人教版英語(yǔ)八下知識(shí)點(diǎn)串.doc

八年級(jí)下期中考試要點(diǎn)串講 要點(diǎn)歸納1某人擁有/某地存在（有）某物：People will have robots in the near future.People是主語(yǔ)，位于動(dòng)詞之前There will be robots working in factories.Robots是主語(yǔ)，位于動(dòng)詞之后若寫成Robots will be working in factories.在意義不表示“將會(huì)有”的意思。翻譯下列句子：There will be more birds singing in the trees in ten years.There will be less pollution in the river after fewer factories.There will be more free time.區(qū)別下列句子：A -I will be an engineer in ten years. Be here means becomeB-There will be an engineer in my family in ten years. Be here means existC-These（robots）will be in every home. Be here means “come true”某地存在（有）某物句型的疑問(wèn)、否定、肯定回答和否定回答。There will be more birds singing in the trees in ten years.改寫為疑問(wèn)句_ _ be more birds singing in the trees in ten years?作肯定回答 Yes,_ _.否定回答 No,_ _.There will be less pollution in the river after fewer factories.改為疑問(wèn)句_ _ be less pollution in the river after fewer factories?There will be more free time.改為否定句 There _ be more free time要點(diǎn)歸納2 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can, may, might, could, would and should等。Might ,could ,would, should 四個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞既是may, can, will, shall的過(guò)去時(shí)，又不表示過(guò)去時(shí)，而是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，要同實(shí)意動(dòng)詞連用，常用的還有must ,neednt, cant. might 表示 小于50%的可能性，could 表示一種客氣的請(qǐng)求， would 表示有禮貌的邀請(qǐng)，should 表示應(yīng)當(dāng)/該。 典型考題區(qū)別：He can speak several languages.He is able to swim across the river, though it is flooded.-Could you tell me where Center Street _(is was)?-Sorry, I _(couldnt cant).I would like you to come to my house.(Should Would) you mind my invitation? 邀請(qǐng)的，委婉的說(shuō)法常用的還有Why not _( come to come) to my house?Should 常用于提出建議You _(should would) say youre sorry.Maybe you _(could should) give him a ticket to a ball game. could 用于勸說(shuō)更委婉（潛在的意思是“這不就和解了。”）（refer to page11 課文句子改寫）You_(should would）be ashamed of yourself. 語(yǔ)氣堅(jiān)決，應(yīng)該You _(wouldnt shouldnt) tell lies.含有責(zé)備，不應(yīng)當(dāng)It _(should might) be easy.表示期待某事發(fā)生或?qū)δ呈逻M(jìn)行推斷Might only means not sure要點(diǎn)歸納3當(dāng)心句末的時(shí)間詞/標(biāo)志詞前面有Look, -. Listen,-. 我們知道后面的句子要用“現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行時(shí)”Look, mom is driving her new car.Listen, something strange is happening outside.當(dāng)心后面的時(shí)間詞 at that time, at 8 oclock yesterday when引導(dǎo)過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，（有時(shí)也可以引導(dǎo)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。） while可以引導(dǎo)過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：page19 2b改寫句子1 The boy was walking down the street when suddenly a UFO landed. When 引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作突然插入到前面正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作之中，3 While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人正在買紀(jì)念品，乘此時(shí)間，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生了。P20 4A: What were you doing at nine oclock last Sunday morning?B: I was sleeping at that time.4. The girl was shopping when the alien got out. While the girl was shopping, the alien got out. when 與while區(qū)分：（1）當(dāng).