研究生英語(yǔ)精讀李敦之等主編,第二冊(cè),第七單元課后答案.ppt

1 Week12 13 Unit7CellphoneRadiationMayAlterYourBrain 2 Lead in Exercises PassageStudy WritingPractice 3 Theme BasedDiscussion Lead in BackgroundInformation 4 1 WhatisCellPhoneRadiation cellphonesemitradiofrequencies RF atypeofnon ionizing 非電離 electromagneticenergythatfallsbetweenFMradiowavesandmicrowavesonthespectrum ItisnotlikeanX ray butmorelikeaverylow poweredmicrowaveoven Whatmicrowaveradiationdoesinmostsimplistictermsissimilartowhathappenstofoodinmicrowaves essentiallycookingthebrain 5 Theageofthepersonusingthephone Whethertheuserisusingspeakermodeorahandsfreedevice Thestrengthofthecellphonesignalatthetimeofuse Theamountofcellphonetrafficatthetimeofuse andThemodelofphoneused 2 Factorsdeterminingcellphoneradiation 6 glioma 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤 acousticneuroma 聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤 meningioma 腦膜瘤 ortumorsofthesalivaryglands 涎腺腫瘤 CellPhoneRadiationwithCancerAndTumors 7 CellphoneRadiationtoChildren Children sskullsandscalpsarethinner Sotheradiationcanpenetratedeeperintothebrainofchildrenandyoungadults Theircellsareatadividingfasterrate sotheimpactofradiationcanbemuchlarger 8 TipstoReduceCellphoneRadiationExposure BUYALOW RADIATIONPHONEUSEAHEADSETORSPEAKERLISTENMORE TALKLESSHOLDPHONEAWAYFROMYOURBODYCHOOSETEXTINGOVERTALKINGPOORSIGNAL STAYOFFTHEPHONELIMITCHILDREN SPHONEUSESKIPTHE RADIATIONSHIELD 輻射防護(hù)屏 9 WhatisTawkon 10 SamsungKnack SCH U310 DistinctivekeypadLargeblur free2 2 displayscreenDedicatedhotkeystotextanddialfasterTextgraphicsandsoundwithQuickTextPhrase 11 Theme basedDiscussion TopicDiscussion Video 12 PassageStudy DetailedStudy TextAnalysis 13 Theeffectofmobilephoneradiationonhumanhealthisthesubjectofrecentinterestandstudy asaresultoftheenormousincreaseinmobilephoneusagethroughouttheworld asofJune2009 thereweremorethan4 3billionsubscriptionsworldwide Mobilephonesuseelectromagneticradiationinthemicrowaverange Otherdigitalwirelesssystems suchasdatacommunicationnetworks producesimilarradiation DetailedStudy Mobilephoneradiationandhealth 14 TheWHOhasclassifiedmobilephoneradiationontheIARCscaleintoGroup2B possiblycarcinogenic 致癌的 Thatmeansthatthere couldbesomerisk ofcarcinogenicity soadditionalresearchintothelong term heavyuseofmobilephonesneedstobeconducted Somenationalradiationadvisoryauthoritieshaverecommendedmeasurestominimizeexposuretotheircitizensasaprecautionaryapproach DetailedStudy 15 IARCInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer 國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu) TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer IARC French CIRC isanintergovernmentalagencyformingpartoftheWorldHealthOrganizationoftheUnitedNations ItsmainofficesareinLyon France Itsroleistoconductandcoordinateresearchintothecausesofcancer Italsoconductsepidemiological 流行病學(xué)研究 studiesintotheoccurrenceofcancerworldwide Itmaintainsaseriesofmonographsonthecarcinogenicriskstohumansposedbyavarietyofagents mixturesandexposures DetailedStudy 16 DetailedStudy TheIARCcategorizesagents mixturesandexposuresintofivecategories Group1 carcinogenictohumans Group2A probablycarcinogenictohumans Group2B possiblycarcinogenictohumans