污水處理英文翻譯資料.doc

河流污水處理的相關(guān)論述1 前言 隨著工業(yè)化和城市化的發(fā)展， 水環(huán)境污染、 水資源緊缺日益嚴重， 水污染控制、 水環(huán)境保護已刻不容緩。 我國現(xiàn)在新建城市或城區(qū)采用雨污分流制， 但老城市或老城區(qū)大多仍然是雨污合流的排水體制。 許多合流污水是直接排放到水體。而將舊合流制改為分流制， 受現(xiàn)狀條件限制大許多。 老城區(qū)建成年代較長， 地下管線基本成型， 地面建筑擁擠， 路面狹窄， 舊合流制改分流制難度較大。 合流污水的一大特點是旱季和雨季的水質(zhì)、 水量變化大， 雨季污水 BOD 濃度低， 不利于生化處理。 國家提出 2010 的我國城市污水處理率要求達到 40%, 因此研究有效的合流污水處理方法對加快城市污水處理步伐具有重要的意義。 本文針對合流污水處理的有關(guān)情況， 談一些個人看法。 2 污水處理工藝要求 我國目前不少城市， 新城區(qū)與老城區(qū)并存， 合流制與分流制并存。 因此， 新建或擴建的污水處理廠， 在滿足城市總體規(guī)劃和排水規(guī)劃需要的同時， 還應能達到如下要求: 1. 具備接納舊城區(qū)合流污水的能力， 具有較強的適應沖擊負荷的能力。 污水處理廠污水來源包括兩部分， 一是新城區(qū)分流污水， 二是老城區(qū)合流污水。 與合流污水相比， 分流污水水質(zhì)、 水量變化幅度小得多， 對污水處理廠調(diào)節(jié)緩沖的要求小得多。 對于合流污水， 降雨前期因雨水沖刷街區(qū)， 合流污水較臟， 但水量相對較小， 降雨后期水量較大， 但污水中有機物濃度相對較小。 因此， 降雨前期合流污水， 可考慮與分流污水一起經(jīng)預處理后進入污水處理構(gòu)筑物。 降雨后期合流污水， 除一部分與分流污水一起經(jīng)污水預處理構(gòu)筑物進入污水處理構(gòu)筑物外， 另一部分可考慮通過雨污溢流構(gòu)筑物進入雨污溢流沉定池后排入附近水體。 為了對進入污水處理構(gòu)筑物的合流污水高峰流量、 水質(zhì)波動進行緩沖調(diào)節(jié)， 污水處理構(gòu)筑物前端可設(shè)緩沖調(diào)節(jié)池以均衡水質(zhì)、 儲存水量。 2. 具有可靠的 BOD、 COD、 SS 去除功能及氮磷去除功能， 保證最終出水水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定。 通常情況下， 城市污水中難降解有機物較少， BOD、 COD 去除比較容易實現(xiàn)，而氮磷去除則較復雜。 我國現(xiàn)行的污水排放標準對污水處理廠出水氮磷指標有嚴 格的要求， 故城市污水處理都必須達到氮磷的有效去除。 在現(xiàn)行城市污水脫氮除磷工藝中， A2/0 采用較為廣泛。 針對 A2/0 工藝存在的問題目前出現(xiàn)了許多改進工藝， 每種工藝又都存在各自的特點和局限。 由于合流污水引起的水質(zhì)、 水量波動較大， 對污水廠各處理單元產(chǎn)生沖擊， 為了適應受納水體的要求， 為使 BOD、COD 等指標進一步降低， 進一步去除污水中的細菌及氮、 磷等植物性營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，在污水廠與受納水體之間可設(shè)氧化塘。3. 具有靈活多變的運行方式， 可根據(jù)收集的污水量、 進水水質(zhì)以及季節(jié)變化調(diào)整運行方式。 常規(guī) A2/0 工藝， 很難做到靈活方便地調(diào)整運行方式。 但 A2/0工藝從構(gòu)成原理上講， 是在曝氣段前加厭氧段和缺氧段。 這一原理用于氧化溝技術(shù)， 便可形成各種適應不同水質(zhì)、 水量、 季節(jié)變化的運行方式。 污水廠可根據(jù)實際情況設(shè)兩個以上的氧化溝， 每個溝設(shè)一定數(shù)量的水力推進器， 池底均勻分布微孔爆氣器。 通過調(diào)整氧化溝污水進水管閥門、 曝氣器的開及關(guān)的區(qū)域、 內(nèi)回流比大小、 污泥回流比大小及水力推進器運行個數(shù)， 便可形成串聯(lián)、 并聯(lián)等若干種運行方式。 每種運行方式具有各自區(qū)域大小不同的厭氧段、 缺氮段、 曝氣段。 當旱季污水量小則采用串聯(lián)運行方式， 雨季污水量大， 則采用并聯(lián)運行方式。 夏季溫度高， 硝化反應速度快， 則采用具有較小曝氣區(qū)域、 較小硝化段的運行方式，相應反硝化區(qū)域增加、 功能加強， 冬季情況則正好相反。 如進水碳源濃度較低，則采取串聯(lián)的、 使后續(xù)反硝化段的碳源能得到補充的運行方式。3 工藝流程選擇和特點說明 根據(jù)污水合流制與分流制并存的特點及處理后污水排放水體的要求: 來自新城區(qū)的分流污水， 經(jīng)格柵處理后進入后續(xù)污水處理構(gòu)筑物; 來自老城區(qū)的合流污水平時直接進入污水處理系統(tǒng)。 降雨時， 前期的較臟、 水量較小的合流污水， 與分流污水一起經(jīng)格柵后進入后續(xù)污水處理構(gòu)筑物。 降雨后期的合流污水水量較大主要含泥砂， 一部分經(jīng)雨污溢流構(gòu)筑物， 在沉淀池作短暫停留， 去除部分泥砂后直接排放水體， 另一部分則與分流污水一起經(jīng)格柵后進入后續(xù)處理構(gòu)筑物。 格柵用以去除污水中的大塊懸浮物、 漂浮物等污物， 以消除大塊污物對后續(xù)處理系統(tǒng)的不良影響。 曝氣沉砂池用以去除較大砂粒及其他無機污染物顆粒， 以提高污泥活性有機組分含量、 減輕對管道設(shè)備的磨損、 減輕后續(xù)沉淀池負荷、 改 善系統(tǒng)運行條件。 初沉池主要用以去除 SS， 在初沉池中， 根據(jù)進水水質(zhì)情況，可適時外加碳源和氨氮， 以保證有足夠量和適當比例的 C、 N、 P 來源， 為后續(xù)生化反應正常運行創(chuàng)造條件。 緩沖池主要作用是在合流污水高峰流量時均衡水質(zhì)、儲存水量。 氧化溝是一種簡易、 高效、 經(jīng)濟的城市污水處理工藝近幾十年發(fā)展迅速。在流態(tài)上， 它既是完全混合式， 又具有推流式特征。 由于溝渠溶解氧濃度的遞減變化規(guī)律， 通過適當安排進水口、 出水口、 回流污泥入口位置， 氧化溝可形成一個倒置 A2/0 工藝。 根據(jù)硝化、 反硝化、 生物除磷及好氧活性污泥微生物的代謝特在缺氧段， 主要功能是脫氮， 回流污泥中反硝化菌以原水中有機物為碳源， 以來自好氧段的硝化液中的硝酸鹽為電子受體， 將硝態(tài)氮 NO-3-N 還原為氣態(tài)氮 N2。 在厭氧段， 主要功能是釋磷， 回流污泥中聚磷菌分解釋放體內(nèi)聚磷酸鹽， 同時攝入污水中的有機物， 以 PHB 及糖原等形式儲存于細胞內(nèi)。 對于缺氧段與厭氧段的過渡過區(qū)域，既非嚴格的厭氧狀態(tài)， 而溶解氧濃度又低于缺氧段， 脫氮與釋磷過程都將存在，但都不易取得競爭優(yōu)勢。 在好氧段， 功能有三: 1、 好氧活性污泥中微生物， 使污水中有機物得到降解、 去除， 好氧微生物本身得以增殖， 活性污泥得以增長;2、 在亞硝化菌和硝化菌作用下， 將污水中氨氮 NH+4-N 氧化成硝態(tài)氮， 主要為NO-3-N; 3、 聚磷菌體內(nèi) PHB 氧化產(chǎn)生大量能量一部分用于從污水中過量吸收磷酸鹽， 并以聚磷的形式貯存于體內(nèi)， 一部分供給細菌合成和維持生命。 