels in the atmosphere，with the US at the top 3.93 tons per capita per year. It is followed by Japan and the UK，with emissions of 3.32 tons and 2.15 tons respectively. Though these countries usually dont have large populations，they consume disproportionately large quantities of natural resources and therefore are more blamed for global warming. Developing countries，on the other hand，usually have lower levels of emissions. China，for example，has the largest population in the list. Yet its emission of CO2 per capita is only 980 kg，being about a quarter of the emission level of the US. Another good example is Korea. Its population is the smallest in the list，so is its per capita emission of CO2The charts show no correlation between emission levels of CO2 and the sizes of population.本文比較了7個國家二氧化碳排放的變化幅度，及相互對比關(guān)系。其它圖表式作文的常用句型：The curves show_in a certain year.It can be seen that_(sth)fluctuates quite substantially in this year.It just increases slightly.The pie charts show the changes_in some place in 1999It can be seen from the chart that the proportions of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot higher/lower than that of the former.The expansion is more noticeable during the second half of the 8-year period.It falls from 30% of the staff in 1990 to 20% in 1998 and then the trend reverses， finishing at 34% in 2000.And A is higher than B except for the months June to September._drops dramatically from about_in January to_in June.The falling trend levels off from_to_，_(sth) goes all the way up to_and then it begins to drop to.(三)提綱式命題作文提綱式作文既有論說文，也有議論文。它主要考查的內(nèi)容為：說明主題，分析原因或解釋做法。例如：1995年的試題“希望工程”中提綱的要求是：(1) Present situation. (2) Necessity of the project. (3)My suggestion.它要求考生解釋說明“希望工程”，分析開展希望工程的意義和原因，聯(lián)系考生自己提出一些建議或具體的做法。從提綱的要求上看，提綱式命題作文對聯(lián)系社會的要求不是很多，寫作難度也相對較小。它要求考生在正確理解題意的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)提綱去選擇素材。提綱提供了每段的段落大意，在開展論述時不能偏離提綱或改變內(nèi)容。提綱一般為三部分，考生應(yīng)針對提綱采用三段的結(jié)構(gòu)來開展文章。如：Nowadays，Chinas economy is fast developing. Peoples living standard has improved a lot. In some areas，however，there are still many people living below the poverty line. They have difficulties for the very basics like food and clothes，let alone getting good education. What can we do to help these less developed areas in our country? I think we can do the following things.First of all，the government and our society must pay more attention to these less developed areas. The government should spend more money on the basic construction projects in these areas instead of spending it on cultural and artistic projects in cities. It should also encourage some private enterprises and companies to donate to these poor areas.Secondly，transportation is very important in less developed areas. We should help them build more railways and more roads so that the local people can benefit from the convenient transportation. It can also promote their communication with developed areas.Finally，technology is necessary in developing economy in these areas. Poor farmers should be taught technology and new skills and should have easier access to money in the bank，such as getting loans to start businesses.All in all，so long as we continue our efforts to help these less developed areas，these areas will shake off poverty sooner or later.再如：Directions：Write an article to an English newspaper discussing laid-off workers and re-employment in China. In your article you should(1) describe briefly the present situation of unemployment，(2) analyze the causes of it，(3) give advice for re-employment.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文：There is an increasing number of workers，not only the middle-aged but also the young who are laid off from their jobs. Some laid-offs thus become poverty-stricken and can hardly support their children to continue their studies. And those employed are also worried a great deal that someday they may lose their jobs. This phenomenon has caught great attention in society. In order to maintain social stability，many re-employment service centers are being set up to give the laid-offs a helping hand.The increasing number of laid-off workers is caused mainly by the industrial restructuring and economic development across the country. In market economy，the enterprises have to reduce workforce or the redundant. Another reason is that some enterprises claim bankruptcy owing to their poor management and backward product structure，which made millions of workers jobless. Laborers from the countryside are also contributing to the increasing numbers of the laid-offs.Off-job doesnt mean no job. There are plenty of opportunities for the laid-off workers to be re-employed. Take Shanghai for example，the city is developing into an international economic center，shifting its old labor intensive industries out of the city and replacing them with new enterprises. But there is a fundamental requirement for the laid-offs if they want to be enrolled in these new posts. They must have certain skills. To many laid-off workers，they have to get job training to make themselves qualified and competitive in the human resources market.四、寫作B部分的主要寫作方法(一)主題句的寫法1.主題句的特點主題句是全段的核心。它由中心詞和限定詞兩部分組成。中心詞說明討論的主題(topic)是什么，限定詞是把主題具體化，它限定討論的內(nèi)容，范圍和展開方式等。例如：The first key factor to success is diligence， (what) which simply means no waste of time.主題 限定詞 限定詞I think you will make the decision according to the following factors.(how)主題 限定詞考生可通過回答How?Why? Where? What?等問題來把主題具體化，選定限定詞。主題句的展開通常會出現(xiàn)如下問題：(1)過于空洞。只給出主題，未指出寫作內(nèi)容和展開方式。如：The relationship is not good.