Group3 notclassifiableastocarcinogenicityinhumans Group4 probablynotcarcinogenictohumans Onlyonesubstance caprolactam 己內(nèi)酰胺 hasbothbeenassessedforcarcinogenicitybytheIARCandplacedinthiscategory 17 DetailedStudy EffectsManyscientificstudieshaveinvestigatedpossiblehealthsymptomsofmobilephoneradiation Thesestudiesareoccasionallyreviewedbysomescientificcommitteestoassessoverallrisks Arecentassessmentwaspublishedin2007bytheEuropeanCommissionScientificCommitteeonEmergingandNewlyIdentifiedHealthRisks SCENIHR Itconcludesthatthethreelinesofevidence viz Namely animal invitro 試管內(nèi) andepidemiologicalstudies indicatethat exposuretoRFfieldsisunlikelytoleadtoanincreaseincancerinhumans 18 RadiationabsorptionPartoftheradiowavesemittedbyamobiletelephonehandsetareabsorbedbythehumanhead TheradiowavesemittedbyaGSMhandsetcanhaveapeakpowerof2watts andaUSanaloguephonehadamaximumtransmitpowerof3 6watts Otherdigitalmobiletechnologies suchasCDMA2000 碼分多址 接入系統(tǒng) andD AMPS 數(shù)字先進(jìn)移動(dòng)電話服務(wù) useloweroutputpower typicallybelow1watt Themaximumpoweroutputfromamobilephoneisregulatedbythemobilephonestandardandbytheregulatoryagenciesineachcountry DetailedStudy 19 Inmostsystemsthecellphoneandthebasestationcheckreceptionqualityandsignalstrengthandthepowerlevelisincreasedordecreasedautomatically withinacertainspan toaccommodatedifferentsituations suchasinsideoroutsideofbuildingsandvehicles TherateatwhichradiationisabsorbedbythehumanbodyismeasuredbytheSpecificAbsorptionRate SAR anditsmaximumlevelsformodernhandsetshavebeensetbygovernmentalregulatingagenciesinmanycountries 20 IntheUSA theFederalCommunicationsCommission FCC hassetaSARlimitof1 6W kg averagedoveravolumeof1gramoftissue forthehead InEurope thelimitis2W kg averagedoveravolumeof10gramsoftissue SARvaluesareheavilydependentonthesizeoftheaveragingvolume Withoutinformationabouttheaveragingvolumeused comparisonsbetweendifferentmeasurementscannotbemade Thus theEuropean10 gramratingsshouldbecomparedamongthemselves andtheAmerican1 gramratingsshouldonlybecomparedamongthemselves 21 SARdataforspecificmobilephones alongwithotherusefulinformation canbefounddirectlyonmanufacturers websites aswellasonthirdpartywebsites Itisworthnotingthatthermalradiationisnotcomparabletoionizingradiationinthatitonlyincreasesthetemperatureinnormalmatter itdoesnotbreakmolecularbondsorreleaseelectronsfromtheiratoms 22 Inaculturewherepeoplecradletheircellphonesnexttotheirheadswiththesameconstancyandaffectionthattoddlersholdtheirsecurityblankets itwasunsettlinglastmonthwhenastudypublishedinTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationindicatedthatdoingsocouldalterbrainactivity 23 Cradle1 N COUNTAcradleisababy sbedwithhighsides Cradlesoftenhavecurvedbasessothattheyrockfromsidetoside 搖籃2 V TIfyoucradlesomeoneorsomethinginyourarmsorhands youholdthemcarefullyandgently 小心輕柔地 抱著例 Icradledherinmyarms 我把她小心輕柔地抱在懷中 24 Inthatregard theywillbecontinuingthesamequestthatbeganinthecradleofhumancivilization 從這方面來(lái)說(shuō) 它們將會(huì)去繼續(xù)從人類文明搖籃中就曾經(jīng)開(kāi)始了的同樣的探求 Unfortunatelyforscience thenearestyoungstarsthatcouldbeproducingplanetsaresofarawaythatconventionaltelescopesareunabletodiscernwhatisinthecradle 