美國合同法(第二次重述 第1部分中英文).doc

CONTENT目 錄 (共十六章385條) Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的訂立當事人及其締約能力 Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的訂立意思表示一致 CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTSCONSIDERATION第四章 合同的訂立約因 CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章 防止欺詐條例 CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章 錯誤 CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE第七章 虛假的意思表示，脅迫以及不當影響 CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章 合同因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行 CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS第九章 合同義務的范圍 CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章 合同的履行與不履行 CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章 履行不能和履行目的落空 CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章 雙方合意或變更合同以解除合同義務 CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章 連帶允諾人和受允諾人 CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章 合同受益人 CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章 合同權利的轉讓與合同義務的轉托 CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章 違約救濟 Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定義A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一個允諾或一組允諾，如果違反此允諾，則法律給與救濟；如果 其履行了允諾，則法律以某種方式將其視為一項義務。 2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允諾；允諾人；受允諾人(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.允諾就是以特定方式實施或禁止實施某種行為的意思表示，這種意思表示 使受允諾人正當?shù)卣J為一個允諾已經作出。 (2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.作出該意思表示的人是允諾人 (3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.該意思表示所指向的人為受允諾人。 (4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.如果該允諾的履行使除受允諾人之外的他人獲利，則該人為受益人。 3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED協(xié)議的定義；An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.交易磋商約定的定義 一個協(xié)議就是兩個或兩個以上的人一致的意思表示。一個交易磋商約定是為允諾與允諾之間的交換，或為允諾與義務履行的交換，或為義務履行之間的交換而達成的協(xié)議。 4. How a Promise May Be Made 允諾如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一個允諾可以用口頭言詞或書面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地從行為中推斷而得。 5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允諾，協(xié)議或合同的條件(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.允諾或協(xié)議的條件就是當事人就特定的事項表示了部分的締約意圖或對締約的贊同。 (2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.合同的條件就是由于當事人就特定事項作出了一個或一系列的允諾，由此引起他們之間部分法律關系的存在，不管當事人是否作出意思表示要建立這些 法律關系。 6. Formal Contracts要式合同The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:下列類型的合同根據(jù)其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同規(guī)則的法律規(guī)則的調整： (1) Contracts under seal, 蓋印合同 (2) Recognizances, 保證書(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,.可流通票據(jù)和單據(jù)（4）Letters of credit信用證 7. Voidable contracts可撤消的合同A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.如果合同的一方或多方當事人有權通過意思表示，或通過訂立一個取消撤消權的合同，撤消該合同已經建立的法律關系，則該合同為可撤消的合同。 8. Unenforceable Contracts不能強制執(zhí)行的合同An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.不可強制執(zhí)行的合同是指這樣一種合同，即違反該合同導致?lián)p害賠償救濟和強制履行救濟均不可適用，但是卻被認為是以其他方式創(chuàng)設了并沒有獲得認可的 履行義務。 Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS-PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章 合同的訂立當事人及其締約能力9. Parties Required合同當事人There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.合同必須至少有兩個當事人，即允諾人和受允諾人，但是也可以有兩個以上更多的當事人。 10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance針對同一項履行的多個允諾人和受允諾人 (1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.如果一個合同中有多個允諾人，則部分或全部的允諾人可以就同一項履行作出允諾，不管他們是否就個別的義務履行作出允諾。 (2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract, a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.如果一個合同中不只有一個允諾，則部分或全部的允諾人可以一個單位作出允諾，不管相同或另外的履行義務是否被單獨地對一個或一個以上的允諾人允諾。 11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee何時允諾人和受允諾人可以同為一人 A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons. 在由兩個或兩個以上的人共同代表的一個單位和這些人中的一個或部分多數(shù)之間可以締結合同，這些人可以單獨地或者同他人一起行事。_ 2015.3.212. Capacity to Contract締約能力(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.沒有法律行為能力的締約人所締結的合同所產生的義務是可撤消的，該合同對締約人并沒有約束力。是否享有部分締約能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有 締約能力取決于該交易的本質或者其他一些情況。 (2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is一個自然人如果就某項 交易作出同意的意思表示，則該自然人享有完全合法的創(chuàng)設合同義務的締約能 力，除非該自然人是 (a) under guardianship, or處于監(jiān)護之中，或 (b) an infant, or為成年人，或 (c) mentally ill or defective, or有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或 (d) intoxicated. 醉酒者。 13. Persons Affected by Guardianship受監(jiān)護的人 A person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect. 如果一個人由于被判決存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其財產處于監(jiān)管之中，則該人沒有創(chuàng)設合同義務的行為能力。 14. Infants未成年人Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the persons eighteenth birthday.除非法令另有規(guī)定，自然人在18 歲生日之前只具有創(chuàng)設可撤消合同義務的行為能力。 15. Mental Illness or Defect有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect在下列情況下，一個存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在從事交易活動時所創(chuàng)設的合同義務是可以撤消的： (a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or他不能以正常方式理解此項交易的性質以及會產生的后果，或者 (b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.他不能像正常人那樣從事此項交易，并且交易的相對方有合理的理由知道這一事實。 (2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires. 如果合同的締結是基于公平的條款，并且他方當事人不知道該締約人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果該合同已經被全部或部分地履行或者情勢變更，以至撤消該合同有失公平，則在(1)小節(jié)中所規(guī)定的撤消權不再適用。在這種情況下，法院可以依公平正義之需判決給與當事人救濟。 16. Intoxicate Persons醉酒的人A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication如果締約他方當事人有合理的理由知道一方當事人由于醉酒存在下列情況，則該當事人在從事交易活動時所創(chuàng)設的合同義務是可以撤消的。 (a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or他不能以正常方式理解此項交易的性質以及會產生的后果，或者 (b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction, 他不能像正常人那樣從事此項交易。 Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS-MUTUAL ASSENT第三章 合同的訂立意思表示一致 TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主題一 一般規(guī)定17. Requirement of a Bargain交易磋商的條件(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.除(2)小節(jié)的規(guī)定外，合同的訂立要求當事人就允諾與允諾、允諾與義務履行、以及義務履行之間的交換和約因意思表示一致。 (2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in 82-94.合同可以依據(jù)適用于正式合同中的特殊規(guī)則或依據(jù)82-94 中的規(guī)則訂立，不管有沒有交易磋商。 TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL主題二 意思表示的一般條款18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent意思表示一致Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance. 對一個交換作出一致的意思表示要求各方當事人作出允諾或開始或實施一項義務履行。 19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent依意思表示實施的行為(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.意思表示可以完全或部分地通過書面或口頭、或其他作為或不作為作出。 (2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.一方當事人以行為作出的意思表示是無效的，除非他有意實施這一行為，并且知道或有理由知道他方當事人可以從他的行為中推斷出他有此締約意思。 (3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.一方當事人的行為可以作為意思表示，雖然事實上他并沒有此締約意思。在這種情況下所締結的合同可以基于欺詐、錯誤或其他無效的理由被撤消。 20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING誤解的效力 (1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and如果當事人就他們的意思表示賦予了實質上不同的理解，并且有如下情況存在時，則表明他們就磋商的交換沒有達成一致： (a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or雙方當事人任一方都不知道或沒有理由知道對方的意思表示所賦予的含義；或 (b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other. 任一當事方知道或有理由知道對方的意思表示所賦予的含義。 (2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if一方當事人可以依據(jù)該意思表示所指的含義執(zhí)行該意思表示，如果 (a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or該當事人不知道另一方當事人所指的不同含義，而另一方當事人知道第一方 當事人所指的含義。 (b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.該當事人沒有理由知道另一方當事人所指的不同含義， 而另一方當事人有理由知道第一方當事人所指的含義。 21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND具有法律拘束力的意圖Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.當事人有關允諾具有法律拘束力的意圖無論是真實的還是表面的，對于合同的締結并不重要，但是如果當事人作出允諾并不影響當事人法律關系的意思表示，則當事人之間的合同并不成立。 22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance合意的模式： 要約與承諾(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.雙方當事人就交換達成合意的意思表示通常是由一方當事人提出要約或提議，然后由另一方當事人或另一方多數(shù)當事人作出承諾。 (2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined. 即使要約和承諾都無法被識別，并且合同成立的時間也無法確定，雙方當事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。 23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other作出意思表示應相互參考的必要性 It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other.任何當事人作出意思表示都應參考對方的意思表示，這一點對交易磋商很重要。 TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主題三 要約的發(fā)出 24. Offer Defined要約的定義An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it. 要約就是以交易磋商為目的而為意思表示，使得他人合理地認為該意思表示被邀請并且該交易將要進行。 