從屬連詞及狀語從句.doc

從屬連詞及狀語從句狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，與主句連接，位于句首時，常用逗號與主句分開；位于句末時，其前一般不用逗號。根據(jù)用途分為：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、原因狀語從句、方式狀語從句和比較狀語從句。一、 時間狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：when/while/as(當(dāng)時)、before（在之前）after（在之后）、until（直到才）、since（自從）、as soon as（一 就）(1) WhenA. I was doing my homework when my mother came in.B. We were reading when the teacher came in.C. When the students were having a meeting, the teacher came in.主句中的動作先于從句中的動作發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行的時間較長時，主句用過去進(jìn)行時（從句常用一般過去時）eg: A、B從句中的動作先于主句中的動作發(fā)生，且進(jìn)行的時間較長時，從句用過去進(jìn)行時（主句用一般過去時）主句動作和從句動作都已完成，主句動作發(fā)生在前，可用過去完成時；從句動作發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時 Eg：When they got to the cinema the film had been on five minutes.(2) While主從句動作開始的時間不存在先后關(guān)系（即同時發(fā)生）或無所謂先后時，主從句同時使用過去進(jìn)行時，由while 引導(dǎo)My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework last night.Strike while the inn is hot. 趁熱打鐵。 when 和 while 表為“當(dāng)。的時候”時，when 引導(dǎo)的從句謂語可以是瞬間動詞或延續(xù)性動詞；while 引導(dǎo)的從句謂語必須是延續(xù)性動詞Eg：The train had just left when (when/while) we arrived at the station .arrive是瞬間動詞。I made some foreign friends when/while I was in London.(3) before.在.之前。表示主句的動作發(fā)生咋從句的動作之前。Take the medicine before you go to bed.(4) after 在。之后。表示主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之后。After he had finished his composition, he left his office.(5) as soon as 就。從句的動作發(fā)生，主句的動作隨即發(fā)生（主將從現(xiàn)） I will ring you as soon as I get there. I tried to call you as soon as I heard from you, but you were not in. 即當(dāng)主句時態(tài)是過去時，從句的時態(tài)也用過去時。（6）since 自以來 1主句（現(xiàn)在完成時）+since+從句（一般過去時） 2It is +時間+從句（一般過去時） It has been+時間+since+從句（一般過去時） 3since 從句的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性的詞Eg：He has worked in this school since he graduated from BJ normal university.Eg: It is ten years since I began to study English.Eg: It has been 8years since I studied English.Eg：Do you know Betty well? Yes, she and I have been friends since we met in Guangzhou last summer.Eg: Oh, dear！Surprised to meet you here. _since we saw last time. It has long time no see.A: It is a long time B: How I miss you .C: I havnt seen you D Its been a long time (7)until /till 1主句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時，主句用肯定形式，表示這一動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到until/till 所表示的時間為止。 Ill wait for you till you come to see me. Ill wait until the rain stops.2當(dāng)主句是否定句時，主句謂語動詞應(yīng)是瞬間動詞 主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之前 構(gòu)成句式：notuntil 有時不用not，而用never（hardly）、nothing（none）等表示否定的詞 I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. I wont leave my office until my work is finished. 這時的until可用before來替換。Leave是瞬間動詞 I hardly knew anything about it until you told me. A. since B. after C. until D. when在下列情況下，時間狀語從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時（since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句除外）主句時態(tài)是一般將來時主句中有情態(tài)動詞can、may、must、had better等主句是祈使句二、條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：if （如果）、as long as（只要）、unless（除非）if 主句為一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時 Ill visit the Great Wall if it doesnt rain tomorrow.如果if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句所表示的前提或條件將來可以實現(xiàn)或正在進(jìn)行。動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時或進(jìn)行時。主句通常用將來時 We will give you a good price if you are thinking of buying it.”祈使句and/or 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句”中，祈使句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句 Hurry up 、or else/otherwise youll be late Use your head, and youll find a way.= If you use your hand, youll find a way. 在下列情況下，if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時; 主句時態(tài)是一般將來時主句中有情態(tài)動詞can、may、must、had better等主句是祈使句Lucy may fall behind her classmates if she doesnt study hard.Please call me if many comes tomorrow.If you still have any other questions, please put up your hands.