英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)分解.doc

一花一葉英語句子成分結(jié)構(gòu)詳解+英語關(guān)鍵句型72種一、英語語句基本結(jié)構(gòu)分析：（一）主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：1、主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），數(shù)詞，動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。謂語可以是不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，eg:We come. Many changes took place in my home town.注（以下這些詞是不及物動詞：表發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表來、去，如：come, go 等）3、賓語：賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等。除了代詞賓格可以作賓語外，名詞，動名詞，不定式等可以作賓語。 eg：I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.（二）主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：1、主語：同主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。2、謂語：聯(lián)系動詞（Link verb)：be動詞（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他聯(lián)系動詞如：become成為，turn變成,go變和感官動詞如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特點是聯(lián)系動詞與其后的表語沒有動賓關(guān)系，表語多為形容詞或副詞，既，不可能是賓語。 3、表語：說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、等。可為形容詞、副詞、名詞、代詞、不定式、分詞。（1）當(dāng)聯(lián)系動詞不是be，而其后是名詞和代詞時，多表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹猓⒁馀c動賓關(guān)系的區(qū)別。eg: He became a teacher at last. His face turned red.（2）感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞eg: He looks well.他面色好。It sounds nice.這個聽起來不錯。I feel good.我感覺好。The egg smells bad.這個雞蛋難聞。 例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是個男孩）主語為Tom,系詞為be動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)is，表語為a boy （三）There be 結(jié)構(gòu)：There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞那里。 二、定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。（一）形容詞作定語：The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支藍(lán)色的鋼筆。（二）數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞：Two boys need two pens.兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 （三）形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格作定語：His boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。There are two boys of Toms there.那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。 （四）介詞短語作定語：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。The boy in blue is Tom.穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。（五）名詞作定語：The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語：The boy there needs a pen.那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 不定式作定語：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。（六）分詞（短語）作定語：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 (七)定語從句：The boy who is reading needs a pen.那個在閱讀的男孩需要一支鋼筆。三、狀語：狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好寫作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.（一）副詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語） （二）介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時間狀語) （三）分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）（四）不定式作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）（五）名詞作狀語：Come this way!走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z） （六）狀語從句：時間狀語從句，地點狀語從句，原因狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，目的狀語從句，比較狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，條件狀語從句四、直接賓語和間接賓語：（一）特殊的同源賓語現(xiàn)象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc. （二）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語。eg:Show this house to 五、賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。（一）名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.（二）名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項工作變得輕松. （三）名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. （四）名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. （五）名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I saw a cat running across the road.我看見一只貓跑過了馬路. 六、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們）七、獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))。 感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~yes否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。八、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。例：錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應(yīng)是人，不應(yīng)是your score（分?jǐn)?shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語,(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了).分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,having been.不過There being.的場合不能省略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand.獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.無事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略?。┯⒄Z關(guān)鍵句型72種1 It作先行主語和先行賓語的一些句型She had said what it was necessary to say.2 強調(diào)句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.3 All+抽象名詞或抽象名詞+itself（very+形容詞）He was all gentleness to her.4 利用詞匯重復(fù)表示強調(diào)A crime is a crime a crime.5 something（much）of和nothing（little）of something of相當(dāng)于to some extent，表示程度。在疑問句或條件從句中，則為anything of ，可譯為有點，略微等。譯為毫無，全無。much of譯為大有，not much of可譯為算不上，稱不上，little of可譯為幾乎無。something like譯為有點像，略似。