unit Six How to Prepare for Earthquakes.doc

Unit 6 Section A How to Prepare for Earthquakes教學任務：1、 在講授課文之前，讓學生討論一些課前準備問題，對將要學習的文章有個初步了解。2、 講授課文，在講解課文的過程中，要對文中的重點詞匯及語法現(xiàn)象細致剖析。3、 在整篇文章講解之后，分析文章結構，寫作方法及語言特點。教學目的：1、 增強學生的思考問題的能力及用英語表達的能力。2、 學會關鍵詞匯和短語的用法。3、 掌握重點的語法現(xiàn)象。4、 增強分析文章結構的能力。5、 掌握本課的寫作方法，并且能夠運用。6、 增強學生對災難事件的認識及自我保護能力。. Warm-up Activity1. Multiple Choices:(1) Which city earns the name “Brave City of China”? (C)A. Shanghai B. Tianjin C. Tangshan D. Beijing(2) The deadliest earthquake hit the sleeping city of Tangshan at 3:42 a.m. on July 28, _ . (C)A. 1956 B. 1966 C. 1976 D. 1986(3) Which of the following gave some advance warning of an impending earthquake? (ABCDE)A. Well water rose and fell with cracking or gasB. Chickens refused to eat and ran around chirpingC. Mice and yellow weasels ran around to hide D. A goldfish jumped wildly in its bowlE. Strange lights as well as loud sounds were seen the night preceding the earthquake2. Picture Illustration(1) railroad lines bent(2) 93 percent of the residential buildings and 78 percent of the industrial were completely destroyed.(3) The foundations of bridges gave way and the bridges collapsed.(4) Public buildings were tumbled down.Background information:The Great Hanshin Earthquake DisasterAt 5:46:51 AM, on January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake occurred around Kobe City in Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) defined the earthquake magnitude. The earthquake was named “the 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake” (or the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake) by JMA. It was also referred to as “the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster” by the Japanese government. Answer the following questions:1. What have the Chinese people traditionally done about earthquakes?They have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes.2. What should people in areas where earthquakes are common do to prepare their houses?They should regularly check and reinforce their homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that they will not open accidentally during an earthquakes.3. What s should people in these regions do to prepare themselves?People in this region should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. It is best to store several gallons of water per person. It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. Store one weeks food for each person. Earthquake survival supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing.4. What should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research projects?Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be.Text Structure AnalysisSummary: At present, people cant be able to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. However, in both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast, such as by watching animals for warning signs of earthquakes. In order to decrease the destruction of property caused by earthquakes, people begin to use new materials and new technologies to construct buildings. Besides, people should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. Experts also have some suggestions about how to deal with earthquakes.Devices for Developing 1.Questioning (設問法)The title “How to Prepare for Earthquakes” on, the author guides the reader toward a better understanding of his article through a list of direct or indirect questions, thus reminding the reader of what is to follow what he is to give his ink to next. (Para.1; Para.2; Para3-6)1. When is an earthquake going to happen? (Para. 1)Para. One is about some examples of how to predict earthquakes.2. How to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes? (Para. 2) Para. Two deals with how to make building structure so strong as to withstand the power of earthquakes.3. How to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake? (Para. 3-6)Paras. Three to Six are about how to prepare ourselves for the possibility of a great earthquake. 