第一講 簡單句.doc

慧學教育：Victory belongs to the most persevering. 堅持必將成功。 英語簡單句的五種基本句型語境展示：1, I teach in a high school.2, I have been a teacher for ten years. 3, I teach English. 4, I am teaching you English. 5, I find teaching very interesting.自我歸納： 1，基本句型一：S十V主謂結構 這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，這些動詞常見的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如：翻譯：1，時光飛逝。2，你應當努力學習。3，在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。s(主語)vi.（不及物動詞）其它1，2，3，2，基本句型二:S十V十P主系表結構這種句型中的系動詞一般可分為下列兩類：A. 表示狀態(tài)的連系動詞。這些詞有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如：B. 表示轉變或結果的系動詞。這些詞有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。翻譯：1，我們是中國人。 2，這本書是我的。 3，花聞起來香。 4，下課了。 5，這個小孩看起來向他爸爸。 6，我的朋友很興奮。s(主語)lv.( 系動詞）p（表）1，2，3，4，5，63，基本句型三: S十V十O主謂賓結構這種句型中的動詞應為及物動詞或者可以后接賓語的動詞短語。同時，句子中有時含有與賓語有關的狀語。翻譯：1，我正在學英語。 2，他愛她。 3，海倫想去那兒。 4，那個小偷承認（admit）偷錢。 5，我相信你們可以學好外語。s (主）vt.（及物動詞）（謂）o（賓）1，2，3，4，5，4，基本句型四: S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結構，O1間接賓語；O2直接賓語這種句型中作間接賓語的常常指“人”，直接賓語常常指“物”。翻譯：1，我送他一本書。 2，媽媽給瑪麗一個漂亮禮物。 3，我的爸爸給我買了一本故事書。s (主）vt.（謂）i.o.（間接 賓）d.o.（直接 賓）1，2，3，這種句型還可轉換為其他兩種句型：A. 動詞 直接賓語 for sb.B. 動詞 直接賓語 to sb.1) Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 請把你的畫給我看一下。2) Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心，我會給你提供機會的。5，基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主謂賓補結構這種句型中的賓語 補語可統(tǒng)稱為“復合賓語”,1， 我們把我們的女兒起名叫瑪麗。2， 他使我們的花園很漂亮。3， 她讓一切井然有序。4， 我請求他幫我。5， 我抓住他考試作弊。6， 我看見他被警察抓住了。s (主）vt.（謂）o.（賓）o.c.（賓補）1，2，3，4，5，6，總結：句子的基本成分： 句子的附屬成分： 句子成分詳解一覽表句子成分意義及位置充當詞類例句主語The Subject表示句子說的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前部。 、 、 、 。Two heads are better than one.We study in No. 17 middle school.To see is to believe.Entering a sport into the Olympics can be a long process.謂語The Predicate說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。通常在主語后（除疑問、倒裝句外）。由 詞或動詞詞組充當。Time tries all thing.(時間檢驗一切）Lucy is dancing under the tree.Her parents are both workers.賓語The Object表示動作、行為的對象。在及物動詞或介詞后。 、 、 、 、 。見上。表語The Predicate與系動詞連用，一起構成謂語部分、說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征。常在系動詞之后。 、 、 、 、 、 。 見上。定語The Attribute用來修飾名詞或代詞。單個詞常在修飾的詞前，短語或句子在被修飾的詞之后。 、 、 、 、 、 。The red one is mine.Two heads are better than one.What is his name?A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患難見真情。）This is the house where we lived last year.狀語The Attribute修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，表示動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式等。位置較靈活。 、 、 、 。Our teacher works very hard.She often helps Mike.They had a meeting in Shanghai.Strike while the iron is hot. (趁熱打鐵。 )賓語補足語The Object Complement賓語的補足語，邏輯上與賓語是“主謂”關系。在賓語后。 、 、 、 、 、 。見上。同位語The Appostive重復指代并進一步說明名詞及名詞性詞語。在被修飾詞后。名詞、名詞性短語They all work hard.John, a friend of hers, has gone.句子成分 學記口訣主語謂語是基礎，賓表定狀補輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無。 簡單句，并列句和主從復合句語境展示：1，I teach English. 2，Tom and Mike are American boys.3，She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.簡單句只有 個主語(或并列主語)和 個謂語(或并列謂語)。語境展示：1，You help him and he helps you. 2，Lets hurry, or we will be late.3，I have been to Beijing many times, but my parents have never been there.4，He was late for school, so he was called into his teachers office.5，The future is bright; the road is tortuous（曲折的）.并列句：由 詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把 個或兩個以上的 句連在一起構成。并列句的常見連接詞（1）、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor等連接。（2）、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。（3）、表示轉折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 （4）、表示因果關系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。 即學即用(1).I like beef, _my father doesnt like it.(2).Jack was late, _he will be to blame.(3).Open the door _let the cool air in.(4).You must work hard, _you will fall behind.(5).Take exercise very day, _you will become stronger and stronger.主從復合句：1、概念：主從復合句由一個 句和一個或一個以上的 句構成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子。從句通常由關聯(lián)詞引導,并由關聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。2、分類：從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為 從句、 從句、 從句、 從句、 從句和 從句等即學即用判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句：1）. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2）. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3）. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4）. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5）. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 3,定語從句1,定語從句：在 句中，修飾某一 詞或 詞，用作 語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫做 詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之 。He is the boy who often goes to school late. 詞 詞 從句2，定語從句的引導詞種類關系代詞： ， ， ， ， （定語）注：在定語從句中作 語或作 語。