的時(shí)候，如后面連接的動(dòng)詞為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，則用while多于用when。而when通常與瞬間性動(dòng)詞或延續(xù)性不強(qiáng)的動(dòng)詞連用。（2）如果while前后的動(dòng)詞都是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，while可譯為與此同時(shí)I was reading while my brother was drawing. （含有對(duì)比而非轉(zhuǎn)折）（3）當(dāng)while前后的句子描述的情況相對(duì)或相反，while可譯為而，while更強(qiáng)調(diào)并列的對(duì)比而非轉(zhuǎn)折。e.g. I am out-going while my sister is quiet and shy. 總之，when表示做某種動(dòng)作的時(shí)間或瞬間，由其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)如果是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其主句通常要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。while表示略長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間，由其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，而主句時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。其用法有：1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：I was doing my homework at eight oclock last night. 昨晚八點(diǎn)我正在做作業(yè)。2.表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：They were building a house last winter. 去年冬天他們?cè)诮ㄒ蛔孔印?.表示過(guò)去頻繁發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。常與always等詞連用。如：Little Tom was always asking many questions. 小湯姆總是會(huì)問(wèn)許多的問(wèn)題。4.動(dòng)詞come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai. 他們想知道我們什么時(shí)候去上海。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間曾有過(guò)的某個(gè)已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：Lily wrote a letter to her aunt last night. 莉莉昨晚給她阿姨寫了封信。(信已寫完了。)Lily was writing a letter to her aunt last night. 莉莉昨晚一直在給她阿姨寫信。(強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，信不一定寫完。)課文的例句很多，可以仿造練習(xí)。要點(diǎn)歸納4本單元重點(diǎn)解決陳述句的間接引語(yǔ)。（預(yù)備知識(shí): 1 陳述句 2 疑問(wèn)句 3 祈使句。對(duì)于初上講臺(tái)的教師，要懂得鋪墊這些知識(shí)的重要性。）把直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)，中英文存在很大的差異，夸張地說(shuō)是“牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身”。直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ) 直接引述別人的原話，叫做直接引語(yǔ)；用自己話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫做間接引語(yǔ)。間接引語(yǔ)一般構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。直接引語(yǔ)必須放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，間接引語(yǔ)則不用引號(hào)。直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，除將引語(yǔ)部分變成賓語(yǔ)從句外，還必須對(duì)直接引語(yǔ)中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等進(jìn)行改變。時(shí)態(tài)的變化：直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常受轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞said，asked等的影響而使用過(guò)去化的時(shí)態(tài)，即把原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)向過(guò)去推，也就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)等。1.陳述句的間接引語(yǔ)陳述句由直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，通常由that引導(dǎo)，可以省略。參見課文例句page 27“I am not mad at Marcia anymore.” Lana told us. “我不再對(duì)Marcia生氣了?！?Lana說(shuō)。Lana told us that she wasnt mad at Marcia anymore.Lana說(shuō)她不再對(duì)Marcia生氣了。Marcia said to everyone, “I am not going to have the surprise party.”Marcia對(duì)每一個(gè)人說(shuō)：“我不打算開一個(gè)驚喜晚會(huì)?！