與 A2/0工藝相比， 前置缺氧段不僅可優(yōu)先從污水中獲得碳源， 強化反硝化過程。 同時，因先經(jīng)歷反硝化過程， 消除了硝酸鹽的大量存在對聚磷菌厭氧釋磷過程的不利影響。 通過對曝氣器的控制， 溝渠內(nèi)可形成區(qū)域大小適宜的缺氧段、 厭氧段、 曝氣段， 在去除 BOD 的同時進行生物脫氮除磷， 能取得較好的氮磷去除效果。 特別是能夠通過對曝氣區(qū)域大小和進出水管閥門的控制， 形成靈活多變的運行方式， 適應污水水量、 水質(zhì)、 季節(jié)性的變化， 具有廣闊的發(fā)展應用前景。 當水質(zhì)波動幅度不大時， 通過前述的預處理、 生物處理后的污水， 一般能排放水體， 但由于各種不確定偶發(fā)因素的影響， 這樣考慮處理水排放存在不小風險。當水質(zhì)、 水量大幅波動時這種情況更為突出。 由于水污染、 生態(tài)破壞的嚴峻形 勢， 城市污水處理廠必須從技術(shù)上嚴格把關(guān)， 從工藝上確保處理水安全排放水體。若在生物處理工藝之后設(shè)置熟化塘， 不僅可在污水處理廠和受納水體之間起緩沖作用， 還能通過藻類-動物性浮游生物-魚類等食物鏈和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)， 使 BOD、 COD指標、 細菌及氮磷等植物性營養(yǎng)物濃度進一步降低， 具有良好穩(wěn)定的處理效果。特別是在熟化塘系統(tǒng)中， 通過塘內(nèi)生態(tài)系中多條食物鏈的物質(zhì)遷移、 轉(zhuǎn)化和能量逐級傳遞、 轉(zhuǎn)化， 在去除污染的同時， 以水產(chǎn)資源形式達到物質(zhì)、 能量的回收，將污水處理與利用相結(jié)合， 實現(xiàn)污水資源化。4 結(jié)語 1. 合流制污水水質(zhì)、水量波動幅度大, 技術(shù)工藝必須滿足緩和沖擊負荷的要求，設(shè)置緩沖池均衡水質(zhì)、 儲存水量比較適宜。 2. 通過多個氧化溝構(gòu)成若干個串、 并聯(lián)運行方式， 在適應進水水質(zhì)、 水量、 季節(jié)性變化方面能夠發(fā)揮重要作用。 3. 通過安排適當?shù)倪M出水口位置、 回流污泥入口位置， 氧化溝可形式一個倒置A2/0 工藝， 在去除 BOD 的同時， 能取得較好的氮磷去除效果 4. 熟化塘的應用， 為處理水安全排放水體， 能夠提供可靠的技術(shù)保證。 熟化塘投資省、 運行費用低、 管理維護方面、 污水處理與利用相結(jié)合， 在防治水污染、保護水環(huán)境及生態(tài)環(huán)境綜合治理方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢。 如果美化熟化塘表觀， 設(shè)置噴泉等設(shè)施， 形成供人們休閑、 游樂的人工景點， 協(xié)調(diào)城市建設(shè)中土地資源的合理配置， 那么熟化塘占地面積較大這一不足就不會成為突出的問題。 Combined sewage treatment related discussion1 Preface With the industrialization and urbanization development, water pollution, worsening water shortage, water pollution control, environmental protection has urgent need of water. China is now adopting a new city or urban stormwater sewage diversion system, but the old city or the old city is still mostly combined sewage stormwater drainage system, a number of combined sewage is directly discharged into the water body. The confluence of the old system to a triage system, the status quo conditions, and many of the old city built during the long, underground pipeline basic shape, the ground construction crowded, narrow roads, the old Combined triage system more difficult to change. Combined sewage is a major feature of the water quality of the dry and wet seasons, water changes, low BOD effluent concentration during the rainy season is not conducive to biochemical treatment. Countries, 2010 Chinas urban sewage treatment rate of 40 percent required, and therefore the study of the convergence of effective methods of sewage treatment, sewage treatment to accelerate the pace of the city is of great significance. In this paper, the convergence of the sewage treatment situation, some personal views. 2 Requirements of the sewage treatment process Many cities in China, the new city with the coexistence of the old city, Combined with the streaming system co-exist. Therefore, new or expanded sewage treatment plant to meet the overall urban planning and drainage planning requirements should be able to meet the following requirements: (1) Have to accept merging the old city sewage capabilities, a strong ability to adapt to the impact load. Source of the sewage treatment plant effluent is composed of two parts: First, the new urban sewage diversion; Second, merging the old city sewage. Compared with the combined sewage, sewage diversion of water quality, water, a much smaller range of sewage treatment