(三)外文翻譯-自動倉庫機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)一體化設(shè)計(jì).doc

畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯題 目： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 系部名稱： 專業(yè)班級： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 教師職稱： 2011年03月11日中原工學(xué)院信息商務(wù)學(xué)院外文翻譯 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 摘要： 機(jī)器由機(jī)械和其他元件組成的用來轉(zhuǎn)換和傳輸能量的裝置。比如：發(fā)動機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)和攝影機(jī)。許多機(jī)械方面設(shè)計(jì)的原則和方法也同樣適用于非機(jī)械方面。術(shù)語中的“構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)”的含義比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”更加廣泛，構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在進(jìn)行運(yùn)動分析和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要把產(chǎn)品的維護(hù)和外形也考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域，都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，比如：開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)流程設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)用性，現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需能夠完全或部分代替以前人的功能，比如計(jì)算、裝配、維修。在設(shè)計(jì)的初級階段，應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮設(shè)計(jì)人員的創(chuàng)意，不要受到任何約束。即使有一些不切實(shí)際的想法，也可以在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,必須提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后進(jìn)行比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后指定使用某些不在計(jì)劃方案內(nèi)的一些想法的計(jì)劃。一般當(dāng)產(chǎn)品的外型和組件的尺寸特點(diǎn)已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)出來的時(shí)候，就可以進(jìn)行全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能、安全、重量、耐用性，并且成本也要考慮在內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分的平衡。選擇原材料和工藝的方法。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如穩(wěn)定和反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的利用，動力慣性、加速度、能量；包括材料的彈性強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等物理特性，以及流體的潤滑和驅(qū)動器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是一個(gè)反復(fù)與合作的過程，無論是正式的還是非正式的，對設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)需要大量的研究和提升。許多的想法,必須通過努力去研究成為一種理念,然后去使用或放棄。雖然每個(gè)工程的問題都是不同的,但設(shè)計(jì)者遵循同樣的步驟去解決他們。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的方法。在這個(gè)過程中，最普遍的五個(gè)問題為：（a）不了解或者不使用材料應(yīng)用方面最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途（如可能的話,設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮因不當(dāng)使用的產(chǎn)品所造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對這五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題沒有充足的存在的理由。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免此類問題指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工工藝有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。最后，一個(gè)基于功能的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品和工程樣機(jī)會制造出來。如果其測試效果令人滿意，那么就會按照初步設(shè)計(jì)以較低的成本進(jìn)行批量生產(chǎn)。在隨后幾年的生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)中，設(shè)計(jì)可能要在原有基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行新的構(gòu)思，或者在試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)，以提高產(chǎn)品的市場生存能力。設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則在這一部分，我們要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的思維來改進(jìn)和完善。也許會創(chuàng)造出功能更多、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，特提出下列設(shè)計(jì)和分析的規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對設(shè)計(jì)者來說特別適用。1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。2. 認(rèn)識負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。3. 預(yù)測沒有想到的負(fù)載。4. 創(chuàng)造出更為有利的條件。5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的重量。6. 運(yùn)用最基本的方程來優(yōu)化比例和尺寸。7. 選擇合成材料。8. 仔細(xì)選擇所需的材料和組件。9. 調(diào)整功能的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程并降低成本。10. 提供準(zhǔn)確的位置為組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括以下內(nèi)容：1 對設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。2 綜述了材料的性質(zhì)、靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動和沖擊載荷。3 綜述了應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。4 介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。5 介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī) 械的設(shè)計(jì)中。6 深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。7 使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。8 討論潤滑油膜與滾動軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。9 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。10 討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。11 介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)完整的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。這是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。項(xiàng)目工程師不僅要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。設(shè)計(jì)的第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用是因?yàn)檫@對產(chǎn)品的功能，外觀、成本、制造的成本十分重要的。因此對材料的特性必須作出仔細(xì)的評估。仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具，它能夠幫助設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并對現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析。交互系統(tǒng)是基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。應(yīng)用專家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通。在設(shè)計(jì)初級階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和溝通，并達(dá)成共識。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。 -本文譯自 谷歌學(xué)術(shù)Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners. 11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to todays designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the peo