GMAT語(yǔ)法筆記.doc

主謂一致一. 原則1.主謂必須同時(shí)存在連詞開(kāi)頭的句子一定要有主句，否則是錯(cuò)誤的becase, if, when, although從句開(kāi)頭的句子，若從句后面沒(méi)有逗號(hào)，一定錯(cuò)。2.主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)從邏輯上一定要合理，且主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在單復(fù)數(shù)上要一致。當(dāng)不清楚主語(yǔ)是否應(yīng)該是單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù)的時(shí)候，看賓語(yǔ)，想造成這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是什么樣的e.g. The discovery of new medicines (was/were) vital to the companys growth.若不知道主語(yǔ)是否單復(fù)，就想是什么造成公司的上漲。肯定是一件事。所以是單數(shù)3.找到真正的主語(yǔ)-去掉介賓短語(yǔ)，從句及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)修飾詞介賓短語(yǔ)（of,for by,in,with,at,to,on,from 后面的詞不是主語(yǔ)可以忽略，所以要學(xué)會(huì)看到介詞跳讀。）從句始終只是句子中輔助的成分，類(lèi)似大形容詞，大名詞或大副詞e.g. Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes. (Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.)4.不能確定的話(huà)，一般用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞規(guī)律1.and 連接幾個(gè)不同的（單數(shù)）名詞的時(shí)候構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)2.就前原則的短語(yǔ)with; along with; together with; in addition to; as well as; accompanied by; including; more than; no less than; besides; except; 3.就近原則：or, nor, eitheror; neithernor； not.but. (not thatbut rather that); not onlybut also; （注意，只有either，neither做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)） 5.模糊代詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：(-one, -thing)Anyone, anybody, anything, No one, nobody, nothing, not oneEach, every (as pronouns) Someone, somebody, somethingEveryone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoeverEither, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)6.以下代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞決定：Some of, Any of, None, All of, More/Most of, nohalf of, majority, minority, plurality of, the rest of, 分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)If you want to indicate the totality itself, then use a singular verb form.e.g. The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.7.each/every做主語(yǔ)，單數(shù)：由each/every開(kāi)頭+任何名詞（不論單復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)謂語(yǔ) Every dog and cat HAS paws.復(fù)數(shù)名詞（代詞）+ each + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ) They each ARE great tennis players9. a group of/ a body of/ an array of/ a series of/ s asset of/ a portion of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)！10. a total of, an average of+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 復(fù)數(shù)v the average of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 單數(shù)v10.一些表示學(xué)科的詞（physics, mathematics）、一些活動(dòng)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)（aerobics）和一些疾病糖尿?。╠iabetes）雖然以S結(jié)尾，仍屬于單數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)當(dāng)statistics做“統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”，economics做“經(jīng)濟(jì)政策”時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)v；news 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)species 物種（單數(shù)）4.集合名詞看做整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet（艦隊(duì)，小河）, fruit, furniture如果說(shuō)一種動(dòng)物比如 cat（無(wú)冠詞）。后面代詞用they11. 定冠詞the+姓氏、朝代、部族名稱(chēng)等，表示一群人，是集合名詞，謂語(yǔ)要求用復(fù)數(shù)。如the Smith 為史密斯一家，the Shang表示商朝人等。12. only作形容詞，表示唯一的一個(gè)，既然是唯一的一個(gè)，后面修飾的名詞就不能是復(fù)數(shù)，否則語(yǔ)義及單復(fù)數(shù)前后矛盾 （only后面不能加復(fù)數(shù)名詞？）13.單復(fù)同形的詞：fish，species （單復(fù)同形的名詞單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)看做復(fù)數(shù)）14. (not) one of the+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)形式謂語(yǔ)；Not one of =none ofnot one of 全部用單數(shù) Not one of my friends IS here this weekend (none of may friends are) 但是none of 做主語(yǔ) 由后面的名詞決定16. one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ that從句， that從句修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ that從句， that從句動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)17. medium單數(shù)-media復(fù)數(shù)； phenomenon單數(shù)- phenomena復(fù)數(shù)18. the first trenches 做主語(yǔ)，用復(fù)數(shù)8.從句做主語(yǔ)，單數(shù) 1). what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)情況：what后面“什么時(shí)候用單數(shù),什么時(shí)候用復(fù)數(shù)”根據(jù)動(dòng)詞后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)定.2).what (who/why/how/whether) 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)一定是正確的： *有時(shí)也參照下面的單復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則：(1)What在從句中做主語(yǔ)，主句謂語(yǔ)由what從句的謂語(yǔ)決定。1) What is difficult to understand is A.