汽車變速器課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 1 TRANSMISSION Manual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referred to as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, two input shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose. The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission. Input shaft also says, its in front of the spline shaft directly with clutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The first shaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaft gear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmission shaft, through to drive to gear reducer. Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaft gear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also control device, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction. Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio, the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can accept power transmission. Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of their gear rotating, transform an synchronization problem. Two rotating speed different meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use two feet clutch method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Therefore designers to create synchronizer, through the synchronizer will make the meshing gears reach speed and smooth. Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc, it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization. Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface of 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 2 gear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid produces a locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapid decrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spun concurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process. functional (1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for traction engine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the different demands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reached on 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistance When carrying uphill, driving resistance was great. And the characteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range. (2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction, and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverse to realize the car drive backward. (3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power of the drive wheels. (4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat. constitute By continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control two parts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of the operation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize the transformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle, Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of gear transmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of different transmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is also shifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gear 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 3 pair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work. Classification, 1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three. (a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axis of rotation. b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic type etc. (c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission and stepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change. 2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds. (a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers. (b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear. (c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into two kinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory) shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedal or accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance 1 transmission gears maintenance Transmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear tooth surface by blunt The impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are: (1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the direction of the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer, Tooth thickness should not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60 mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced. (2) gear teeth, broken tooth gear clearance is mainly due to fail to meet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load. If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiu 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 4 after-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs, should smile. (3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30 mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50. (4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neck with clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed. 2 the overhaul. Transmission shell Gearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are: (1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with 0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replaced or 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair. (2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screw hole threads connecting bolts damage and between shell Threaded hole, can take damage with screw repair. 