練習(xí); Study hard，and youll make great progress.(改成同義句)If you study hard，youll make great progress. Study hard，or you will fall behind the others.If you dont study hard，you will fall behind the others.I dont know if it _ tomorrow。 We wont go hiking if it _ tomorrow. A. will rain； will rain B. rains； rains C. will rain；rains D. rains；will rain if 從句和so 從句的混用 If kate goes to the cinema，_ A. so does Tom B. so will Tom C. neither will Tom D. neither does I wonder if your wife will go hiking. If your wife _, so _. A. does；does she B. will；will mine C. does；will mine D. will；will her If Jim doesnt go swimming tomorrow _ A. so does Tom B. so will Tom C. neither will Tom D. neither does Tom三、原因狀語從句 Because（原因） since（既然） as（由于） for（由于）1 becauseEg: He didnt go to school because he was ill. He was angry because we made a noise._ water is very important to us, we should protect our rivers and lakes. A. So B. Though C. If D. As_ you are not feeling well，youd better stay at home. A. Because B. Since C. Or D. But_ it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. A. As B. Because C. And D. So After school I found mother was sick in bed._ mother was ill，I should do something for her. A. So B. Though C. Since D. If原因狀語從句通常用because、since、as引導(dǎo)，這三個詞所表示的語氣由because到as逐漸減弱。由why 提出的問題用because來回答B(yǎng)ecause表示原因語氣最強，經(jīng)常表示作者未知的原因Why are you late？Because Im ill. 又可以在強調(diào)句型中成為被強調(diào)的部分It is because you are lazy that you have lost the job.正因為你懶惰才失去了工作 since 次于because引導(dǎo)的從句，常表示稍加分析后推斷出來的原因或指的是人們已知的事實 Since no one is against it, lets carry out the plan. Since you cant answer the question, you can ask someone for help. as 語氣最弱，其原因只是對結(jié)果的附帶說明，可以放在主句前或主句后 Youd better wear strong shoes as well do a lot of walking. because 表為“因為”，強調(diào)未知原因，是句中較重要的部分，它用來回答why 的提問，because從句放在主句之后since、as意思是“既然、由于”，表示顯而易見的原因，是句中不甚重要的部分，更強調(diào)結(jié)果。Since、as引導(dǎo)的從句常放在主句之前。Since比as正式，再者都不能回答why 的提問 as a result of(因為)、because of （因為）、thanks to（多虧、由于）A. Thanks to the bad weather this spring, the crops are nor growing quite well.B. The sports meeting was put off because the weather was bad.The sports meeting was put off because of the bad weather. for 屬并列連詞，但不是說明直接原因，而是對某種情況加以推斷，用于表示補充說明理由 He must be ill, for he is absent today. The days are short, for it is now December.白天短了，因為現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是12月了。四、目的狀語從句 so that(以便、為了)、in order that(為了)等謂語中常含有may、might、can、could、will、would等情態(tài)動詞 Eg：He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus. I sit in the front of the classroom so that I can see clearly. 當(dāng)補句主語與主句一致時，可用so as to, in order to He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.= He worked day and night in order to succeed.五、結(jié)果狀語從句 Sothat/suchthat(如此。以至于) so that（結(jié)果是） so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句與so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句a 目的狀語從句一般使用情態(tài)動詞，結(jié)果狀語從句一般不使用情態(tài)動詞b 結(jié)果狀語從句只能放在句末c 結(jié)果狀語從句常常用逗號與主句分開Ill wash the dress soon so that you can wear it tomorrow.我會很快把這條裙子洗一洗，好讓你明天穿（目的狀語從句）The roof had fallen in, so that the hut was out of use.屋頂塌陷，所以小屋不能住了（結(jié)果狀語從句） so that 與 such that 區(qū)別 sothat 句型中，so是副詞，其后接形容詞或副詞so + adj. / adv + thatso + adj. +a/an + 單數(shù)名詞 + thatso many/few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞so such/little + 不可數(shù)名詞She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much.Its so hot that nobody wants to go out.外面太熱以至于沒人想出去We have so much time that we can finish the work very well. So that 句型的否定形式可用“too to ”或“not enough to”代替He is so young that he cant go to school.= He is too young to go to school.= He is not old enough to go to school. Such + a/an +adj. + 單數(shù)名詞 + thatSuch + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + thatSuch + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + thatShe is such an honest women that everybody trust her.It is such nice weather that I dont like to stay at home.