；What are difficult to understand are A and B.(2)what在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，主句謂語(yǔ)由主句表語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)決定what they want are XX,XX&XX。2) What his father left him are a few English books.平行結(jié)構(gòu)一. 原則：結(jié)構(gòu)相似，詞性相同，形式對(duì)稱(chēng)，概念對(duì)等，功能相同，意思單一（主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需要相同么？）二. 平行標(biāo)志詞：連詞：And, or, but, yet （but只能連接兩個(gè)并列成分）短語(yǔ)：both and, either or; neither nor, not but, not only. but also (not onlyalso not onl.but), rather than, from.to.; between.and.; as well as (notbut rather than instead of) 一般出現(xiàn)instead of 錯(cuò)三. 重要考點(diǎn)：1.動(dòng)名詞可以和普通名詞平行，但加賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞不行實(shí)體名詞（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，人，事件）和動(dòng)作名詞（指示一種動(dòng)作）不能平行簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)名詞不能和復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞平行。且只有復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞才能與動(dòng)作名詞平行簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)名詞 本質(zhì)還是動(dòng)詞，可以有動(dòng)詞功能 e.g. Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency. 復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞“Nouns Through and Through.” e.g. The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.（徹頭徹尾的名詞，一般有冠詞修飾，且為of結(jié)構(gòu)或者名詞+動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu) the wine tasting）現(xiàn)在分詞可以和過(guò)去分詞并列副詞可以和介詞短語(yǔ)并列名詞短語(yǔ)可以和what從句平列2.從句并列時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)可不一致。不同類(lèi)型的從句不能并列; 不同功能的定從不能并列 ex. n. who.and n. whose 對(duì)； n. whereand n. who 錯(cuò)誤3.平行概念對(duì)等：抽象名詞和具象名詞，整體概念和局部概念，泛指和特指均不對(duì)等，不可并列4. there be句型的平行要補(bǔ)出there be. (不要隨意排除there be)ex. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.四。平行結(jié)構(gòu)的省略1.不定式，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞可以省 to do A, and (to) do B 當(dāng)比較多于兩項(xiàng)時(shí)，后面的與第二項(xiàng)保持一致2. 從句開(kāi)頭的“引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略，即使引導(dǎo)詞一樣”；（從句！曼哈頓原話(huà)：兩個(gè)從句平行的話(huà)為了避開(kāi)歧意必須都要用引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)） I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.但是“引導(dǎo)詞”前面的詞不可以省略！(即平行成分不可或缺，檢驗(yàn)辦法：去掉沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的平行成分鏈接到謂語(yǔ)來(lái)檢查是否ambiguity)Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.3. 介詞短語(yǔ)并列，介詞盡量保留 Wrong：The experiences we have childhood influence our behavior in adulthood.Right: The experiences we have in childhood influence our behavior in adulthood.The bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practice五。隱含的平行：To Be形：Known to be, be thought to be, eastimate X to be YXY形：Consider XY, Declare XY, Make XY, （make 與 consider 用法一致）As形：X Act as Y, the same as Y, as X, so Y,？ Think of X as Y, View X as Y, Regard X as YFor形：Mistake X for YTo形：Compared to X, Y, in contrast to X, Y系動(dòng)詞兩邊的成分要并列：表達(dá)的是“主語(yǔ)是什么主語(yǔ)在什么情況下be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn, stay系動(dòng)詞表示的是兩邊的東西必須是同質(zhì)的，詞性相同Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.詞義也要相同Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban rural relations in this country.Just asas的用法“正如A，B也，”“B就像A一樣” (A,B以同樣的方式) “隨著.,.也”第一個(gè)分句用as，第二個(gè)用so引導(dǎo)。發(fā)生在第二個(gè)分句的情況在一定程度上取決于發(fā)生在第一個(gè)分句的情況，而且兩種情況同時(shí)發(fā)生。As the cost of keeping money in the bank increases, so its spend faster.Just as A do, B do； A do, just as B do. A，B平行對(duì)等Just as , so/as (Just) as you practice, so shall you play.主從句要盡量形式對(duì)稱(chēng)Just as , so too 主句要部分倒裝(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reapJust as you practice piano regularly, you should study regularly.*前后都要用句子，不能只用短語(yǔ)。so with是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)。(prep 1-15) as with的結(jié)構(gòu)在日常語(yǔ)法中是對(duì)的(意思為“正如的情況一樣”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞或what從句)：(1) As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amount is the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.(2) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.就像大部分的疾病和災(zāi)難一樣，最遭罪的是年輕人。(3) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.正如畫(huà)畫(huà)一樣，你應(yīng)該耐心并且認(rèn)真做這項(xiàng)工作。但用于GMAT語(yǔ)法中，需要有其他結(jié)構(gòu)與之平行:大全938. With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.