對(duì)于科學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)很不幸地 最近的能夠產(chǎn)生行星的年輕恒星是如此遙遠(yuǎn) 遠(yuǎn)到傳統(tǒng)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡都無(wú)法辨別搖籃里面有什么 25 UnsettlingIfyoudescribesomethingasunsettling youmeanthatitmakesyoufeelworriedoruncertain 令人擔(dān)憂的 令人不安的例 Philhadseveralunsettlingdreamseverynight 菲爾每晚都做好幾個(gè)令他不安的夢(mèng) 26 Fromleft theWindowsPhone7 theAppleiPhoneandtheMotorolaDroid 27 Thereportsaiditwasunclearwhetherthechangesinthebrain anincreaseinglucosemetabolismafterusingthephoneforlessthananhour hadanynegativehealthorbehavioraleffects Butithasmanypeoplewonderingwhattheycandotoprotectthemselvesshortofusingalandline 28 landline1 電信學(xué) 陸上通信線 陸上線路 地面或地下的通訊電纜 2 美國(guó)俚語(yǔ) 電話 通話 略作L L Thedeclineinlandlineuse whichhasbeenunderwayforseveralyears haspickedupspeedinrecentmonths 固定電話用戶幾年中一直在下降 而近幾個(gè)月速率明顯加快 Unlessyou resureyourcellphoneserviceisgoingtobeperfect considerusingalandlineratherthanyourcellphonetoavoidadroppedcallorstaticontheline 除非確定手機(jī)服務(wù)通暢否則就考慮用固定電話而不是手機(jī)來(lái)避免出現(xiàn)通話中斷或雜音 29 Cellphonesarefantasticandhavedonemuchtoincreaseproductivity saidDr NoraVolkow theleadinvestigatorofthestudyanddirectoroftheNationalInstituteofDrugAbuseattheNationalInstitutesofHealth I dnevertellpeopletostopusingthementirely 30 Yet inlightofherfindings sheadvisesuserstokeepcellphonesatadistancebyputtingthemonspeakermodeorusingawiredheadsetwheneverpossible ThenextbestoptionisawirelessBluetoothheadsetorearpiece whichemitradiationatfarlowerlevels Ifaheadsetisn tfeasible holdingyourphonejustslightlyawayfromyourearcanmakeabigdifference theintensityofradiationdiminishessharplywithdistance Everymillimetercounts saidLouisSlesin editorofMicrowaveNews anonlinenewslettercoveringhealthandsafetyissuesrelatedtoexposuretoelectromagneticradiation 31 inlightof onthebasisof upon根據(jù) 鑒于 從 觀點(diǎn)Inarecentnationalsurvey 75percentoffamiliessayinlightofthecurrenteconomicdownturn they relookingforwaystoscrimp 精打細(xì)算 onchildcare 在最近的一次全國(guó)調(diào)查中 75 的家庭表示受到了當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的沖擊 并正在尋找縮減用于兒童看護(hù)的開(kāi)支 Ingeneral thementorinfluenceswhatheorshecaninlightofpersonalexperience passion andtheconstraintsoftheworkplace 總的來(lái)說(shuō) 指導(dǎo)者根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn) 熱情 和工作場(chǎng)所的約束條件影響他本人能夠影響的范圍 32 countIfsomethingorsomeonecountsforsomethingorcounts theyareimportantorvaluable 1 Surelyitdoesn tmatterwherecharitiesgettheirmoneyfrom whatcountsiswhattheydowithit Ifsomethingcountsoriscountedasaparticularthing itisregardedasbeingthatthing especiallyinparticularcircumstancesorunderparticularrules 看作2 Nooneagreesonwhatcountsasadesert 33 Ifyoucountsomethingwhenyouaremakingacalculation youincludeitinthatcalculation 把 計(jì)算在內(nèi)It sunder7percentonlybecausestatisticsdon tcountthepeoplewhoaren tqualifiedtobeintheworkforce 數(shù)字不到7 這只是因?yàn)榻y(tǒng)計(jì)沒(méi)有把未達(dá)勞動(dòng)力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人算在內(nèi) countistheactionofcountingaparticularsetofthings orthenumberthatyougetwhenyouhavecountedthem 點(diǎn)數(shù) 點(diǎn)出的數(shù)目 34 NewsletterAnewsletterisoneormoreprintedsheetsofpapercontaininginformationaboutanorganizationthatissentregularlytoitsmembers 