托福規(guī)律總結(jié)(修訂版).doc

語法總結(jié)1. 詞性：看該詞后面修飾的是什么詞，副詞修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞，形容詞修飾名詞；如果是用and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，看前后并列的成分都是什么詞性 a. 名詞與形容詞 e.g. 1. Fuel is any substance or material that reacts chemically with another substance or material to produce hot (改為heat). (p85.27) 2. The worlds water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water in liquid and vapor form among the oceans, the atmospheric (改為atmosphere) , and the land. (p164.16) b. 形容詞與副詞 e.g. At the National Archives, a repository for records of the United States government, visitors can view the originally (改為original) Declaration of Independence. (p99.36) c. 名詞與動(dòng)詞 e.g. Four different types of remembering are ordinarily distinguished by psychologists: recollection, recall, recognize (改為recognization), and relearning. (p59.29) d. 形容詞與動(dòng)詞 e.g. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful (改為beautify) our surroundings. (p165.22)2. 時(shí)態(tài)：句子中要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致，注意時(shí)間副詞a. 過去的事情一定用過去時(shí)； e.g. The Spanish claiming (改為claimed) title to all of North America and established the oldest city in the United States, St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. (p58.17)b. 在過去某一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)已經(jīng)完成的用過去完成時(shí)； e.g. By 1899 Ransom Olds had establish (改為established) in Detroit, Michigan, the first factory in the United States for the manufacture of automobiles. (p84.16)c. 現(xiàn)在仍持續(xù)中的用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； e.g. The care of children during their years of relative helplessness appears to have being (改為been) the chief incentive for the evolution of family structures. (p178.26)d. 表示一般性的陳述和客觀規(guī)律的用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 3. 語態(tài)：注意主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，如果是被動(dòng)，要用be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞，be的時(shí)態(tài)要與整個(gè)句子保持一致。 e.g. 1. Cameras of one type or another have been using (改為used) for more than a hundred years. (p98.29) 2. Gold can combined (改為can be combined) with silver in any proportion, but alloys with 50 to 60 percent silver are the strongest. (p111.20) 3. Since prehistoric times, artists have been (去掉been) arranged colors on surfaces in ways that express their ideas about people, the world, and religion. (p153.30)4. 動(dòng)詞原形： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may/must/might/could/would/can等后面直接加動(dòng)詞原形，不再加to等 e.g. 1. Fog and mist, like clouds, can formed (改為can form) only in the presence of dust particles. (p57.16) 2. Some claim that vegetarian diets may to be (去掉to) more healthful than a diet that includes meat, since they generally contain less fat and more fiber. (p98.33) 動(dòng)詞不定式 to +動(dòng)詞原形 e.g. 1. The Medicare program was established in 1965 to helping (改為help) elderly United States citizens pay the increasing cost of health care. (p58.21) 2. In films, optical printing can be combined with blue-screen photography for (改為to) produce such special effects as characters seeming to fly through the air. (p98.26)5. 形容詞修飾名詞要放在名詞前 e.g. 1. In the eighteenth century, the Pawnees, descendants of the Nebraska culture, lived in villages sizeable (改為sizeable villages) on the Loup and Platte rivers in central Nebraska. (p179.31) 2. Buses were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century to compete with streetcars by providing flexibility greater (改為greater flexibility) in routes. (p191.19)6. 代詞 代詞所有格“誰誰的”與物主代詞“誰誰的東西” e.g. 1. Many museums have been founded by private benefactors, and a few have received endowments that help to support theirs (改為their) routine operations. (p72.26) 2. In 1899 Mary Elizabeth Brown donated hers (改為her) collection of over 200 musical instruments to the Metropolitan Museum of art. (p58.28) 3. Norman Rockwell was a meticulous artist who (改為whose) paintings portrayed family incidents and well-defined characters with a wealth of supporting details. (p112.30) 4. The Crow, Blackfoot, and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they (改為their) dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations. (p153.39)7. 介詞by/ in/ of/ for/after+名詞/動(dòng)名詞（動(dòng)詞的ing形式） e.g. 1. Cement is produced commercially by to heat (改為heating)a mixture of limestone and clay in a large, slowly rotating cylindrical furnace. (p71.17) 2. In the period between 1918 and 1939, various political, economic, and geographic factors combined in determine (改為determining) the extent to which a country developed civil aviation. (p98.24) 3. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter (改為altering) the personality in a positive way. (p165.5) 4. Some seeds are viable, or capable of growing into healthy plants, for only a few days after fall (改為falling) from the parent tree. (p206.30)8. 