單純的as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該用as is the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.prep 1-39 As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health related items.in the same way that, as/so也是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu) like, so/as也是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)：like的比較必須是嚴(yán)格對(duì)稱(chēng)的 比較結(jié)構(gòu)一、原則：比較的對(duì)象具有同等邏輯意思比較要從結(jié)構(gòu)上保持平行 二、比較標(biāo)志詞: like, unlike, as, as (adj.) as, more.than., different from, the same as, in contrast to/with, the morethe more; no morethan; v.+ more of (在更大程度上)/less of + n.model A after B（A仿照B）三、比較類(lèi)型1對(duì)主謂賓全的句型 (1) 主語(yǔ)比較： A do sth than B do.（AB為對(duì)等名詞，加do 是為了顯示這是一個(gè)可以發(fā)出動(dòng)作的名詞，因而確定是主語(yǔ)，進(jìn)而確定是主語(yǔ)對(duì)比）時(shí)態(tài)要據(jù)后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型。主語(yǔ)若相同，可省，但助動(dòng)詞不能省。如：As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980s than (people省略) did in the 1960s and 1970s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(2) 介賓比較 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2對(duì)等名詞）注意一定要是介賓才能直接跟在than后面The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.錯(cuò)The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 對(duì)(3) 賓語(yǔ)比較 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2為對(duì)等名詞)(4) 狀語(yǔ)比較A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加狀語(yǔ))2一種句型只有主謂，沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)的句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有賓語(yǔ)，只可能有主語(yǔ)比較，因而不需要重復(fù)do來(lái)確認(rèn)這是一個(gè)可發(fā)出動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)，所以其比較形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意與下句區(qū)別 I eat apple faster than you do （區(qū)分出you是主語(yǔ)，后面有謂語(yǔ)do，而不是賓語(yǔ)）如果寫(xiě)成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，從語(yǔ)法上就變成我吃蘋(píng)果比吃你快，成了賓語(yǔ)比較。邏輯上顯然不通。3AS 族的比較大同小異，as 可單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)比較，也可以復(fù)合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不變，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(類(lèi)似于介賓比較）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主語(yǔ)比較）Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(賓語(yǔ)比較)as much/many as 和差不多not so much as 與其說(shuō)是。不如說(shuō)是。 eg. Most insomnia is not an illness or a physical condition so much as a symptom of another problem that may simply be a reaction to certain medications, anxiety about travel, or stress before a job interview. sth not A so much as B, sth不是A,而是B4特殊句型AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.5There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型OG89There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years ago(主語(yǔ)比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(賓語(yǔ)比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介賓比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china.(介賓比較)四、比較的省略（1）所有格省略前句有明確說(shuō)明所有物是什么東西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)，只有邏輯意思合理就行。EG: My car is bigger than Brians car. My toes are longer than Brians toes.（2）比較從句可以省略賓語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)只要邏輯意思合理。EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 quarts.I walk as fast now as I walked when I was younger.從句和主句的主謂全部相同時(shí)，可全部省去，保留做狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)或狀從即可e.g. Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than in any previous election.原句補(bǔ)完整：Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than（the proportion）（television costs had accounted for of the spending）in any previous election；這個(gè)句子中只是單個(gè)名詞(proportion)的比較，所以不需要考慮than后面補(bǔ)出主謂，只補(bǔ)出介詞短語(yǔ)就夠了，不用擔(dān)心后面的介詞短語(yǔ)in any previous election沒(méi)有平行對(duì)象e.g. Although Napoleons army entered Russia with far more supplies than for any previous campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.（3）有些句子為了不造成歧義，需要添加動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，以保持邏輯含義鮮明。EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必須為賓語(yǔ)才能省略，表示Visual eats more carrots than Visual eats donus)Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. Yvette could be subject or object.Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)（4）主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的比較中，如果是主語(yǔ)比較，系動(dòng)詞要省略According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates to plan to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas 錯(cuò)誤（5）as或than引導(dǎo)比較從句中的省略原則1) 比較從句謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)相同，可用do，did，does代替。