2. Deduction (演繹法)Another characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details.Statement：Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. (Para. 1)Details: 1. Scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements.2. People have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. 3. Experimental data show that the amount of radon in the water under the surface of the Earth waxes before an earthquake.Statement: People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes. (Para. 2)Details: 1. Many new structures are built with an I-joint, which appears to be the most durable type of joint.2. Architects design buildings so that their columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil.3. Many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls.4. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel.Statement：Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. (Paras. 3-6)Details: 1. Regularly check and reinforce your homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten door. (Para. 3)2. Have supplies of water and food at home and at work. Keep supplies such as a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing. (Para. 4)3. Keep a fire extinguisher and some proper tools to turn off gas and water lines. Arrange an auxiliary cooking and heating source. Keep a pair of heavy shoes or boots to protect your feet. (Para. 5)4.Have earthquake emergency plans. Make arrangements in case of an earthquake for family members to leave the area in time, to meet at a place, to communicate with each other or to check in with a far-away friend. (Para. 6)Conclusion：Even if prediction becomes possible, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. (Para. 7)Main Idea of the text and each partMain idea of the text:The essay is centered on the main theme How to predict, prevent, and prepare for earthquakes. Part I (Para.1): This part is about how to predict an earthquake. Exemplification (舉例法)Part II (Para.2): This part deals with how to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes. Reasoning（推理法）: Addition（遞進法） Part III (Para.3-6): This part is about how people need to prepare themselves for the possibility of a great earthquake.Addition（遞進法）Part IV (Para.7): This part serves as a conclusion: even if prediction becomes possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. Concession (讓步法) .Language points:1. detect vt. notice ( sth. That is partly hidden or not clear) or discover (sth.), esp. using a special method 察覺，發(fā)現(xiàn)，探測 e.g. The dentist could detect no decay in her teeth. 牙醫(yī)檢查了她的牙， 未見有齲齒。Do I detect a note of irony in your voice? 聽起來你是在說反話吧？Synonym: discover, perceive, recognizeAntonym: conceal, hidedetection n.: discovering, detecting 發(fā)現(xiàn)，察覺，探測detectable adj.: 可查明的，可找出的2. to watch sth. for: look at or observe sth. for留意，觀察e.g. He has been watching for the right moment to express his feeling of love for her. 他一直在等待著恰當?shù)臅r機來表達對她的愛慕之情。 watch for: look or wait attentively for 盼望，等待e.g. They are watching for the right moment.watch out: take out 戒備，提防 e.g. You will catch cold if you dont watch out: you need a warmer coat than that. 你如果不小心就會感冒，你得穿件更暖和的大衣。3. after all(1).it must be remembered 應該記住，別忘了e.g. After all, an actors life is spent working with words.別忘了，演員的生活就是和語言打交道的。(2). in spite of everything.畢竟，終究e.g. After all, it is not so hard as it looks.這畢竟不像看上去那么難。4. withstand vt. ear or not be changed by ( sth .) or oppose ( a person or thing) successfully 經(jīng)受，承受，頂住pt. pp. withstoode.g. withstand attacks/ pressure 禁得住攻擊/壓力shoes that will withstand hard wear 耐穿的鞋5. joint n. (1). the place where two bones are connected 關節(jié) e.g. ankle /knee / elbow joints 踝/膝/肘關節(jié)(2). a place where tow things are fixed together 接頭，接縫， 接合處 e.g. Check that the joints of the pipes are sealed properly.檢查一下管道的接口是否封嚴。a. belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，聯(lián)合的e.g. a joint venture 合資企業(yè)a joint effort 共同的努力idiom: out of joint (1).（指骨）脫臼e.g. She fell and put her knee out of joint. 她摔的膝關節(jié)脫臼了。(2). (fig.) 混亂，紊亂e.g. the delays put the whole schedule out of joint.一再的拖延打亂了全部的安排。put sbs nose out of joint 使某人難堪，冒犯或惹惱某人 e.g. Hes no conceited that when she refused his invitation, it really put his nose out of joint. 他很自負，她沒接受他的邀請，可把他的鼻子氣歪了。6. beam n. (1). a long thick piece of wood or metal, esp. used to support weight in a building or other structure 梁，橫梁 e.g. The workers are examining the beams in the ceiling. 工人們在檢查天花板的橫梁。 (2). a line of light the shines from an object that gives out light 光束 e.g. the beam of the torch/ searchlight 手電筒，探照燈的光束vi. (1).smile happily and cheerfully 愉快的微笑e.g. The winner beamed with satisfaction. 獲勝者滿意的笑了(2). send out light and warmth 發(fā)光， 發(fā)熱e.g. The sun beamed down upon the peaceful village.陽光照耀著那個寧靜的村莊。vt. broadcast( a message, television programme, etc.) 播送（消息，電視節(jié)目等）beam sth. to/from 播送（消息，節(jié)目等）e.g. The World Cup Final was beamed live from Britain to Japan.世界杯決賽從英國向日本作了實況轉(zhuǎn)播。idiom: on the beam 正確的，對off the beam 不正確的，不對頭beam at 使對準beam with 露出（喜色）7. enclose vt. (1). surround 圍住，包住 e.g. enclose a garden with a wall 在花園周圍筑起墻(2). put inside an envelope or parcel, esp. in addition to sth. else 附寄e.g. the enclosed 函內(nèi)附件A cheque for ten pounds is enclosed. 附上一張十英鎊的支票。 n. enclosure en- prefix en+n./v./adj. -verbse.g. encase / endanger / encourage/enlarge8. attach sth. to (1). Fastenor join sth. to sth. 將某物系在或附在某物上e.g. attach a label to each piece of luggage. 每件行李上都加上標簽(2). cause to join as a member of隸屬，屬于e.g. The youth division is attached to the club. 青年部是這個俱樂部的下屬單位。 attach oneself to 依附某人/參加某事e.g. I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.我隨著一隊游客混入了博物館。 attach to sb.與某人相關聯(lián)，歸于某人 e.g. No blame attaches to you in this affair. 這件事不怪你9. cabinetn. (1). A piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards or drawers which is used for storing or showing things 櫥柜，陳列柜 e.g. a filing cabinet 公文柜(2). The most important ministers in s government, who have regular meetings with the Prime Minister 內(nèi)閣 e.g. a cabinet council 內(nèi)閣會議a Cabinet Minister內(nèi)閣大臣a cabinet member內(nèi)閣成員10. handya. (1). conveniently placed for being reached or used 手邊的，近便的e.g. Always keep a first-aid kit handy.手邊要經(jīng)常有個急救箱。Our flat is very handy for the hospital.我們的住所離醫(yī)院很近，非常方便。(close/near )at hand : near, close bye.g. He lives close at hand. 他住在附近。(2). useful or convenient to use 有用的，方便的e.g. An electric kettle is very handy. 電水壺使用非常方便。 idiom: come in handy 遲早有用e.g. My extra earnings came in very handy. 我的額外收入可備我不時之需。11. put out 撲滅 / 生產(chǎn)投資 發(fā)揮e.g. His speech ended in an appeal to college students to put out all their subjective initiative during the course of college studies.他演講結束時呼吁大學生在大學學習期間發(fā)揮出全部的主觀能動性。12. auxiliary a. giving help or support; additional 輔助的，補助的，附加的e.g. auxiliary verbs 助動詞 auxiliary troops 輔助部隊 auxiliary equipment 輔助設備 an auxiliary generator in case of power cuts 萬一斷電時使用的備用發(fā)電機13. fragment n. a small piece or a part, esp. when broken from sth. whole 碎片，碎塊，斷片e.g. find several fragments of a Roman vase 發(fā)現(xiàn)古羅馬花瓶的幾塊碎片 I heard only a fragment of their conversation.我只聽到他們談話的只言片語。 v. break into small pieces or parts 成碎片 e.g. The country is becoming increasingly fragmented by civil war.這個國家正因為內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而日趨分裂。The vase fell and fragmented into small pieces.花瓶掉下來，摔成了碎片。 14. chaos n. a state of complete confusion and lack of order 混亂， 無秩序常與介詞in 連用。e.g. create chaos 制造混亂The meeting ended in chaos. 會議在混亂中結束了。chaotic adj. e.g. With no one to keep order the situation in the classroom was chaotic. 因無人維持秩序，教室里一片混亂。 15. agree on / upon: have the same opinion about 就達成一致意見 e.g. The two sides have agreed on the date of negotiation.