托福培訓(xùn)丨托福閱讀句子插入題解題要點.docx

托福培訓(xùn)丨托福閱讀句子插入題解題要點朗閣托福培訓(xùn)中心 孫亞楠句子插入題是托福閱讀中的一道必考題型，題量不多，每篇文章中出現(xiàn)一道。句子插入題是給出一句話讓我們來判斷這句話應(yīng)該加入1-2個段落中的四個黑方塊的哪個部分，用鼠標(biāo)點擊所選的黑色方塊即可。做這類題目的關(guān)鍵首先是理解待插入的句子，尋找其中的銜接詞，分析這個句子的特點和其在文中的作用，然后把這個句子帶入原文中檢驗其是否合適。下面朗閣托福培訓(xùn)中心的專家將就句子插入題的解題步驟做出詳細(xì)的說明。解題步驟與解題要點 閱讀并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的線索詞； 從第一個小黑方塊前一句開始讀，逐一代入進行驗證； 插入句必須滿足前后兩條線索，先前再后。（先用前線索再看后線索）從此步驟中可以看出掌握線索詞是解答此題的關(guān)鍵，那么線索詞都有哪些？主要有兩大類，指代線索和邏輯線索。1. 指代線索(1). 指代詞(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代詞(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名詞短語，則向前尋找此名詞短語或其同義改寫。例題1:Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as endogenous. These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment. Paragraph 5: Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cyclefeeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. (TPO 16 Water in the Desert)12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly destructive.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：1. 分析黑體句，找到其中的線索詞即為these sudden floods, 則要插入的方塊前面必定要出現(xiàn)名詞短語sudden floods或是其同義改寫。2. 從第一個小黑方塊前一句開始讀，尋找與線索詞相吻合的信息。3. 在第三個方塊前面出現(xiàn)了large flows of water and sediment（巨大的水流和沉積物），即為sudden floods的同義替換，所以答案應(yīng)當(dāng)是第三個黑方塊的位置。例題2:Paragraph 4: One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groupsgases, rocks, and icesbased on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices. (TPO 16 Planets in Our Solar System)12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains their relatively low densities.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：首先分析待插入的句子，涉及兩個指代詞，this和their, 根據(jù)這兩個指代詞則能夠推出前文一定要講到某些密度較低的行星（即their所指代的），并且前面還要給出密度低的原因（即this所指代的）。然后閱讀段落，發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中首先提到行星構(gòu)成成分的不同會導(dǎo)致密度的差異，然后講到類地行星(terrestrial planets)主要由密度大的石頭組成，然后提到類木行星(Jovian planets)是由大量的氣體組成的，所以正確答案應(yīng)是第四個黑方塊的位置。(2). 定冠詞the+名詞，用于重復(fù)上文提到的事物例題1:Paragraph 3: Film analysis of the infants responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infants responses over and over and in slow motion. Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infants attention between two stimuli. Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The repetition allows researchers to observe the infants behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infants response.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：分析黑體句，找到線索詞the repetition, 根據(jù)規(guī)則前文中應(yīng)出現(xiàn)repetition這個信息，從第一個小黑方塊前一句開始分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個黑方塊前面出現(xiàn)了over and over and in slow motion, 識別出是repetition的同義改寫，則答案即為第二個小黑方塊位置。例題2:The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.解析：分析待插入的句子，可以找到線索詞the major effects, 則推出前文中一定要提到effects或其同義替換，本題中還有一個后線索，后面的句子中應(yīng)該要提到人口的迅速增長這個信息。閱讀段落，發(fā)現(xiàn)these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region中impacts即為effects的同義替換，并且第三個黑方塊后面的兩句話都在詳細(xì)論述人口從最初的幾千人增加到上萬人，所以前后都符合線索詞，則正確答案為第三個黑方塊。2. 邏輯線索在邏輯線索中主要會出現(xiàn)以下幾種情況：(1). 插入句中出現(xiàn)表結(jié)果的表達：一般可以排除段首位置，注意因果的邏輯關(guān)系表示因果關(guān)系的信號詞：therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, hence, so, as a result等。例題：Paragraph 3: Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe)13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed. Where would the sentence best fit?解析：閱讀黑體句，發(fā)現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系詞therefore, 從此句意思（因此，如果這些繪畫與狩獵有關(guān)，那么必定會有其他一些解釋）來看，待插入的位置前面應(yīng)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)the paintings were connected with hunting這個信息，后面應(yīng)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)some other explanation。閱讀段落，發(fā)現(xiàn)在第三個方塊處信息有所轉(zhuǎn)變，其前面在講巖壁畫的主要動機是提高打獵命中率，后面在講巖壁畫或許是出于增加獵物的需求而畫的畫，所以跟前面的分析相吻合，答案即為第三個黑方塊。(2). 插入句中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞：插入的句子與前一句話的內(nèi)容形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。標(biāo)示詞：however, but, nevertheless, yet, on the other hand, rather than, instead of等例題：Paragraph 5: Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as steam engines. By holding in rather than venting steam, we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life. (OG Aggression)11. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：黑體句中出現(xiàn)了表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞however, 此句意思大意為“被壓抑的沖動會繼續(xù)存在并且要求表現(xiàn)出來”。閱讀段落，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個黑方塊前面一句大意為“兒童由于害怕父母的懲罰和失去父母的愛通常會壓抑他們絕大多數(shù)的沖動”，看到這句話則可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其與待插入的句子句意有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以答案即為第二個黑方塊。(3). 舉例關(guān)系若出現(xiàn)for example的舉例，則找其對應(yīng)的分論點，插入句放在對應(yīng)觀點之后。例題1:Paragraph 7: Although the ecosystem concept was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, it is no longer the dominant paradigm. Gleasons arguments against climax and biome are largely valid against ecosystems as well. Furthermore, the number of interactions is so great that they are difficult to analyze, even with the help of large computers. Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants. Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects. (TPO 19 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems)13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They may be more interested in researching, for example, the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：黑體句中出現(xiàn)了for example, 則判斷出此句為一個舉例信息，需要尋找其所對應(yīng)的分論點，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)人稱代詞they, 說明前句中要提到一些人方可。閱讀段落后發(fā)現(xiàn)，第三個空格前出現(xiàn)了相關(guān)信息，younger ecologists have foundmore attractive可對應(yīng)信息they may be more interested in researching , 信息ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations是adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert environments的上義信息，則可判斷出答案為第三個黑方塊。例題2:Paragraph 6: Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a groups primary ties has implications for the groups functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. 12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.Where would the sentence best fit?解析：分析待插入的句子，我們也看到了for example, 則表明本句是一個舉例信息，我們同樣要找到其所對應(yīng)的分論點，然后放在其分論點之后即可。尋找分論點則必須依賴于對句意的理解。待插入句意為“非獨居的人傾向于做出更健康的生活選擇，并且比起獨居的人有著更少的疾病”，我們可以看到本句所表述的大意即為非獨居的人會擁有的好處。閱讀段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句話，大意為“在主要群體中，我們會感受到陪伴，愛，安全感還有一種整體的幸福感”，這句話寫出了在主要群體中生活的好處，可以充當(dāng)我們舉例信息的論點，則答案即為第二個黑方塊。(4). 并列關(guān)系注意also, again等表示再一次的詞匯。例題：Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, p