此句可以通過回答what kind of relationships，to what extent等問題將之具體化?？筛臑椋篢he relationship between family members is not as close as before.這樣主題句限定了關(guān)系的范圍，文章后面的開展方式側(cè)重于現(xiàn)在關(guān)系的不好，又可以用對比的方式展開。再如：Clothes play a part in our life.此句沒有限定寫作的大體內(nèi)容或方式，(是衣服的時尚性，還是實用性)，讀者不能預(yù)測下文的展開方向。通過回答“how”這樣的問題，我們可將主題句具體化。改為：Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are。修改后的句子點出了文章的寫作內(nèi)容根據(jù)服裝，可以判斷人。(2)過于具體。太具體的主題句使段落后面沒有展開的余地。如：He thought highly of her and helped her to find jobs of teaching at several institutions.這種敘述性的句子，對事實的陳述過于詳盡，不適合做主題句。2.主題句的位置(1)位于段首，也就是開門見山。把主旨放在段首，使讀者對文章內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)等有個把握。在應(yīng)試中，這是十分行之有效的方法。如：From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously.段首主題句清晰地點出本段的中心思想，后面從對疾病的免疫、治療，及對疾病的攻克三個方面說明健康醫(yī)療狀況良好。讀者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨。(2)位于段中。主題句出現(xiàn)在中間，起到承上啟下的作用，上文引出背景，下文可以用于分析。如：Before Chinas entry into the WTO，the common people were optimistic about what access would mean，believing that if joining were not beneficial，the government would not have spent 15 years negotiating for its entry. They were perhaps thinking that when the day came，the price of phone calls would be lower，and also house rents and that insurance services would be better. But they neglect the prospect of unemployment and other domestic crisis.Since China joined the WTO，some people，owing to advanced age and limited experience，may find it difficult to keep their work.文章開始鋪墊了一個對待入世的積極的期待，而中間的主題句將文風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn)，引出主旨：入世帶來的消極方面。然后文章從失業(yè)開始進一步展開論證。(3)位于段末。主題句位于段末，既可以點題，也可以總結(jié)上文，給讀者留下深刻的印象。如：Ms. Yang，aged 50，works as a cleaner in an office building，and her annual income is about 20 000 yuan.She has signed up for an English language training course，the cost of which is much more than her annual income. Why English? English-based success stories have indicated to the Chinese that English means opportunities，wealth，and prospects.本文先舉了楊女士花錢學(xué)英語的例子，然后引出問題：為什么要花如此高價學(xué)習(xí)英語。段末給出結(jié)論，點出學(xué)習(xí)英語的重要性。結(jié)尾點題，給人以深刻的印象。(二)段落的拓展1.段落的作用首先，好的段落要求每段只能有一個主題，圍繞一個中心思想展開。與中心不同的觀點或無關(guān)的內(nèi)容都應(yīng)刪去。其次，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫：適當(dāng)?shù)剡\用過渡詞指明文章內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系。Example 1Reforming and opening up have helped the villagers to live a comfortable life. (主題句) Before 1983 the village practiced a collective ownership system，whereby the villagers picked and baked tea leaves together.Life was hard and their income meager，so they had no incentive to work hard.“We got rich after the fields were parceled out to households in 1983，” says Sun Jinrong.Since then，the villagers have tilled their own plots.Having learned to follow the laws of the market economy and competition，their living standards have greatly improved.段首提出中心論點：改革開放使茶農(nóng)過上了好日子。后按時間順序，先描寫1983年以前吃大鍋飯的情形，又說改革開放后生活水平的提高。前后形成對比，充分說明論點。Example 2I hold the view that children can play computer games in their spare time，and the reasons are explored as follows. First， computer games should be played moderately，with the control of parents. It can help children to relax and improve their efficiency in their studies. Second，playing computer games moderately can offer children chances to develop their creativity，which is essential for their success in study. Third， playing computer games can broaden childrens knowledge. It is well-known that a machine will break down if it keeps running without a stop. Similarly， if a child keeps studying without relaxation，he will be tired out. And if a child spends all this time studying，he will become a dull boy in the ivory tower.本段開頭點出中心，然后用過渡詞指出三個原因。最后加以總結(jié)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然。2.關(guān)于段落的寫作方法(1)定義法當(dāng)考生提出的概念或觀點很抽象，涉及面廣時，考生需要對概念進行解釋，限定內(nèi)容，從而縮小討論的焦點。如：Ambition is like choler (膽汁)，which is a humour，that makes men active，earnest，full of alacrity，and stirring，if it be not stopped. But if it be stopped，and cannot have its way，it becomes angry，and malign. So ambitious men，if they find the way open for their rising，and still get forward，theyre rather busy than dangerous; but if they be checked in their desires，they become secretly discontent，and look upon men and matters，with an evil eye.本文是對抱負/雄心的分析。而這個題目本身范圍太廣，因此作者先給它下了個定義，確定討論的方向：抱負/雄心在不同條件下表現(xiàn)出來的不同特性。這樣就縮小了討論范圍，確定了討論的方向。當(dāng)然作者也可通過從句來對事物進行定義和解釋，如：Hemophilia is called the bleeders disease because the afflicted persons blood is unable to clot.(2)時間、空間順序法以事情發(fā)展的順序，或時間的先后安排材料。在描寫、分析社會變化的文章中常用順序進行寫作，同時也可以起到新舊對比論證的作用。如：Before a stop sign was put up， there were one hundred and twenty accidents there in a year. After a stop sign was put up，there were only forty accidents in a year. Having the stop sign there decreased the number of accidents immediately.文章用時間上的對比來論證了豎標(biāo)牌的作用。通過時間順序安排材料，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，論證了標(biāo)牌的作用。當(dāng)圖畫比較復(fù)雜，而且方位較強時，考生可按照空間順序進行描述。這樣，考生既可以對描寫思路有所了解，又可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。如：The kitchen was in a mess. Along the left wall were the counter and sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage. On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy clothes. Right next to the door where I was standing，on my right，I saw a table cluttered with old newspapers，an overturned catsup bottle. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar. It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen.(3)因果分析法這種方法是一種分析法，在闡釋觀點中常用。按因果關(guān)系的不同，可以分為一因一果、一因多果、一果多因。單一的因果關(guān)系往往用來分析簡單的問題。而對于文章主要論點的分析，應(yīng)采用一因多果、一果多因的方法，這樣可以全方位多個角度透徹地分