組織等定期印發(fā)給其成員的 內(nèi)部通訊Theorganizationnowhasaround18 000memberswhoreceiveaquarterlynewsletter 該組織目前約有18000名會(huì)員收到內(nèi)部通訊季刊 35 Socrushingyourcellphoneintoyoureartohearbetterinacrowdedbarisprobablyabadidea Gooutsideifyouhavetotakeormakeacall Andyoumightnotwanttoputyourcellphoneinyourbreastorpantspocketeither becausethatalsoputsitrightupagainstyourbody Carryitinapurseorbriefcaseorgetanonmetallicbeltclipthatorientsitawayfromyourbody 36 crush into把 塞進(jìn)Decidewhethertocrusheverythinginyourpathorcollectobjectstobuildyourveryownutopia 做好決定是否準(zhǔn)備在你前進(jìn)的路上摧毀一切 亦或搜集道具 建造自己的烏托邦式的世外桃源 37 Somestudieshavesuggestedalinkbetweencellphoneuseandcancer lowerbonedensityandinfertilityinmen Butotherstudiesshownoeffectatall Giventhemixedmessagesandcontinuingresearch RobertKenny aFederalCommunicationsCommissionspokesman saidinane mail Asalways wewillcontinuetostudythisissueandcoordinatewithourfederalpartners 38 Giventakingintoaccountsomefact condition factor etc considering giventhechancemeans ifIhadthechance 如果有 機(jī)會(huì)等 Writedownthesortofthingyouwouldliketodo giventheopportunity 如果有機(jī)會(huì) 請(qǐng)寫(xiě)下你想做的那類事 Givenhowhardthetestwas I mnotsurprisedshefailed 39 Asalways同平時(shí)一樣 作為通常情況Asalways ifwe vemissedsomething pleaseletusknowinthecomments 一如既往地 如果我們遺漏了什么 請(qǐng)?jiān)谠u(píng)論中告知 Wewill asalways firmlysupportyourjuststruggle 我們將一如既往堅(jiān)決支持你們的正義斗爭(zhēng) 40 ThephoneusedinDr Volkow sstudywasaSamsungKnack modelSCH U310 aflipphonethatwasinwideusewhenshebeganplanningherexperimentstwoandhalfyearsago Buttoday subiquitoussmartphonesemitevenmoreradiationastheytransmitmore andmorecomplex data 41 UbiquitousIfyoudescribesomethingorsomeoneasubiquitous youmeanthattheyseemtobeeverywhere 無(wú)所不在的 FORMAL 例 Sugarisubiquitousinthediet 糖在飲食中到處可見(jiàn) 42 Smartphone智能手機(jī)Asmartphoneisamobilephonebuiltonamobilecomputingplatform withmoreadvancedcomputingabilityandconnectivitythanafeaturephone 功能 非智能手機(jī) Thefirstsmartphonesweredevicesthatmainlycombinedthefunctionsofapersonaldigitalassistant PDA andamobilephoneorcameraphone Today smodelsalsoservetocombinethefunctionsofportablemediaplayers low endcompactdigitalcameras pocketvideocameras andGPSnavigationunits Modernsmartphonestypicallyalsoincludehigh resolutiontouchscreens webbrowsersthatcanaccessandproperlydisplaystandardwebpagesratherthanjustmobile optimizedsites andhigh speeddataaccessviaWi Fiandmobilebroadband 43 YoucangetanideaoftherelativeamountsofradiationvariouscellphonemodelsemitbylookingattheirSAR orspecificabsorptionrate Thisnumberindicateshowmuchradiationisabsorbedbythebodywhenusingthehandsetatmaximumpower AcellphonecannotbesoldintheUnitedStatesunlessanF C C approvedlaboratorysaysitsSARisbelow1 6wattsperkilogram InEurope themaximumis2wattsperkilogram 44 specificabsorptionrate吸收速率比值Specificabsorptionrate SAR isameasureoftherateatwhichenergyisabsorbedbythebodywhenexposedtoaradiofrequency RF electromagneticfield although itcanalsorefertoabsorptionofotherformsofenergybytissue includingultrasound Itisdefinedasthepowerabsorbedpermassoftissueandhasunitsofwattsperkilogram W kg SARisusuallyaveragedeitheroverthewholebody oroverasmallsamplevolume typically1gor10goftissue