關系副詞： ， ， 。注：在定語從句中作 語 練：1) Do you know the man who I spoke to?Analysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 2) This is the hotel where they stayed last year.Analysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 3) This is one of the best films that have been shown this year.Analysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 4) I will never forget the day when I lived in the countryside.Analysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 5) The girl whose father is our head teacher works very hard.來源:學.科.網(wǎng)Z.X.X.KAnalysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 6) Can you tell me the reason why you were absent yesterday?Analysis：定語從句： 先行詞： 引導詞： ，在定語從句中作： 3，定語從句引導詞的用法：1）關系代詞語境展示：1，She is the old woman whom I saw this morning.2，Mary is the girl whose parents work in Japan.3，Is this the key which you are looking for?4，October 1, 1949 is the day when New China was founded.5，This is the house where the great man was born.6，I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today.（1）who 指 ，在定語從句中作 語/ 語，不能省略。翻譯：他父親將是感到最不高興的人。 （2） whom指 ，在定語從句中作 語翻譯：你認識他們非常喜歡的張先生嗎？ （3）whose 指 ，在定語從句中作 語翻譯：他是我們班唯一一個爸爸是警察的學生。 （4）which指 ，在定語從句中作 語或 語。作主語時，指物可與that 互換；The book which（= ）cost me a lot of money is interesting.做賓語時可省略。This is the room（ ）I painted last week.（作賓語可省略）如果作介詞賓語，且介詞提前，則不能省略，也不能替換為that。This is the magazine we were talking about. =This is the magazine about we were talking. （5）that指物/人，在定語從句中作 語或 語。作主語時，指人可與 替換；指物可與 替換。做賓語時可以省略。The book that（= ）cost me a lot of money is interesting.The hero that（= ）saved me from the fire is a PLA man.The book（ ）I bought yesterday is well written.下列定語從句只能用that來引導：（1）. 先行詞為形容詞最高級所修飾This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.（2）. 先行詞為序數(shù)詞所修飾I happened to be the thousandth guest that visited the great hotel.This is the first composition that he has ever written in English. (3). 先行詞既包括人又包括物They talked of things and persons that happened in the school.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(4). 主句是who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中的定語從句Who is the man that came this morning? Which is the bag that you lost?(5). 先行詞為the only, the very, the last, the same所修飾 He is the very person that the police are looking for.This is the only thing that I can remember. (6). 先行詞是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代詞Tell us everything that you know, please.Is there anything that you dont understand?(7). 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修飾All that glitters is not gold.Ive read all the books that you gave me. 2）“介詞+ 關系詞”及關系副詞when, where, why(1),如果先行詞在定語從句里充當介詞的賓語，在正式英語里，多數(shù)情況下要將介詞前移到關系代詞之前。如果先行詞是物，此時關系代詞用which；如果先行詞是人，此時關系代詞用whom。注：This is the factory in which he works. The boy with whom he went to the cinema is Tom. 練：1）The pen with _ he is writing the letter is mine. 2）The man from _ he bought the car is his friend. 3）He has many books, some of _ are English books. 4）He has three sons, two of _ are doctors. When、where、why引導的定語從句。如果先行詞在定語從句里不是充當主語或賓語，就不能用that、which、who 或whom來引導定語從句，而要根據(jù)情況選引導詞。(2),如果先行詞表示定語從句里動作發(fā)生的地點，此時用介詞+which或where引導定語從句。This is the school where he studies。This is the school in which he studies。(3),如果先行詞表示定語從句里動作發(fā)生的時間，此時用介詞+which或when引導定語從句。The day on which he came here is unknown. The day when he came here is unknown. There was a time when the song was very popular. (4),如果先行詞是reason，在定語從句里表示動作發(fā)生的原因，此時定語從句用that 或for which引導。He often drinks too much. This is the reason why he fell ill. He often drinks too much. This is the reason for which he fell ill. (5),如果先行詞是way，在定語從句里表示動作發(fā)生的方式，此時定語從句用 that或in which引導。補充:（1）關系代詞在從句中作主語，謂語動詞的數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。The student who is good at English studies hard.The students who are good at English study hard.對比：He is one of the students who are good at English.（英語好的不止他一人，他是他們中的一員）He is the only one of the students who is good at English. （學生不止一人，他們中只有一人英語好） （2）as 作為關系代詞，習慣上用于下列詞組：the same.as such .as as . as， soas1. Take as many books as you want.2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.3. He read such books as will make him wiser.4. The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.（3）the sameas, the same that 的區(qū)別This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （相似的事物）I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. （同一事物）一，用適當?shù)年P系詞填空1. Everything _ I know will be taught to the students.2. This is the best film _ I have ever seen.3. The manager walked toward the gate _ the workers are waiting.4. You cant go into this room _ they are having a meeting.5. I still remember the days _ we studied together.6. The picture _ has a house and flowers is the one I like best.7. Dont make the same mistake _ you did last time.8. He failed in the exam, _ surprised us all .9. He did all _ was necessary to be done. 10. Her parents wouldnt let she marry anyone _ family was poor.