雙方商定了談判的日期。compare: agree to: accept; approve; promise to follow同意，贊成 e.g. Do you agree to my plan?你同意我的計劃嗎？agree with: have the same opinion as someone.與一致，適應e.g. I agree with your father; int a foolish risk.我同意的父親的看法：那是愚蠢的冒險。I like mushrooms but unfortunately they dont agree with me.我喜歡吃蘑菇，可惜吃了難受。16. sensible a. based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding 明智的， 合情理的synonym: reasonable e.g. It was sensible of you to lock the door. 你把門鎖上了，做得對。compare: sensitive adj. 敏感的，易受影響的 to sth. sentimental adj. 情緒的，多愁善感的17. to check in 登記 / 報到e.g. He checked in at this hotel under a false name last night but this morning he checked out.他昨晚在這個旅館用假名登記住宿但今早他又結帳離開了。18. accuracy n. being exact, esp. resulting from careful effort 精確（性），準確（性）e.g. The satellite system can help man draw maps with great accuracy.衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)可以幫助人類非常精確地繪制地圖。Every bank pays close attention to the speed and accuracy of its staff.每個銀行都密切關注其職員的工作速度和準確性。 antonym: inaccuracyaccurate adj.: 精確的idiom: accuracy in 精確性，正確性 with accuracy 精確地19. resistant a. offering resistance 抵抗的，對抗的water-resistant 防水的heat-resistant 防熱的bullet-resistant 防彈的resistant to sth. 對有抵抗力，抵制力e.g. be resistant to change 抗拒變革Conservative people are usually resistant to change.保守的人通常反對變化。resistance n: 抵抗力，阻力，電阻。resist v: 抗拒，阻擋，抵抗。 20. precaution n. an action which is done to prevent sth. unpleasant or dangerous from happening 預防的，預防措施 e.g. take an umbrella just as a precaution 帶把傘，有備無患We took the precaution of locking our valuables in the hotel safe. 我們采取了防備措施，將貴重物品鎖進了旅館的保險柜里。idiom: to take precautions 采取措施 by way of precaution 為了小心/預防precaution against sth. 預措施或方法e.g. The school is warned to take precautions against fire. 學校被警告要采取防火措施。21. make a great difference in / to have an effect on sb. or sth.在方面 使大不一樣e.g. The sea air has made a difference to his health. 海上的空氣改善了他的健康狀況。 You support will certainly make a difference in our cause. 你的支持肯定會對我們的事業(yè)起重要作用。make no difference to: be not important毫無區(qū)別e.g. It makes no difference to us whether we have a daughter or a son.對我們來說，生男生女都一樣。. Paraphrase1. In Japan, scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. (Para. 1)Meaning: In Japan, scientists have placed wires on the Earth and in the sea to discover the movements of the surface of the Earth.2. there were reports of large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water. 9 Para. 1)Meaning: there were reports saying that large groups of fish were swimming near the surface of the water. School: n. groupe.g. The sound of his music attracted a school of dolphins.他的音樂聲引來了一群海豚。3. Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake. (Para. 1)Meaning: Perhaps what is most interesting and most easily measured is a chemical change in ground water before an earthquake.Please note the order of the sentence. It is reversed.4. After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. (Para. 2)Meaning: Please remember that most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings.5. but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. (Para. 2)Meaning: but it is not the best material if it is welded to form a rigid structure.6. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel. (Para. 2) Meaning: Concrete pillars used for highway bridges that only contained steel rods in the past are now wrapped up in steel.7. One alternative is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. (Para.5)Meaning: One choice is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. Alternative: n. a choice.8. Also important is an arrangement for family members to communicate if there is an earthquake. (Para. 6) Meaning: It is also important to make an arrangement for family members to communicate in an earthquake. Please note the reversed order of the sentence.9. If an earthquake happens in a large city, many of the telephone lines within the city are likely to be down. (Para. 6) M