天氣這么好，我不想呆在家里She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much.六、讓步狀語從句 引導(dǎo)詞：though/although(盡管、雖然)、even if（即使）、whatever（無論什么）、wherever（無論哪里）、whenever(無論何時)、even though（即使） though/although 雖然、盡管 Though/although it was very hot, he kept on working.盡管天氣很熱他還是堅持工作 注意though與although語義相同，兩者可換用。但although比though 語氣 主句中可以用yet，still，nevertheless 與其呼應(yīng)，但不可使 用butThough I believe it, yet I must consider.雖然相信這一點，但我還得考慮考慮 though 可作副詞，放在句末，意為“不過，但是”，although無此用法He said he would help me ；he didnt though.他說他會幫我的，但是他并沒有幫我在短語even though 及as though中不可換用althougheven though 和 even if “盡管”“即使” 這兩個復(fù)合連詞意義相同，常用以強調(diào)讓步概念，會有退一步想的意思（有時用于虛擬語氣） Eg：Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天氣很糟糕，我們也要去旅行 Even if I were in your place, I wouldnt take the job. 即使我在你的位置，我也不會接受這份工作（虛擬語氣） He will come even if he is ill. 即使他病了他也會來的 I wont give up even if I should fail ten times. 即使失敗十次，我也不會放棄。whoever/no matter who(無論誰，不管什么人)、whatever/no matter what(無論什么、不管什么樣的)、whichever/no matter which(無論哪個) Whomever=no matter whom(無論誰、賓格) Eg： Whoever/no matter who you are，you must obey the law. 無論你是誰，你都得守法。 Dont lose heart, whatever/no matter what happens. 不管發(fā)生什么都不要氣餒。 Some people act regardless of what will happen afterwards. 有些人做事根本不管后果。七、地點狀語從句 引導(dǎo)詞：where(的地方)、wherever（無論哪里） Eg：We must camp where we can get water. 我在必須能找到水的地方露營。 I will follow you whenever you go. 無論你到哪里我都跟隨你。 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成 You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以到任何你可以去的地方 Make a mark where you have any questions. 在有疑問的地方做個記號 Sit wherever you like. 請隨便坐 注意：where 與wherever區(qū)別 Wherever= to/at any place where Ill go where he went. 我要去他去的地方 Ill go wherever he goes. 他去哪我就去哪。（非特定地點） 地點狀語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別While引導(dǎo)定語從句時，從句前應(yīng)有一個表示地點的名詞作先行詞；而狀語從句前則無先行詞Go back where you come from。你從何處來回到何處去。（地點狀語從句）Go back to the village where you came from?；氐侥銇淼哪膫€村子里去（引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾village）You have to go on，whatever/no matter what difficulties you meet. 無論遇到什么困難，你都得繼續(xù)下去Whichever/no matter which book you borrow, you must return it in a week. whatever、whoever、whomever、whichever等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句而no matter what/who/whom/which等只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 Eg：Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 任何違反法律的人都應(yīng)得到懲罰（引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作主語） Whatever she wants is fine with me. 她無論要什么我都沒意見 （引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作賓語） Whichever （of you）comes in first will receive a prize, 你們之中哪個先到達(dá)都先得到獎品。（引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中作主語） however/no matter how (不管怎樣)、wherever/no matter where(無論在何處)、whenever/no matter when(無論何時) Whenever/ No matter when you come back, dont wake me up. He carries a book in his pocket，wherever/no matter where he goes. 他不管去哪里，口袋里都帶一本書 However/ No matter how late he is ，mother will wait for him to have dinner together. However good a book it is，I just dont like it. in spite of ./ despite/ regardless of Eg: In spite of/ Despite the fact that he is sometimes selfish，we have to depend on him. 盡管他有時很自私，我們還是得依靠他 Wherever you go，I go too。（地點狀語從句）無論何地=no matter where八、比較狀語從句 引導(dǎo)詞：than（比）、as.as(和一樣)、not as/ soas(不如)、the more.the more.(越.越.) Eg: She studies harder than he is.他看上去比實際年齡要小 The more you read，the more knowledge you can get. He is as old as I. The project was completed earlier than we had expected. 這個工程完成的比我們預(yù)期的要早 The more you eat ， the fatter you will be。九、方式狀語從句 引導(dǎo)詞：as （按照、像一樣、正如.） As if/ as though (好像、正如)1、 Eg：Ill do it as you tell me. (按照) Every student did as the teacher said. Do as the Romans do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗 Just as water is to fish, so air is to man. 空氣對于人正如水對于魚一樣。