2) 比較從句連系動(dòng)詞be與主句連系動(dòng)詞be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。3) 主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)使用“助動(dòng)詞（如have，has，had，will）或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式時(shí)，比較從句往往省略verb，保留助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。4) 比較從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，可以全部省去，常常保留做狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句。5) 比較從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同，可以省略。than可做連詞，還可做代詞（在作為比較連詞的同時(shí)還指代主語(yǔ)）e.g. Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the moviesfewer than have been killed by bee stings. （prep1-218）Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they have been 錯(cuò)誤補(bǔ)充完整，to set . than they have been setting. set前后形式不一致，不能省略五、倍數(shù)表達(dá)法1.Twice (X times)的用法Twice as many/much as;X times adj. than; X times as adj. as;Twice +n. /prep.(that); （此類(lèi)應(yīng)為有數(shù)值意義的名詞，見(jiàn)后）Twice +what 從句注意： morethan 與asas 在倍數(shù)后都對(duì) A is 2 times larger than B, A is 3 times as large as B； 但在數(shù)字后，只有more than對(duì) A is 20m teller than B2.用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)倍數(shù)Double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuplesth double sth; sth is doubled; sth double(a.)注意：produce double 永遠(yuǎn)錯(cuò)以上幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以用主動(dòng)也可以用被動(dòng)，但不能和as搭配a doubling of X 和 doubling X 中的X 不能使具體名詞，而應(yīng)該為有數(shù)值意義的詞：number, amount, quantity, speed, frequency, rate(of), price, concentration, increase3.sb be +百分?jǐn)?shù)+ more likely (to do sth) than to do sth （前面的to do 可以省，后面的不能） ex. Sb is at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack.六、重要考點(diǎn)1.主從句的情態(tài)可一致，也可不一致 I eat more food than he can2.that從句和because從句形式上不對(duì)稱(chēng)，不能比較；動(dòng)名詞和不定式不能比較 （平行部分不能平行的結(jié)構(gòu)均不能相互比較）3. whereas = while（while前后句子之結(jié)構(gòu)要求并列相對(duì)）whereas連接的平行比較只要求對(duì)比的核心邏輯上有對(duì)稱(chēng)關(guān)系，不要求對(duì)稱(chēng)位置必須是對(duì)稱(chēng)名詞Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany. 主從句的主語(yǔ)分別是energy和nuclear power并不是對(duì)稱(chēng)名詞，但是對(duì)比的核心都是“核能發(fā)電占總產(chǎn)出能量的份額”：*但是如果whereas后面接介詞短語(yǔ)，那么主句的開(kāi)頭也必須需要是介詞短語(yǔ)(whereas后出現(xiàn)介詞短語(yǔ)或者狀語(yǔ)都會(huì)非常對(duì)稱(chēng))，如果whereas后接單純主謂賓（或主系表），主句也要盡量用單純的主謂賓（或主系表）來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)，除非同下面GWD 18-2一樣后半句主謂即已經(jīng)可完全表達(dá)出“對(duì)稱(chēng)”的含義（each language occupies a distinct area of the brain是主謂賓齊全；language areas overlap是主謂，沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。但兩個(gè)分句依然算是平行，因?yàn)檫壿嬕呀?jīng)平行。）：prep1-29 Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.prep2-102 Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.GWD18-2 According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child.4. like/unlike后只加名詞(不一定具體名詞)表比較，不能加不定式短語(yǔ),分詞短語(yǔ)(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices錯(cuò)),句子或介短。（后面接這些東西的時(shí)候unlike要改為whereas等等）。like/unlike是嚴(yán)格的硬梆梆比較，比較對(duì)象必須嚴(yán)格對(duì)等，中間盡量不能插入任何成分（比如有一個(gè)題目是:Unlike A, in 1990 B.就算A，B可比，但這樣就是不佳的表達(dá)，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)讓讀者花費(fèi)腦細(xì)胞去找unlike和哪個(gè)在比。最好的句子一定是排版最嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、最遵循規(guī)則的句子，一定是讀起來(lái)最省力的句子），但是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句這一類(lèi)非常明確是緊跟著前面的名詞的修飾成分是可以的。動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是一個(gè)行為發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但狀態(tài)繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者是仍然對(duì)現(xiàn)在有所影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的一個(gè)行為發(fā)生在過(guò)去，已經(jīng)結(jié)束且對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)標(biāo)志: since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)；for+時(shí)間段；a century of; recent+時(shí)間短語(yǔ)within/in/over/during+ the past/last/recent+時(shí)間段二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.兩個(gè)行為都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而較早的那一個(gè)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，通常用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)順序。如果句子中的時(shí)態(tài)順序已經(jīng)說(shuō)明則沒(méi)有必要使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)如果主句和分句主語(yǔ)相同，且以 and, but, before, after 等連接，如果句子邏輯上存在先后順序的話(huà)，主分句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。e.g.: Antonio DROVE to the store and BOUGHT some ice cream. Laura LOCKED the deadbolt before she LEFT for work.2.