plants require much less adjustment buffer. The confluence of sewage and rain red rain due to pre-rinse blocks, merging more dirty water, but water is relatively small; rain water, the larger the latter, but the concentration of organic compounds in water is relatively small. Therefore, pre-confluence rain water,could be considered together with the diversion of sewage by pre-treated sewage into the structure. Combined sewage late rainfall, with the exception of part of the sewage, together with the diversion of sewage by pre-treatment structures into the sewage treatment structures, and the other part to consider the adoption of stormwater pollution entering the storm sewage overflow structures Shen overflow pool set into the nearby water body after. In order to enter the structure of the combined sewage effluent peak flow, water quality buffer fluctuations conditioning, sewage treatment structures regulating the front-end buffer pool can be installed in order to balance water quality, storage of water. (2) Reliable BOD, COD, SS removal of nitrogen and phosphorus removal function and features to ensure the stability of the final effluent quality. Under normal circumstances, urban sewage in less refractory organic matter, BOD, COD removal is easier to achieve, rather than the complexity of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The current effluent standards for sewage treatment plant effluent nitrogen and phosphorus indicators have strict requirements, it must be of urban sewage treatment to achieve the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Under the existing urban sewage nitrogen and phosphorus removal process, A2 / 0 used more widely. For the A2 / 0 process problems, the present situation of a number of improvements in technology, technology also exists for each of the characteristics and limitations of each. As a result of merging the water quality caused by sewage, water, volatile, wastewater treatment plant on the impact of the processing units, in order to adapt to the receiving water requirements, in order to BOD, COD and other indicators of a further drop low, further removal of sewage bacteria and nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients in the wastewater treatment plant and receiving water can be established between the oxidation pond. (3) With flexible operation mode, according to the quantity of sewage collection, water quality and seasonal variation of the adjustment operation. Conventional A2 / 0 process, it is difficult to do adjust the flexible operation mode. However, A2 / 0 process from the principle constitutes a sense, before the paragraph in the aeration and anoxic plus anaerobic paragraph. This principle for the oxidation ditch technology can be adapted to the formation of a variety of different water quality, quantity, seasonal changes in the operating mode. Wastewater treatment plant can be established according to the actual situation of the oxidation ditch more than two, each for a certain amount of ditch water propeller, bottom uniform microporous gas explosion device. 