Thevaluecitedisthenthemaximumlevelmeasuredinthebodypartstudiedoverthestatedvolumeormass 45 TheSARnumberisnotdisplayedwhenyoucomparecellphonesatyourlocalwirelessstore andtryingtofinditinthefineprintofyourusermanualisanexerciseinfrustration TheF C C maintainsthatSARvalues donotprovidesufficientinformation toreliablycomparecellphoneradiationemissionsbecausecertainphonesmightrarelyoperateatmaximumpower Still theEnvironmentalWorkingGroup anonprofitorganization hasacomprehensivelistoftheSARvaluesformostcellphonesavailablefrommajorcarriersonitsWebsite Forinstance theAppleiPhone4islistedat1 17wattsperkilogram theMotorolaDroidat1 5andtheLGQuantumat0 35 46 Butmoreimportantthanlookingforalow SARphoneishowyouuseit Manycellphonesemitthemostradiationwhentheyinitiallyestablishcontactwiththecelltower makingtheir digitalhandshake Toreduceexposureit sbesttowaituntilafteryourcallhasbeenconnectedtoputyourcellphonenexttoyourear 47 Duringtheensuingconversation it sadvisabletotiltthephoneawayfromyourearwhenyouaretalkingandonlybringitinclosetoyourearwhenyouarelistening Thatbitofteeter totterworksbecausetheemissionofradiationis significantlylesswhenacellphoneisreceivingsignalsthanwhenitistransmitting saidLinZhong assistantprofessorofelectricalandcomputerengineeringatRiceUniversityinHouston 48 EnsueIfsomethingensues ithappensimmediatelyafteranotherevent usuallyasaresultofit 隨即發(fā)生例 IftheEuropeansdidnotreducesubsidies atradewarwouldensue 如果歐洲不減少補(bǔ)貼 貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)將隨即爆發(fā) 49 teeter totter蹺蹺板Theoutdoortoyusuallycalledaseesawhasanumberofregionalnames NewEnglandhavingthegreatestvarietyinthesmallestarea InsoutheastNewEnglanditiscalledatiltoratiltingboard SpeakersinnortheastMassachusettscallitateedleboard intheNarragansettBayareathetermchangestodandleordandleboard TeeterorteeterboardisusedmoregenerallyinthenortheastUnitedStates whileteeter totter probablythemostcommontermafterseesaw isusedacrosstheinlandnorthernstatesandwestwardtotheWestCoast Bothseesaw fromtheverbsaw andteeter totter fromteeter asintoteeterontheedge demonstratethelinguisticprocesscalledreduplication 重疊詞 whereawordorsyllableisdoubled oftenwithadifferentvowel Reduplicationistypicalofwordsthatindicaterepeatedactivity suchasridingupanddownonaseesaw 50 RiceUniversityWilliamMarshRiceUniversity commonlyreferredtoasRiceUniversityorRice isaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedonaheavilywooded295 acre 1 19km2 campusinHouston Texas UnitedStates TheuniversityissituatedneartheHoustonMuseumDistrictandadjacenttotheTexasMedicalCenter Openedin1912afterthemurderofitsnamesakeWilliamMarshRice Riceisnowapreeminentresearchuniversitywithadistinctundergraduatefocus Itsemphasisonundergraduateeducationisdemonstratedbyasmallstudentbodyand5 1student facultyratio amongthelowestinthetopAmericanuniversitiesincludingtheIvyLeague Ricealumniareprominentineverysectorofsocietytoday Theuniversityhasproduced101FulbrightScholars 20MarshallScholars and12RhodesScholars Theuniversityhasaveryhighlevelofresearchactivityforitssize with 115 3millioninsponsoredresearchfundingin2011 Riceisnotedforitsappliedscienceprogramsinthefieldsofartificialheartresearch structuralchemicalanalysis