句子之間用連詞連接，如and, but, while等 e.g. The oldest public edifice in Washington D.C., the White House was originally constructed in the 1790s also (改為and) has been rebuilt or extensively remodeled three times since. (p112.36)介詞如by, during, of, for等后面不加完整的句子，只加名詞結(jié)構(gòu)e.g. 1. Many species of birds that breed in temperate latitudes often show particular patterns of migration while (改為during) the year. (p71.22) 2. Saturn takes almost 30 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun, during (改為while) Jupiter takes about twelve Earth years to complete one solar revolution. (p47.40)9. 定語從句：a. 修飾事物用that/which，修飾人用who, 修飾誰的用whose，修飾時(shí)間用when e.g. 1. Stone tools began to be replaced around 6,000 years ago by metal tools, who (改為which)were used to build instruments and simple machines. (p191.17) 2. Glint was a favored material of prehistoric humans, which (改為who) used it to make tools and weapons, because it would chip into shapes with sharp edges. (p85.28) 3. Lumber production was the main industry in Michigan until the early 1900s, which (改為when) the automobile industry was established in Detroit. (p111.22) b. which/that后不再加it/they之類的代詞，先行詞已經(jīng)在上一個(gè)分句中了。 e.g. Air, which it is (去掉it) a mixture of elements oxygen and nitrogen and compounds water and carbon dioxide, also contains small quantities of many other substances. (p98.31) c. 用定語從句則不能再加連詞，否則為并列句。 e.g. The male cicada sound is made by specialized structures on the abdomen and which apparently (which改為it) severs to attract females. (p177.16)10. 賓語從句；believe/insist/indicate/demonstrate/discover + that e.g. 1. Most geologists believe that petroleum was formed from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago. (p43.1) 2. In 1974 the space probe Mariner 10 discovered that the planet Mercurys surface is cratered by meteorite impacts. (p57.11)11. 分詞：分詞常用來做定語起修飾作用 a. 主動(dòng)動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在分詞 e.g. Paleoanthropologists examine fossil remains of extinct primates, while physical anthropologists concern (改為concerning) with ethology study the behavior of primates in their natural settings. (p205.28)b. 被動(dòng)用過去分詞e.g. Lake trout, fish usually finding (改為found) in deep, cool lakes, are greenish gray and are covered with pale spots. (p111.16)12. 單復(fù)數(shù)a. 根據(jù)主語確定謂語是否是單數(shù)第三人稱形式 e.g. 1. The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North in the early 1900s were (改為was) the biggest migration in American history. (p72.36) 2. The rapid growth of the worlds population over the past 100 years have (改為has) led to a great increase in the acreage of land under cultivation. (p179.30)b. 名詞的數(shù)：注意單復(fù)數(shù)，可以通過前后的冠詞、動(dòng)詞及其它提示看出是否單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò)了。 e.g. 1. Also known as a movie or a film, the motion picture is one of the most popular form (改為forms) of art and entertainment throughout the world. (p59.34) 2. Many folk songs were originated to accompany manual work or to mark a specific ceremonies (改為ceremony). (p72.33)c. 代詞 e.g. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, fashioned its (改為their) own educational offerings to meet the industrial needs of the United States. (p166.35)13. 句子成分的一致性 e.g. 1. When precipitation occurs, some of it evaporates, some runs off the surface it strikes, and some sinking (改為sinks) into the ground. (p138.19) 動(dòng)詞單三 2. The feathers of birds not only protect their skin from injury and conserve body heat, but also function in flight, courtship, camouflage, and sensory perceptive (改為perception). (p139.33) 名詞 3. The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive, musically (改為musical) and spatial abilities. (p45.22) 形容詞 4. Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature, records the visible world, and extension (改為extends) human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate. (p152.23) 動(dòng)詞 5. Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure, increase (改為increasing) cloud cover, and rising humidity. (p153.32) 動(dòng)名詞14. 否定詞至于句首引起倒裝 not until/not onlybut also/hardly/rarely e.g. 1. Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did ecology emerge as a unified science. (p44.9) 2. Not until the 1850s did a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescue historic buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration. (p164.14)15. 比較： a. 比較級(jí)加er或more,但注意二者不能都用 e.g. Basalt, which composes most of the ocean floor, is a dark-grey rock rich (改為richer) in iron and magnesium than most surface rocks. (p127.40) b. 最高級(jí)前面加the 限定，加了est就不能再用most。 e.g. 1. Quebec, the most oldest (去掉most) city in Canada, lies on the north bank of the St. Lawrence River. (p71.23) 2. The Executive Mansion, constructed in the 1790s and now popularly called the White House, is oldest (改為is the oldest) public edifice in Washington, D.C. (p97.16)16. 元音字母開頭的名詞前，冠詞a改為an e.g. One of the most famous structures in the world, the Statue of Liberty is widely considered a (改為an) inspiring symbol of hope and freedom. (p191.18)17. other與another e.g. 1. Magnesium has little structural strength and must be alloyed with another (改為other) metals such as aluminum and zinc when it is to be subjected to stress. (p112.34) 2. Bacteria are one of the most abundant life forms on Earth, growing on and inside another (改為other)