3 Selection and characteristics of that process Oxidation ditch is a simple, efficient and economical municipal wastewater treatment technology, has developed rapidly in recent decades. In the flow pattern, it is completely mixed, but also has push-flow characteristics. As a result of the decreasing concentration of dissolved oxygen ditches changes and appropriate arrangements through the inlet, outlet, back to the entrance of the location of the sludge, oxidation ditch can be inverted to form a A2 / 0 process: Combined sewage system in accordance with the characteristics of both a triage system, and treated water discharge requirements. Grille to remove the effluent suspended solids in the large, floating debris such as dirt, to remove large pieces of dirt on the follow-up to the adverse effects of treatment systems. Aerated grit chamber to remove large sand particles and other inorganic pollutants in order to improve Active organic component content in the sludge, reducing wear and tear on the plumbing, the follow-up sedimentation tanks to reduce load and improve the system operating conditions. Primary sedimentation tank for removal of the main SS, Shen pool in the beginning, according to the influent water quality can be a timely addition to carbon and nitrogen in order to ensure adequate and proper proportion of C, N, P sources, in order to follow-up biological and chemical response to create the conditions for normal operation. The main role of a buffer pool of sewage in the combined balance of the water quality peak flow, storage of water. And A2 / 0 process, the pre-hypoxic paragraph priority not only to obtain carbon from the wastewater, and strengthen the process of denitrification. At the same time, by first going through the process of denitrification, nitrate eliminated the existence of a large number of PAOs anaerobic phosphorus release the adverse effects of the process. City of diversion from new sewage treatment by the grating into the sewage treatment follow-up structures; from the merging of the old city sewage, usually directly into the sewage treatment system. Rainfall, the pre-than dirt, water, the merging of smaller sewage, together with the diversion of sewage into the follow-up by the grating structures sewage treatment; the merging of the late rains the sewage water, largely with silt, some through stormwater pollution overflow structures, in the sedimentation tank for a short stay, after the removal of some sediment, direct discharge of water bodies, the other part, together with the diversion of sewage into the follow-up by the grating structures to deal with. In accordance with nitrification, denitrification, biological phosphorus removal activated sludge and aerobic metabolism of microorganisms in the anoxic paragraph, the main function is to denitrification, sludge return to denitrifying bacteria as a carbon source of organic matter in raw water, from the aerobic paragraph nitrification of nitrate solution for the electron acceptor, the nitrate (NO-3-N) back into gaseous nitrogen (N2). Anaerobic paragraph, the main function is to address the phosphorus, the return sludge in the decomposition of phosphate accumulating bacteria in vivo release of polyphosphate, while intake of organic matter in wastewater to the form of PHB and glycogen stored in the cells. Hypoxic anaerobic paragraph for paragraph and the transition over the region, neither strictly anaerobic state, And the concentration of di