They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.6 同格名詞修飾是指of前后的兩個名詞都指同一個人或物，of以及它前面的名詞構(gòu)一個形容詞短語，以修飾of后面的那個名詞。如her old sharper of a father，可譯為：她那騙子般的父親。Those pigs of girls eat so much.7 asascan（may）beIt is as plain as plain can be.8 It is in（with）as in（with）It is in life as in a journey.9 as good as相等于，就像，幾乎如；實際上，其實，實在。The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.10many as wellas和might as well as many as wellas可譯為與其，不如，更好，以這樣做為宜，如同，也可以等等。might as well as表示不可能的事，可譯為猶如，可與一樣荒唐，與其那樣不如這樣的好等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.11to makeof的譯法（使成為，把當(dāng)作）I will make a scientist of my son.12 oo+不定式，not（never）too+不定式，toonot+不定式She is too angry to speak.13 only(not, all, but, never) too to do so 和too ready (apt) + to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒有否定意義，凡是not，allbut等字后+tooto，不定式都失去了否定意義，在too ready（apt） +to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒有否定意義。You know but too yell to hold your tongue.14 no more than句型A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.15 not so muchas和not so much as 結(jié)構(gòu)，not so muchas=not so much as ，其中as有進(jìn)可換用but rather，可譯為：與其說是毋須說是。而not so much as=without（not）even，可譯為甚至還沒有。The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .16 Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as結(jié)構(gòu)，Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as都具有最高級比較的意思，Nothing I可換用no，nobody，nowhere，little，few，hardly，scarcely等等，可譯為沒有比更為，像再沒有了，最等。Nothing is more precious than time.17 cannottoo結(jié)構(gòu),cannottoo意為It is impossible to overdo或者，即無論怎樣也不算過分。not可換用hardly，scarcely等，too可換用enough，sufficient等You cannot be too careful.18 否定+but 結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞后面的but，具有which not，who not，that not，等等否定意義，構(gòu)成前后的雙重否定?？勺g成沒有不是或都等Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.19 否定+until (till)結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞no，not，never，little，few，seldom等的后邊所接用的until/till，多數(shù)情況下譯為直到才，要才，把否定譯為肯定。Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.20 not sobut和not such a but結(jié)構(gòu)，這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)和否定+but的結(jié)構(gòu)差不多，不同之點是這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中的but是含有thatnot意味的連續(xù)詞，表示程度?？勺g為還沒有到不能做的程度，并不是不，無論怎樣也不是不能等。He is not so sick but he can come to school.21 疑問詞+shouldbut 結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去的意外的事，意為nonebut，可譯為除了還有誰會，豈料，想不到竟是等。Who should write it but himself?22 who knows but (that)和who could shouldbut結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)是反問形式，一般意譯為多半，亦未可知等等，有時也可直譯。Who knows but (that) he may go?23 祈使句+and和祈使句+or結(jié)構(gòu)，祈使句+and表示Ifyou，祈使名+or表示ifnot，you。Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.24 名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞等于狀語從句，或表示條件，或表示時間。A word, and he would lose his temper.25 as,so結(jié)構(gòu)，這里的so的意思是in the same way（也是如此）。此結(jié)構(gòu)表明兩個概念在程度上和關(guān)系上相似。As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.26 if any結(jié)構(gòu)，if any和if ever，意思是果真有，即使有，表示加強語氣。與此類似的還有：if anything（如有不同的話，如果稍有區(qū)別），if a day（=at least，至少）。There is little, if any, hope.27 be it ever(never)so和let it be ever(never)so結(jié)構(gòu)，這里，be it中的be是古英語假設(shè)語氣的遺留形式，現(xiàn)代英語則使用let it be。ever so和never so都表示同一意思，都表示very。Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.28 the last+不定式和the last +定語從詞結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的last意思是the least likely，用于否定性推論?？勺g為最不大可能的，最不合適的，由原意的最后一個變成最不可能的一個。He is the last man to accept a bride.29 sothat句型，這個句型的意思是如此，以致于，但在翻譯成漢語時，許多情況下，并不是一定要譯成如此以致于，而是變通表達(dá)其含義。He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.30 more + than+原級形容詞（副詞）結(jié)構(gòu)，這是將不同性質(zhì)加以比較，其中的more有rather的意思。It is more than probable that he will fall.31 more than +動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示動詞的程度，可譯為異常，豈止，十二分地等。This more than satisfied me.32 good and 的副詞用法，譯為非常，很等。類似還有nice and , fine and , lovely and , bright and , rare and , big and 等，均表示程度。The apples are good and ripe.33 and that結(jié)構(gòu)，這個and that應(yīng)譯為而且，表示對它前面陳述部分的語氣加強，that代表前面的整個陳述部分。Return to your work , and that at once.34 at onceand結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)譯為既又，起相關(guān)連接的作用，相當(dāng)于bothand。The novel is at once pleasing and instructive.35 in that結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是在那一點上（方面），可譯為因為。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有in this。The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs.36 the name notwithstanding結(jié)構(gòu)，這個結(jié)構(gòu)中notwithstanding是介詞，這個介詞可以置前，可以置后，比如也可寫成：notwithstanding the name。起讓步狀語的作用。Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored.But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding.37 Everynot和Allnot結(jié)構(gòu)，Everynot表示不見得每個都是；Allnot表示不見得所有都是的意思。Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen.38 may as well notas結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為與其不如不。