二. 用“介詞+關系代詞”填空1. Have you ever read the book _ _ there are many pictures?2. The man _ _ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor.3. The library _ _ we often borrow books is very large.4. The gentleman _ _ you just spoke is our headmaster.5. This is the new bicycle _ _ I spent five hundred dollars.6. Here are the table tennis players, some _ _ are our old friends.7. The tool _ _ he is working is called a spade.8. China has hundreds of islands, the largest _ _ is Taiwan.9. The school has 2600 students, two thirds _ _ are girls.10. Water is a liquid, the freezing point _ _ is 0C.11. Give me a piece of paper _ _ I can write the phone number.12. The boy built a telescope _ _ he could study the skies. 20102013高考定語從句真題練習【2013北京】27. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where【2013福建】27. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.A. whose B. that C. who D. which【2013湖南】21. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which【2013江蘇】32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A. where B. which C. what D. when【2013江西】33.He wrote a letter _ he explains what had happened in the accident.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. how【2013遼寧】34. He may win the competition, _ he is likely to get into the national team.A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case【2013山東】31. There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science. A. asB. that C. when D. where 【2013山東】35. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. A. whenB. whereC. which D. whom 【2013陜西】16. is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. A. It B. That C. What D. As【2013四川】9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live.A. what B. which C. when D. where【2013天津】6. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.A. that B. which C. who D. what【2013新課標II卷】4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which【2013新課標I卷】33.”You cant judge a book by its cover,” .A. as the saying goes oldB. goes as the old sayingC. as the old saying goesD. goes as old the saying【2013浙江】5. The children, _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A. all of what B. all of which C. all of them D. all of whom【2013浙江】13. The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A. what B. where C. when D. why【2013重慶】24. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members.A them B. that C. which D. whom【2013安徽】29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.A. it B. that C. what D. which【2012山東卷】23. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.A. them B. that C. which D. what.【2012福建卷】23. The air quality in the city, _is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. that B. it C. as D. what 【2012浙江卷】17._ Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.A. which B. who C. where D. whom【2012浙江卷】9. We live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which【2012江蘇卷】22. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A. which B. who C. where D. what【2012安徽卷】29. A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. as B. it C. which D. This【2012江西卷】28By 16:30,_was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. Awhich Bwhen Cwhat Dthat【2012湖南卷】34. Care of the soul is a gradual process_ even the small details of life should be considered.A. what B. in what C. which D. in which【2012重慶卷】29. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as salesA. which B. that C. when D. where【2012四川卷】13. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses.A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them【2012陜西卷】14. It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C. which D. what【2012北京卷】26. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. when【2012全國II】8. That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. that B. which C. what D. when【2012天津卷】 7.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_help I would never have got this far.A. who B. whose C. whom D. which1.（2011天津卷）10. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A. when B. that C. where D. which2.（2011江西卷）34.She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction_ has taken more than three years.A. for which B.with which C. of which D.to which3.（2011四川卷）17.The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.A.which B.whose C.when D.where4.（2011北京卷）26. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of co