注意：A is to B what C is to D. 是一個固定句型 意為：“A對于B而言正如C對于D一樣” We are to them what fish is to water.我們和他們的關(guān)系好像魚和水一樣 Reading is to mind what food is to the body.讀書之于頭腦如同食物之于身體 有時也可把what從句放在句首如： What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer. 寫作提綱之于作家就如同藍(lán)圖之于建筑師一樣。2、 as if/as though 引導(dǎo)的從句若與事實相反用虛擬語氣；若與事實相符不用虛擬語氣。She looks as if shes going to cry.她看起來似乎要哭I remember it as if it were yesterday.我記得這件事仿佛是昨天發(fā)生的Our teacher treats us as though we were her children.我們的老師對待我們就像對待他的孩子以一樣。習(xí)題：1. We will arrive at the cinema in ten minutes_there isnt too much traffic in the street.(10東城二模) DA.till B.though C.before D.if2. The players kept on training_it rained heavily.(10宣武二模) B A.since B.though C.because D.for3. Dad, Im afraid that I cant do it.（10西城二模）D Take it easy, dear. Youll never know it _ you try. A. afterB. sinceC. whenD. until4. Mr Li didnt come to school _ he was ill.（10通州二模）B A. but B. because C. and D. or5. Why dont you look up the new word in a dictionary_you dont know it ? (10懷柔二模) A A.if B.that C.though D.whether6. He didnt go to bed _ he finished his homework.（10大興二模）DA. when B. if C. that D. until7. Ben was unhappy _ he got a C in the math test. AA. becauseB. beforeC. ifD. when8. It is known to all that_you exercise regularly ,you wont stay in good health. A A.unless B.if C.until D.as9. You cant go out and play_youve done your homework. D A.when B.since C.while D.until10. Why hasnt Mr .Li come to work today ? D _he has gone to Beijing to have a meeting. A.If B.After C.Before D.Because11.kate is _busy_she cant have a picnic with us this weekend. B A.too; to B.so; that C. such;that D.so;as12. Many people move to the countryside_they enjoy the quiet life there. C A. until B.if C.because D.before13.Would you like to go to the gym with me, Ben? Id like to,_you dont want to go alone. A.until B.before C.if D.after14. Lily didnt go to school today_she is ill. A.if B.before C. until D. because15. Uncle Wang gave all his saving to the Hope School _he himself was not rich. A. because B. though C.if D.or16.We were so excited that we rushed into the street_we heard the news. A.until B.ever since C.as if D.as soon as17. You should finish your homework_you go out to play. A.when B.after C.before D.while18. Bill wont make any progress_he studies harder than before. A.if B.when C.because D.unless19._scientists have done a lot of research on A (H1N1) flu,there are still some cases for further study. A.As B.Once C.If D.Although20. Xiao Hua felt_at the beginning of this term _he got the textbooks for free. A.excited;because B.exciting;because C.excited;so D.exciting;so21.Did you give Dick a call ? I didnt need to _Ill see him soon. A.when B.though C.until D.because22._well you drive, you must drive carefully. A.No matter where B.In order that C.No matter how D.As soon as23.Im waiting for my Mum._,Ill go shopping with her. A.If she doesnt come B.If she comes C.If she will come D.If she wont come24.The film”Kung Fu Panda”is_interesting _I would like to see it again. A.such;that B.too;to C.as ;as D.so;that25. Tom knew nothing about it_his sister told him. A.since B.if C.until26. May I surf the Internet now? No，_you have finished doing the dishes. A.unless B.if C.because D.when28. Your French is so good. How long have you been in France? _I was five. A.Until B.Since C.When D.While29. Dont forget to wash your hands_you have meals. A.until B.before C.when D.while30. Where was your brother at this time last night ? He was writing an e-mail_I was watching TV at home. A. as soon as B.after C.until D.while31._you go ,_you do,I will be right here waiting for you. A.If;if B.wherever;whatever C.where;what 32.What is our head teacher like,do you know? Oh ，he is very kind_he looks very serious. A. because B.though C.if D.when33.He will come here right away _he hears the news. A.so B.as soon as C.because D.though34.Ill park the car at Pacific Place,_the car park there is full. A.unless B.i