3 transmission shaft of maintenance Transmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsional moment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are: (1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not only offset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noise transmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearing damage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwise than 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome. (2) JianChi wear JianChi wear in stress and more serious side of the spline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more than usd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neck keyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft. (3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft with maintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair. 4 synchronizer overhaul A. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock horns cone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation of 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 5 rapid synchronous, and not be change in time. B. locking pin type inertial synchronizer: locking pin type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced. If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced. 車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 6 變速器 手動變速器是最常見的變速器，簡稱 MT。它的基本構(gòu)造用一句話概括，就是兩軸一中軸，即指輸入軸、軸出軸和中間軸，它們構(gòu)成了變速器的主體，當(dāng)然還有一根倒檔軸。手動變速器又稱手動齒輪式變速器，含有可以在軸向滑動的齒輪 ，通過不同齒輪的嚙合達(dá)到變速變扭目的。典型的手動變速器結(jié)構(gòu)及原理如下。 輸入軸也稱第一軸，它的前端花鍵直接與離合器從動盤的花鍵套配合，從而傳遞由發(fā)動機(jī)過來的扭矩。第一軸上的齒輪與中間軸齒輪常嚙合，只要輸入軸一轉(zhuǎn)，中間軸及其上的齒輪也隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。中間軸也稱副軸，軸上固連多個大小不等的齒輪。輸出軸又稱第二軸，軸上套有各前進(jìn)檔齒輪，可隨時在操縱裝置的作用下與中間軸的對應(yīng)齒輪嚙合，從而改變本身的轉(zhuǎn)速及扭矩。輸出軸的尾端有花鍵與傳動軸相聯(lián)，通過傳動軸將扭矩傳送到驅(qū)動橋減速器。 由此可知，變速器前進(jìn)檔位的驅(qū)動路徑是：輸 入軸常嚙齒輪中間軸常嚙齒輪中間軸對應(yīng)齒輪第二軸對應(yīng)齒輪。倒車軸上的齒輪也可以由操縱裝置撥動，在軸上移動，與中間軸齒輪和輸出軸齒輪嚙合 ,以相反的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向輸出。 多數(shù)汽車都有 5 個前進(jìn)檔和一個倒檔，每個檔位有一定的傳動比，多數(shù)檔位傳動比大于 1，第 4 檔傳動比為 1，稱為直接檔，而傳動比小于 1 的第 5 檔稱為加速檔?？諜n時輸出軸的齒輪處于非嚙合位置，無法接受動力傳輸。 由于變速器輸入軸與輸出軸以各自的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，變換檔位時存在一個 同步 問題。兩個旋轉(zhuǎn)速度不一樣齒輪強(qiáng)行嚙合必然會發(fā)生沖擊碰撞，損壞齒輪。因此，舊式變速 器的換檔要采用 兩腳離合 的方式，升檔在空檔位置停留片刻，減檔要在空檔位置加油門，以減少齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差。但這個操作比較復(fù)雜，難以掌握精確。因此設(shè)計師創(chuàng)造出 同步器 ，通過同步器使將要嚙合的齒輪達(dá)到一致的轉(zhuǎn)速而順利嚙合。 目前全同步式變速器上采用的是慣性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步器鎖環(huán)等組成，它的特點(diǎn)是依靠摩擦作用實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。接合套、同步器鎖環(huán)和待接合齒輪的齒圈上均有倒角（鎖止角），同步器鎖環(huán)的內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸產(chǎn)生摩擦。鎖止角與錐面在設(shè)計時已作了適當(dāng)選擇，錐面摩擦使得待嚙合的齒套與齒圈迅速同步， 同時又會產(chǎn)生一種鎖止作用，防止齒輪在同步前進(jìn)行嚙合。當(dāng)同步鎖環(huán)內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速迅速降低（或升高）到與同步鎖環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)速相等，兩者同步旋轉(zhuǎn)，齒輪相對于同步鎖環(huán)的轉(zhuǎn)速為零，因而慣性力矩也同時消失，這時在作用力的推動下，接合套不受阻礙地與同步鎖環(huán)齒圈接合，并進(jìn)一步與待接合齒輪的齒圈接合而完成換檔過程。 功能 (1)改變傳動比，滿足不同行駛條件對牽引力的需要，使發(fā)動機(jī)盡量工作在有利的工況下，滿足可能的行駛速度要求。 在較大范圍內(nèi)改變汽車行駛速度的大小和汽車驅(qū)動輪上扭矩的大 小。由于汽車行駛條件不同，要求汽車行駛速度和驅(qū)動扭矩能在很大范圍內(nèi)變化。例如，在高速路上車速應(yīng)能達(dá)到 100km/h，而在市區(qū)內(nèi)，車速常在 50km/h 左右?？哲囋谄街钡墓飞闲旭倳r，行駛阻力很小，則當(dāng)滿載上坡時，行駛阻力便很大。而 汽車發(fā)車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 7 動機(jī) 的特性是轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍較小，而轉(zhuǎn)矩變化范圍更不能滿足實(shí)際路況需要。 (2)實(shí)現(xiàn)倒車行駛，用來滿足汽車倒退行駛的需要。實(shí)現(xiàn)倒車行駛汽車，發(fā) 動機(jī)曲軸一般都是只能向一個方向轉(zhuǎn)動的，而汽車有時需要能倒退行駛，因此，往往利用變速箱中設(shè)置的倒檔來實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車倒車行駛。 (3)中斷動力傳遞，在發(fā)動機(jī)起動，怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，汽車換檔或需要停車進(jìn)行動力輸出時，中斷向驅(qū)動輪的動力傳遞。 (4)實(shí)現(xiàn)空檔，當(dāng)離合器接合時，變速箱可以不輸出動力。例如，可以保證駕駛員在發(fā)動機(jī)不熄火時松開離合器踏板離開駕駛員座位。 構(gòu)成 變速箱由變速傳動機(jī)構(gòu)和變速操縱機(jī)構(gòu)兩部分組成。變速傳動機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是改變轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的數(shù)值和方向；操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是控制傳動機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)變速器傳動比的變 換，即實(shí)現(xiàn)換檔，以達(dá)到變速變矩 。 原理 機(jī)械式變速箱主要應(yīng)用了齒輪傳動的降速原理。簡單的說，變速箱內(nèi)有多組傳動比不同的齒輪副，而汽車行駛時的換檔行為，也就是通過操縱機(jī)構(gòu)使變速箱內(nèi)不同的齒輪副工作。如在低速時，讓傳動比大的齒輪副工作，而在高速時，讓傳動比小的齒輪副工作。 分類 1、按傳動比的變化方式劃分，變速器可分為有級式、無級式和綜合式三種。 (a)有級式變速器：有幾個可選擇的固定傳動比，采用齒輪傳動。又可分為：齒輪軸線固定的普通齒輪變速器和部分齒輪 (行星齒輪 )軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星齒輪變速器兩種。 (b)無級式變速器 :傳動比可在一定范圍內(nèi)連續(xù)變化 ,常見的有液力式 ,機(jī)械式和電力式等。 (c)綜合式變速器：由有級式變速器和無級式變速器共同組成的，其傳動比可以在最大值與最小值之間幾個分段的范圍內(nèi)作無級變化。 2、按操縱方式劃分，變速器可以分為強(qiáng)制操縱式，自動操縱式和半自動操縱式三種。 (a)強(qiáng)制操縱式變速器：靠駕駛員直接操縱變速桿換檔。 (b)自動操縱式變速器：傳動比的選擇和換檔是自動進(jìn)行的。駕駛員只需操縱加速踏板，變速器就可以根據(jù)發(fā)動機(jī)的負(fù)荷信號和車速信號來控制執(zhí)行元件，實(shí)現(xiàn)檔位的變換 。 (c)半自動操縱式變速器：可分為兩類，一類是部分檔位自動換檔，部分檔位手動 (強(qiáng)制 ) 換檔；另一類是預(yù)先用按鈕選定檔位，在采下