初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 —名詞的數(shù).doc

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法列表名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。這和漢語(yǔ)不同，比如，在漢語(yǔ)中，我們說一個(gè)蘋果，那就是一個(gè)蘋果，沒什么特殊變化。你要說三個(gè)蘋果，只需把“一”換成“三”就可以了。而在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)蘋果是one apple，三個(gè)蘋果是 three apples，不僅數(shù)量詞變化了，名詞也有相應(yīng)的變化。下面我們就將名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。第一部分：規(guī)則變化 情況構(gòu)成法讀音例詞一般情況（包括以e結(jié)尾的名詞）加-s-s在清輔音ptk f后讀s在濁輔音和元音后讀z在輔音szd ?后讀iz口訣：清清濁濁元濁Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加-es在sz?t?后讀izClasses, boxes, watches, brushes 以輔音+y結(jié)尾變y為i，加es讀zCities, countries, studies以元音+y結(jié)尾加-s讀zBoys, rays, days 有人還把以下兩個(gè)加入了名詞有規(guī)則變復(fù)數(shù)的行列:情況構(gòu)成法讀音例詞以o 結(jié)尾加-es讀zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s讀zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe結(jié)尾變f, fe為v，再加-es讀vzLeaf-leavesLife-livesWife-wivesThief-thievesHalf-halvesKnife-knivesWolf-wolvesSelf-selvesLoaf-loaves加-s讀sRoofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不規(guī)則變化我們經(jīng)常會(huì)看到有些名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)并沒有遵循上述規(guī)則。這就是名詞的不規(guī)則變化。還有一些名詞，單復(fù)數(shù)是同一個(gè)形式的。不過，我們還是可以通過一些比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的一些奧妙。以下我將為大家講講名詞的不規(guī)則變化。一、有些名詞中保存了英語(yǔ)中古舊的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外來詞，仍保有原來的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：Phenomenon-phenomena（現(xiàn)象）Formula-formulae（公式）Thesis-theses（論文）Basis-bases（基礎(chǔ)）Analysis-analyses（分析）Criterion-criteria（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）Crisis-crises（危機(jī)）Appendix-appendices（附錄） 三、部分單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不變。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, meansmeans四、compound nouns，這類復(fù)數(shù)詞是以主要的名詞來表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳婦; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵艦; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law.但是，也有些合成名詞，特別是由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成名詞，里面所含的成分，全都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：Man-servantmen-servants，woman doctorwomen doctors等五、有些名詞經(jīng)常是帶著-s詞尾的，但通常都作單數(shù)看待，如： Phonetics（語(yǔ)音學(xué)），physics（物理學(xué)），optics（光學(xué)），politics（政治），news（新聞）等。六、另一些名詞則以復(fù)數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)較多例：bellows風(fēng)箱; clothes; police; shorts短褲; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼鏡; shears大剪刀，trousers長(zhǎng)褲，wages工資，belongings所有物， surroundings環(huán)境，savings儲(chǔ)蓄，findings調(diào)查結(jié)果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs樓梯，等七、另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，例：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚，papers文件，證件，greens青菜，manners禮貌，ruins廢墟，troops軍隊(duì)，looks外貌，times時(shí)代，等第三部分：不可數(shù)名詞的計(jì)量方法（1）一般用“數(shù)字+of+計(jì)量單位+名詞”表示，（注意：當(dāng)數(shù)字大于一時(shí)，表示計(jì)量單位的名詞可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式）。如：a piece of news 一則新聞 a piece of meat 一塊肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 兩碗米 a sum of money 一筆錢 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 兩條建議（2）用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可數(shù)名詞練習(xí)題：1、 All the people at the conference are _.a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C)2、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)3、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)6、There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)7、The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)8、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)9、Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)11、Please pass me _. A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)12、There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _.A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)13、This table is made of _.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)14、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)15、Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us.A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident.A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)19、The police investigated those _