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.39 have only to do結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)表示只須（消）就能的意思。We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it.40 not (no) unless句型No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.41 betterthan句型Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.42 as it were是一個非常常用的插入語，意思是好象，可以說等。Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.43 復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定語從句過長，把謂語must realize提到定語從句之前。Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.44 notany more than為：不能，正如不能。One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.45 By that as it may是Let it be that as it may的省略形式，是由be引起的另外一種假設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是雖然如此，盡管這樣。It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a new product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.46 if at all是一個由if引起的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不完整的短句結(jié)為即將，即使等。I can see only with great difficulty, if at all.47 由there引起的句型容易產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu).There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more accurate than wine will explore its remote corners.48 range from to結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一個常見結(jié)構(gòu)，譯時很多情況下應(yīng)變通處理，不能完全依靠辭典上的釋義。Computer applications range from an assembly line completely run by computers to a children toy responding to remote signals.49 the way結(jié)構(gòu)I always thought she was a common-sense person who discussed things the way they ought to be discussed.50 復(fù)雜賓補結(jié)構(gòu)In recent years, the development of sensitive and accurate measuring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies.51 某些分隔結(jié)構(gòu)1） 動詞短語相關(guān)部分被分隔（當(dāng)make use of ，take notice of，pay attention to，等動詞短語變成被動語態(tài)時）。Use is made of solar energy in heating houses.2）雙重定語引起的分隔。But there is of culture another view, in which not solely the scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are, natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground of it.52 to be doingwhen是一個句型，多譯為某人正在做時，突然。在簡單的句子中容易看出，一旦句子變得復(fù)雜一些，可能就不太容易識別這種句型。She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 oclock, when a very big, very tall man, accosted them and demanded their purses.53 tooto句型Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.54 so much that句型But he developed gradually a very musical English. He learnt to write sentences that fall away on the ear with a misty languor and it delighted him so much that he could never have enough of it.55 when引導(dǎo)狀語從句有時并不好譯，不能一看到when從句就考慮譯為當(dāng)?shù)臅r候，它還有許多種譯法。Anything is better than not to write clearly. There is nothing to be said against lucidity, and against simplicity only the possibility of dryness. This is a risk that is well worth taking when you reflect how much better it is to be bold than to wear a curly wig.56 notbecause，有時可否定前面，有時可否定because本身，往往出現(xiàn)歧義。應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文面判定。In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was; nor, because she had more readers, was Ella wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.57 sothat, suchthat是一個普通的句型，但在同一個句子里有兩處使用它卻比較少見。The truth is, that in one point of view, this matter of national literature has come to such a pass with us, that in some sense we must turn bullies, else the day is lost, or superiority so far beyond us, that we can hardly say it will ever be ours.58 by doing結(jié)構(gòu)。這個結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是通過（做），但翻譯實踐中不能拘泥于這種釋義，不少情況下需要靈活變通。The hippos, by depositing dung in the water, fed the fish that support the storks that destroy the rare trees.59 下面例句為一倒裝句，主語很長，而且又含有非常復(fù)雜的句型。這是以形容詞作表語的倒裝，翻譯實踐中多把倒裝部分譯到最前面。No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought up that they cannot get so much pleasure out of processes and experiences resulting in a poorer life less full of meaning.60 whatof句型I can not say of myself what Johnson said of Pope: He never passed a fault unamended by indifference, nor quitted it by despair. I do not write as I do; I write as I can.61 英語的一個習(xí)慣用法是：當(dāng)否定謂語think（believe）時，實際上是否定其后面的賓語從句。否定就落在賓語從句上。這樣賓語從句就變成了雙重否定，譯時可以按雙重否定譯，也可按肯定來譯。It is a valuable work. I do not think anyone writes so well that he cannot learn much from it.62 to have not(as) to see中的不定式也有否定意味。He had not the good breeding to see that simplicity and naturalness are the truest marks of distinction.63 It occurred to sb. that意為突然想到，It dawned on sb.that.突然想起等。 從句是想起的內(nèi)容。I remember once being on a bus and looking at a stranger. He suddenly looked back at me- eyes met. My instinctive reaction was to avert my gaze. It occurred to me that if I had continued to maintain eye contact, I would have been rude and aggressive.64 It follows that=It happens as a result常常被譯為由此可見，因此，從前，可以推斷等等。It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist.65 thats all there is to it ，意思是也不過如此而已?？筛鶕?jù)上下文視情況處理。If Im touched, Im touched-thats a