signalprocessing spacescience andnanotechnology ItwasrankedfirstintheworldinmaterialsscienceresearchbytheTimesHigherEducation THE in2010 51 Moreover yourcellphoneemitslesswhenyouarestationarybecausewhenyouaremovingrapidly say inacarortrain itmustrepeatedlyissuelittleburstsofradiationtomakedigitalhandshakeswithdifferenttowersasitmovesinandoutofrange 52 StationarySomethingthatisstationaryisnotmoving 靜止不動(dòng)的例 Stationarycarsintrafficjamscauseagreatdealofpollution 交通堵塞中停止不前的車輛造成大量污染 53 IssueIfyouissueastatementorawarning youmakeitknownformallyorpublicly 發(fā)表 聲明 發(fā)出 警告 例 Lastnightheissuedastatementdenyingtheallegations 昨天晚上 他發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)聲明否認(rèn)那些說(shuō)法 例 Thegovernmentissuedawarningthatthestrikersshouldendtheiractionorfacedismissal 該政府發(fā)出了警告 罷工者們應(yīng)停止他們的行動(dòng) 否則將被免職 54 Wantanotherreasontocomplainaboutyourcarrier spoorcoverage Anysituationwhereyourcellphonehasaweaksignalindicatesithastoworkharderandthuswillemitmoreradiation Fewerbarsmeansmoreradiation saidOmGandhi professorofelectricalengineeringattheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakeCity Insidebuildingsandelevators inruralareas theGrandCanyon thesearenotgoodplacestomakeacallifyou retryingtoreduceyourexposuretoradiation 55 theGrandCanyon 56 TheGrandCanyonisasteep sidedcanyoncarvedbytheColoradoRiverintheUnitedStatesinthestateofArizona ItiscontainedwithinandmanagedbyGrandCanyonNationalPark theHualapaiTribalNation andtheHavasupaiTribe PresidentTheodoreRooseveltwasamajorproponentofpreservationoftheGrandCanyonarea andvisiteditonnumerousoccasionstohuntandenjoythescenery ItisconsideredoneoftheSevenNaturalWondersoftheWorld 57 TheGrandCanyonis277miles 446km long upto18miles 29km wideandattainsadepthofoveramile 6 000feet 1 800metres NearlytwobillionyearsoftheEarth sgeologicalhistoryhavebeenexposedastheColoradoRiveranditstributariescuttheirchannelsthroughlayerafterlayerofrockwhiletheColoradoPlateauwasuplifted WhilethespecificgeologicprocessesandtimingthatformedtheGrandCanyonarethesubjectofdebatebygeologists recentevidencesuggeststheColoradoRiverestablisheditscoursethroughthecanyonatleast17millionyearsago Sincethattime theColoradoRivercontinuedtoerodeandformthecanyontoitspresent dayconfiguration 58 59 Ofcourse parentsusingtheiriPhonestopacifycrankykidsmightwanttoreconsiderrattles Children sdevelopingbrainsandtissuesarethoughttobemostvulnerabletocellphoneradiation HealthauthoritiesinBritain France GermanyandRussiahaveallissuedwarningsagainstallowingsmallchildrentousecellphonesforextendedperiods ifatall 60 PacifyTobringpeaceto aplaceorsituation byendingwar fighting violence angeroragitation Toappease someone e g Tensionpacifyanxiety fear willsleeppeacefully 安撫焦慮緊張 恐懼 有助安眠 Trytopacifythechild he sbeencryingforhours 快哄哄孩子 他哭了好幾個(gè)鐘頭了 61 crankygiventofretfulfussiness readilyangeredwhenopposedWhetherwe rekeptawakebyourpartner ssnoringorwestayuptoolatewatchingTV wewakeuptired groggy andcranky 不論是因?yàn)榕渑嫉拇蝼曔€是熬夜看電視讓我們沒(méi)有睡覺(jué) 在醒來(lái)的時(shí)候 我們都是感到疲憊 稀里糊涂和易怒 62 extendedperiods延長(zhǎng)期 持續(xù)期Theyprefertoretaintraineesforextendedperiodswhereverpossible 他們?cè)谌魏斡锌赡軘U(kuò)張的領(lǐng)域保持雇傭水平 Hereheexplainshowdifficu