盡arcia told everyone that she wasnt going to have the surprise party. Marcia對(duì)每一個(gè)人說(shuō)她不打算開一個(gè)驚喜晚會(huì)。要點(diǎn)歸納5If 的用法例句：What will happen if they have the party tomorrow?如果他們明天開晚會(huì)，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么？If you become a professional athlete, youll be able to-如果你成了專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員，你就將能夠-當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“如果”時(shí)，必需要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)替代將來(lái)時(shí)，類似還有連詞as long as unless before while when if once the moment as soon asI dont know if it will rain tomorrow, if it rains tomorrow, I wont go camping with you.前面的if表示是否，用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，后面的 if 才表示條件。翻譯下列句子： 1 如果你不馬上走的話，你就會(huì)遲到。.2 你看醫(yī)生之前，什么東西都不可以吃。3 你們不來(lái)，我們不會(huì)出發(fā)。4 在湯姆回來(lái)前，我不會(huì)告訴你的。5 沒洗手前，別吃東西。Keys1 If you dont go soon, youll be late.2 If you are ill, youll have to see the doctor.You mustnt eat anything until you see the doctor= You mustnt eat anything before you see the doctor.3 We wont start until you come.4 I wont tell you until Tom comes back.5 Dont eat until you wash your hands八年級(jí)下學(xué)期期中復(fù)習(xí)（一）一重點(diǎn)詞匯1. in the future in the future意為“將來(lái)，一段時(shí)間之后的事”；in future意為“今后”，可解釋為from now on,如： The little boy didnt know what he would do in the future, but he did know that he wouldnt talk with Bob in future because they had just had a big fight. 小男孩兒不知道將來(lái)要做什么，但他的確知道他今后不會(huì)再和Bob說(shuō)話了，因?yàn)樗麄儎偞蛄艘患堋?. fall （過(guò)去式：fell；過(guò)去分詞：fallen） fall down 跌倒, 例如： He fell down to the ground. fall in love with 愛上某人或某物, 例如： He fell in love with her. fall into 掉入, 例如：He fell into the river. fall onto跌倒在之上, 例如： He fell onto the ground from his bike. fall off 從跌落下來(lái), 例如： He fell off his bicycle.3. talk 的用法 talk about sth.意思是“談?wù)撃呈隆? 例如： Now lets talk about your homework. 現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)談?wù)勀愕淖鳂I(yè)。 talk with sb. 意思是“和某人交談”, 例如： My mother is talking with my English teacher. 我媽媽在和我的英語(yǔ)老師交談。 talk to sb.意思是“對(duì)某人談”, 例如： The teacher is talking to the students. 老師在對(duì)學(xué)生們談話。 talk over sth.作“討論某事”解，賓語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)須位于副詞over之前, 例如： They talked over the matter at table.他們吃飯時(shí)討論了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 give a talk意思是“作一個(gè)報(bào)告” 注意要表示 “告訴某人某事”時(shí)，須用tell sb. about sth.這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。4. argue with sb和discuss argue 重在就自己的看法、立場(chǎng)提出論證說(shuō)理，以說(shuō)服他人。 而 discuss 重在交換意見，進(jìn)行討論，不含有意說(shuō)服對(duì)方的成分, 如： I argued with him for a long time，but he refused to listen to reason. 我和他辯論了好久，但他拒不服理。 The women were discussing hats. 女人們?cè)谡務(wù)撁弊印?argue的常見搭配有： argue on / about sth. 就進(jìn)行辯論 argue with sbabout sth就某事與某人一起辯論 5. enough “足夠的，充足的” enough作為形容詞放在名詞之前，起修飾名詞作用，作為副詞修飾形容詞或副詞放置其后，常用于： be+ adj.+enough to do sth.的句型，意為“足以能”，如： She has drunk enough water/water enough. 她已經(jīng)喝了足夠的水。 Im strong enough for this work. 