沒(méi)必要一定要通過(guò)一個(gè)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞來(lái)決定是否需要過(guò)去完成時(shí)。甚至可以通過(guò)時(shí)間來(lái)表示 Right: By 1945. the United States HAD BEEN at war for several years. right: By the end of the Apollo program, twelve Americans had walked on the moon.3.若轉(zhuǎn)述一個(gè)人發(fā)表的演講或者報(bào)告（直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)），要將現(xiàn)在時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為過(guò)去完成時(shí)，將來(lái)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為條件狀態(tài)（will-would）（各退后一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)）在間接引語(yǔ)里，主句若是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則從句時(shí)態(tài)必須不能早過(guò)其時(shí)態(tài)，即必須是“現(xiàn)在時(shí)間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)”；同樣，如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，則從句必須時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。（either “present + future” or “past + conditional”）。三、將來(lái)時(shí)：1.條件從句/時(shí)間從句/方式從句/讓步從句不能用將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。（對(duì)比狀從省略的幾種是：轉(zhuǎn)折，時(shí)間，條件。） Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition that they not be named in the story（主將從現(xiàn)。）2.possibility that/likelihood that/expect that/have confidence that中,that從句后用一般將來(lái)時(shí)3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般使用will,主觀(guān)將來(lái)時(shí)用be supposed to do,較少用be going to do,不用be doing/be to be done/be to do/ be going to do四、特殊考點(diǎn)：1.表示一般狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)，比如know, signify（意味著），emit(發(fā)射)，die3.continue不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，不用兩種以上的時(shí)態(tài)4.即時(shí)動(dòng)詞不用完成時(shí)態(tài)：begin，discovery5.一個(gè)句子中的不同動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。若在一個(gè)句子里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一樣，代表兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是平行的，同樣重要的。若一個(gè)句子里兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)不一樣，則時(shí)態(tài)近的是主句，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作通常代表一個(gè)背景介紹。e.g.: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.6.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)上不能有間隔，只有相鄰的時(shí)態(tài)才能出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中7.by the time “到為之” 從句一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句過(guò)去完成時(shí) ex. by the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. by the time “當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候” 句子一般過(guò)去時(shí) by+將來(lái)時(shí)間，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)或者將來(lái)完成時(shí) 例句 by+過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)一、重要考點(diǎn)by后面一般跟動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者且一定是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； through 和because of 后面跟一些設(shè)備手段或者方法只有及物動(dòng)詞才能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)平行*二、不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; Lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to; pay attention to; suit; fit; contain; so as to do; be able to do; be likely to do三、主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義read like/well, prove helpful, sell well (sth be sold for+price), be worth doing, require doing動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣 陳述語(yǔ)氣，虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、if（as if/though）條件從句時(shí)間 從句謂語(yǔ)形式 主句謂語(yǔ)形式 將來(lái) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be用were) should + 動(dòng)詞原形 were to + 動(dòng)詞原形 would / should / might / could + 動(dòng)詞原形 現(xiàn)在 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be 用 were) would / should / might / could + 動(dòng)詞原形 過(guò)去 had +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 would / should / might / could have + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 其他形式：But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S應(yīng)該. = If it were not / (had not been) for N, S= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N), S= Without N（介詞只有without可表虛擬語(yǔ)氣）, S （為什么感覺(jué)時(shí)態(tài)怪怪的）二、命令虛擬 v. that + do (should一定要省略)1.命令性動(dòng)詞（只能用that從句的命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不能用不定式）：require， demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate（規(guī)定）, suggest （*其中propose,當(dāng)句子中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞發(fā)起者均是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用不定式。The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.）2.