25. Option Contracts選擇權合同An option contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisors power to revoke an offer.如果一個允諾符合了訂立合同的條件，并且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾即構成選擇權合同。 26. Preliminary Negotiations訂約前之商議A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent.如果意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的當事人在作出進一步的意思表示之前并沒有意圖達成交易，則該以締結合同為目的的意思表示并不屬于要約。 27.Existence of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated在意圖制作記錄情況下合同的存在 Manifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an adopt a written thereof; but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations. 雙方當事人作出意思表示要采用書面 方式締結合同這一事實，并不影響當事人已經作出的足以導致合同締結的意思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。 28.Auctions拍賣(1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested,在拍賣時，除非有相反的意思表示， (a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject;拍賣人向所有連續(xù)的出價人發(fā)出要約邀請，出價人可以承諾或拒絕； (b) when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time;如果拍賣標的實行無保留低價拍賣，則拍賣人應發(fā)出要約，將拍賣標的以任何價格賣給出價最高者，在拍賣人將標的拍賣后，拍賣人不得撤回其無保留 低價之拍賣標的，除非在合理的時間內無人競買； (c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneers announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidders retraction does not revieve any previous bid.不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可以撤回競價，但是競買人撤回競價的行為不得使先前的出價生效。 (2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as modified by announcement made by the auctioneer when the goods are put up.除非有相反的意思表示，在拍賣標的時，競買人的出價包含了競買人知道或應該知道的廣告、海報或其他出版物所公布的條款，拍賣人在拍賣標的時可以 通過公告的方式對這些條款加以修改。 29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed要約所指向的對象(1) The manifested intention of the offer or determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance.要約人的意思表示決定了有權作出承諾的人。 (2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified person or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance.要約可以在一個明確的人或一個或多個明確的、單獨或集體行動的群體或團體之中，或者也可以在作出明確允諾或實施明確義務的任何人之中創(chuàng)設一種承 諾的權利。 30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED.承諾的形式(1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance.要約人可以要求承諾人通過給出書面的確定性答復、或者作為或不作為某一特定的行為來作出承諾，或者要約人可以授權受約人作出選擇性的承諾。 (2) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances.除非語言或情勢有相反的表示，要約人可以要求承諾人以任何方式，采用特定情況下合理的媒介作出承諾。 31. Offer Proposing a Single Contract or a Number of Contracts提議締結一個或幾個合同的要約An offer may propose the formation of a single contract by a single acceptance or the formation of a number of contracts by successive acceptances from time to time.一個要約可以通過一個承諾締結一個合同，或者也可以通過不時地、連續(xù)性的承諾締結幾個合同。 32. Invitation of Promise or Performance允諾或義務履行邀請In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses.在存在懷疑的情況下，要約應被解釋為邀請受約人選擇或者通過允諾履行要約所要求的義務、或者履行該義務。 33. Certainty確定性(1) Even though a manifestation of intention is intended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain.雖然意思表示作為一個要約意在使相對方理解，但是該意思表示不能被承諾以形成一個合同，除非合同的條款相當確定。 (2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an appropriate remedy.如果合同就違約和適當救濟作出基本的規(guī)定，則該合同的條款則是相當確定的。 (3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of intention is not intended to be understood as an offer or as an acceptance.如果一個被提議交易的一個或多個條款懸而未決、或者是不確定的，則表明作為要約或承諾的意思表示并不意在使相對方理解。 34. Certainty and Choice of Terms; Effect of Performance or Reliance條款的選擇與確定性；義務履行或信賴的效力 (1) The terms of a contract may be reasonably certain even though it empowers one or both parties to make a selection of terms in the course of performance.合同當事人在履行義務過程中，雖然可以就合同的條款作出選擇，但是合 同的條款應是具有相當確定性的。 (2) Part performance under an agreement may remove uncertainty and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.部分履行的合同具有確定性，并且表明作為交易的可執(zhí)行合同已經成立。 (3) Action in reliance on an agreement may make a contractual remedy appropriate even though uncertainty is not removed.雖然合同的條款并不確定，但是基于對合同的信賴而實施的行為可以獲得適當?shù)暮贤葷?TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE OFFEREES POWER OF ACCEPTANCE主題四 受要約人承諾能力的期間 35. The Offerees Power of Acceptance受要約人的承諾能力 (1) An offer gives to the offeree a continuing power to complete the manifestation of mutual assent by acceptance of the offer.受要約人有權通過對要約的承諾持續(xù)地作出合意的意思表示。 (2) A contract