我夠強(qiáng)壯，足以能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。 The boy is not old enough to go to school. 這孩子不夠上學(xué)的年齡。 He runs fast enough. No one can catch up with him. 他跑得足夠的快。沒人能趕得上他。 另外，enough前除可用quite外，一般不用修飾；enough作名詞用時(shí)，表示“足夠，充足”，如： The man never has enough. 這個(gè)人永遠(yuǎn)不知足。 Ive had enough，thank you. 我吃飽了，謝謝。6. find, find out和look for find表示“找到，認(rèn)為，覺得”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。常指找到丟失或忘掉的東西，如： Jim couldnt find his hat.吉姆找不著帽子了。 I cant find my book.我找不到我的書。 look for意為“找，尋找”是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，不表示結(jié)果，如： She is looking for her son.她正在找她的兒子。 Im looking for my watch. 我正在尋找我的手表。 比較：He cant find his pen.他找不到他的鋼筆了。 - What are you looking for? 你在干什么？ - Im looking for my maths book. I cant find it. 我正找我的數(shù)學(xué)書，我找不到了。 find out作經(jīng)過(guò)打聽，詢問(wèn) 后搞清楚，弄明白。或指“查明”的動(dòng)作，“經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查”發(fā)現(xiàn)，查明真相，如： I can find out the truth of the fact. 我能查出事實(shí)的真相。7. be angry with sb；be angry at sth（1）表示“對(duì)某人生氣”，可以說(shuō) be/get/become angry with sb. 也可說(shuō)be/get/become angry at sb. 前者更普遍，后者更側(cè)重于：“對(duì)某人的言行生氣”。 如： Mother got angry at（with）me only because I had broken a precious cup 媽媽對(duì)我發(fā)火，只是因?yàn)槲掖蚱屏艘恢毁F重的杯子。 I was very（rather）angry at what he said我對(duì)他所說(shuō)的話非常生氣。（2）表示“因某事生氣”，可說(shuō)be/get/become angry at sth. 也可說(shuō)be/get/become angry about sth. 如： He was angry at（about）what I said他對(duì)我所說(shuō)的感到生氣。 She was angry at being kept waiting她因別人讓她久候而生氣。8. on the tree和in the tree 表示“在樹上”既可以用on也可以用in，但用的詞不一樣，所隱含的意思也就不一樣： in the tree通常表示所提物體不是樹上長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的，而是掛在、落在或是停歇在樹上，如： The birds are singing in the trees. 鳥在樹上唱歌。 The child is staying in the tree. 小孩呆在樹上。 on the tree通常表示所提物體是樹上長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的部分，如： They are busy picking the apples on the trees. 他們正忙著摘樹上的蘋果。 There arent many oranges on the tree. 這棵樹上桔子不多。9. the same as 同一樣的 same adj.同一的，相同的，如： Meet me at the same time tomorrow. 明天的這個(gè)時(shí)間和我見面。 pron. 同樣的事物，如： I would do the same again. 我愿意重做一次。 the sameas 同一樣的，表示與as后的事物很相像，但并不是同一個(gè)，如： Your pen is the same as mine. 你的鋼筆和我的一樣。 the same that = one and the same 同一樣的，表示與as后的事物完全一致，完全一樣，如： He was wearing the same shirt (that) hed on the day before. 他穿的那件襯衫, 是他前一天穿過(guò)的同一件襯衫。 I went out the same way (that) Id got in. 我順著進(jìn)來(lái)的原路出去了。10. help with+n. = help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事，如：He often helps me with my English.= He often helps me to study English. 他經(jīng)常幫助我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。11. bored 和boring.bored 表示被動(dòng)的含義，例如：I feel bored about it. 它使我感到乏味。boring 表示主動(dòng)的含義，例如：It is very boring to study English. 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)很無(wú)聊。12. surprise 動(dòng)詞“使驚奇”，如：You surprise me! 你嚇了我一跳!(1)surprise 還可以作為名詞“驚奇，吃驚”；“可驚的事情, 意外的事情”。作為“令人吃驚的事情，意外的事情”是可數(shù)名詞，如： What a surprise! 多么令人吃驚的事! Dont tell him about the present its a surprise. 不要告訴他禮物的事，這是件意想不到的禮物。