定語從句句型結(jié)構(gòu).doc

Sentence Structure 句型結(jié)構(gòu) 句型-按照英語中的動詞的類型(五種，即：不及物動詞、系動詞、單賓動詞、雙賓動詞和復(fù)合動詞)可以把英語句型劃分為五種基本的句型。一、 1.主語+不及物動詞 (SV句型)=主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語加不及物的謂語動詞構(gòu)成, 常用來表示主語的動作。 如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 謂語可有修飾語-狀語。 They had to travel by air or boat.2.主語+系動詞+主補(SVC句型）=主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+系動詞+表語組成，主用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。 系動詞有: 1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg:Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. She is in good health. 3.主語 + 動詞 + 賓語 (SVO句型) =主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu):本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語構(gòu)成。如：1. Tom has made a mistake. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 4.主語 + 雙賓動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語(SVOO句型) =雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。如:介詞to或for. He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。 用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。 常跟雙賓語的動詞有：(需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等(需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 5.主語 + 復(fù)合動詞 + 賓語 + 賓補(SVOC句型)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu): 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語補足語用來補充和說明賓語的性質(zhì)和特點?？梢杂米鲑e補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。 如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式賓語，即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 6.There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系可以稱“有”。 它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo) 詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如:There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如 :there is/are there was/were there will be there is /are going to be. there has/have been there might be there must be there used to be there happen/happens/happened to be 二1.并列句。并列句由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句并列在一起構(gòu)成，一般由并列連詞、連接副詞或逗號、分號、冒號等將各分句連接起來。 1.由分號連接。 eg. Lets start early; we have a long way to go. 2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise/for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/ or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。 eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it.She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 2.復(fù)合句 構(gòu)成：由一個逐句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)的，引導(dǎo)詞起連接主句和從句的作用。 分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從 句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。 主語從句-定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.（2）從屬連詞whether.如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否會來這里還不清楚。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如： What she did is not yet known. How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome.主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：A.It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that從句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.B.It+be+名詞詞組（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that從句。如：Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. C.It+be+過去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that從句。如：It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.D.It+seem，appear, happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.E.It+doesnt matter（makes no difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如：It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 2.注意連接代詞whoever，whatever，whichever等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義。 Whoever comes will be welcome. Whatever he did was right. Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.賓語從句：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：He told us that he felt ill.注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的后面時，that不能省略。）2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略。）3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that從句位于句首時，that不可省略。）4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。）（2）從屬連詞if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.I dont know if you can help me. （3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：I wonder what hes writing to me about. Ill tell you why I asked you to come. You may do what you will.（4）介詞賓語從句-賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.有時介詞可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.You may rely on it that I shall help you.介詞賓語不可以用which來引導(dǎo)，而要用what來引導(dǎo)。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I said.4.連詞whether （or not）或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：用if引導(dǎo)賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：I dont think you are right. I dont believe they have finished their work yet. I dont suppose he cares，does he？表語從句：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。（1）從屬連詞that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. （2）從屬連詞whether，as，as if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句，如：All this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be，seem，look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. （3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever;連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 同位語從句：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。同位語從句的先行詞多為fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 連接代詞who，which，what和連接副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.定語從句:就是一個句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當(dāng)，所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞(that.which,who, whom, whose)或關(guān)系副詞(when,where, why)引導(dǎo)的，故又稱作關(guān)系從句。who代替人，是主格，在定語從句中作主語。例如： Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. whom代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語?？墒÷?。例如： Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? whose一般代替人，有時亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。例如：The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? （二）關(guān)系代詞which的用法which代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。例如： I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.(which可以換成that）三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個：when, where, why，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點和原因狀語。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個口訣：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why（一）關(guān)系副詞when的用法關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間，when在定語從句作時間狀語。例如：I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.（when先行詞是year，同樣when可以用that代替）關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點，where在定語從句作地點狀語。例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. （where的先行詞是town）關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語。例如：The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.狀語從句:狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。1.時間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果園) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble 2 地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, so that, such that,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。9 方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，是定語從句語法學(xué)習(xí)的重點和難點。這是一種介詞前置的定語從句句型，介詞與關(guān)系代詞之間存在一種介賓關(guān)系。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞定語時，把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前，即演變出“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”句型。例如：The man whomwhothat you should write to is Mr. White. (whom 作to 的賓語，to在謂語動詞之后)=The man to whom you should write is Mr. Write. (介詞to置于whom前，whom 作賓語)你該給他寫信的那個人是懷特先生 一、當(dāng)先行詞指人時，用“介詞+whom”句型注意：此時不用who或that。 (1)The person to whom I lent my bicycle is Mr. Ball. （whom不能省略，也不用who 或that）(2)The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back from London. 二、先行詞指物時，用“介詞+which”句型注意：先行詞指物時，不能用關(guān)系代詞that直接跟在介詞后作賓語。例如：1.The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike. （which不能改為that）2.The house to which he took us was very old. （which不能改為that）三、介詞的選擇和運用是重中之重1.根據(jù)介詞與先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定介詞。先行詞不同，與之習(xí)慣搭配的介詞也不同。例如：(1)Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? (2)Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 2.根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣確定介詞。動詞不同，要求與之搭配的介詞不同，動詞與不同介詞的搭配所表達(dá)的意義也大相徑庭。例如：(1)He lost the book in which he kept many telephone numbers. (2)I dont know the person to whom you talked just now. 3.根據(jù)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中的作用與含義而確定介詞。例如：(1)The plane by which my father went to Shanghai was late. (2)The plane on which my father worked was very large. (此處on which=on the plane表地點)注意下面幾點特殊情況：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane inby which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most