(2)surprising 形容詞“令人吃驚的”，表示主動(dòng)的含義，如： They have heard the surprising news. 他們聽到了那驚人的消息。(3)surprised 形容詞“感到驚訝的”，表示被動(dòng)的含義，如： I am surprised at you. 我對(duì)你的舉動(dòng)感到詫異。(4)to ones surprise 使某人非常驚奇的是，如： To my surprise，I found him sing well. 使我吃驚的是他歌唱得很好。八年級(jí)下學(xué)期期中復(fù)習(xí)（二）一重點(diǎn)詞匯1. different kinds of 意為“不同種類的”，“各種各樣的”，等于all kinds of，kinds of 后面接可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞均可。 kind有兩個(gè)詞性：1）kind作名詞，意為“種類”。 如： There are many kinds of animals in the zoo. 動(dòng)物園里有很多種動(dòng)物。2）kind作形容詞，意為“和善的，友好的”。 如： Its very kind of you to help me. 你幫助我真是太好了。2. advice 意為“勸告，意見，忠告”等，是不可數(shù)名詞，前不加冠詞。 可用“a piece of advice”，“pieces of advice”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示數(shù)量。 與advice搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有： ask sb. for advice向某人征求意見 follow/take sbs advice遵從某人的勸告 give sb. some advice 給某人提出建議 如： The doctor gave us some advice on how to improve our health. 醫(yī)生對(duì)如何提高我們的身體素質(zhì)提出了一些建議。3. 辨析leave和forget 這兩個(gè)詞都有“遺忘，忘記”的意思，但用法不同，注意區(qū)別。1）leave+sth.+sp. 指“把某物遺忘在某地” 如： I left my notebook in the classroom. 我把筆記本忘在教室里了。2）forget to do sth.指“忘記去做某事” forget doing sth. 指“忘記做過(guò)某事” 如： I forget to tell her about it. 我忘了把這件事告訴她。 I forgot telling her about it. 我忘記曾把這件事告訴過(guò)她。4. in hospital 該短語(yǔ)譯為“住院”，hospital前面無(wú)冠詞，表示抽象概念。 而短語(yǔ)“in the hospital”則譯為“在醫(yī)院里”，并非生病住院之意。 在英語(yǔ)中，介詞和一些單數(shù)名詞連用，可以表示抽象概念。 如 at school 上學(xué) go to school上學(xué) go to bed 上床睡覺 in/ out of jail坐牢/出獄5. take a day off 該短語(yǔ)譯為“休一天假”。off表示缺席、不在、不工作或責(zé)任的免除，如： You mustnt take a day off just because you want to see a football match. 你不能只是為了想看一場(chǎng)足球賽而休息一天。 I think I will take the afternoon off， because I get sick. 我想我下午要休假，因?yàn)槲覍?shí)在是病了。6. be mad at.“對(duì)非常憤怒，惱火”，如： They were mad at missing the train. 沒趕上火車，他們氣得發(fā)瘋。 mad還可以和其他的介詞搭配構(gòu)成一些短語(yǔ)。 如： be mad about“對(duì)狂熱，著迷”； go mad “發(fā)瘋，瘋了”。7. bring.to. “把帶到來(lái)”。其反義詞組為“take.to.”，即“把帶到去”，如：It is raining heavily outside. Take an umbrella with you.外面正在下雨，隨身帶把傘吧。Please bring the long ruler here，and take the short one away. 請(qǐng)拿把長(zhǎng)尺子到這兒來(lái)，把這把短的帶走。Mum，please bring the English book and the CDs to school. I need them for my English class. 媽媽，請(qǐng)把英語(yǔ)書和CD碟帶到學(xué)校來(lái)。我上英語(yǔ)課時(shí)要用的。8. be supposed to為“認(rèn)為必須；認(rèn)為應(yīng)該；認(rèn)為必要”，如： Am I supposed to clean all the rooms? 我必須打掃所有的房間嗎？ You are supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你最晚在星期五必須結(jié)清這筆賬。9. remind remind及物動(dòng)詞，意為“提醒，使記起，使想起?！?remind + doing sth.和remind sb. of sth.都可以表示“提醒某人做某事情” 如： Please remind him closing the window when he goes to school. 他去上學(xué)的時(shí)候，記得提醒他關(guān)窗戶。10. make money賺錢，掙錢。make money=earn money賺錢如： He makes money by fishing. 他靠打魚賺錢。11. hard與 hardlyhard 為副詞，意思是“努力地，費(fèi)力地，辛苦地”, 如：He works hard.他努力工作。hardly否定副詞，意思為“幾乎不”，表示否定含義, 如：He works hardly. 他幾乎不工作。12. response 相當(dāng)于answer，reply，但是比這兩個(gè)詞的用法要正式。常用于詞組response to sb./sth.“回復(fù)某人或某事”，注意to在這里是介詞，它后面要跟名詞或代詞。如： Ive had no response to his letter. 我還沒有給他回信。13. be good at 和 do well in這兩個(gè)詞組都意為“擅長(zhǎng)、善于”；be good at 側(cè)重于慣常的行為，do w