外研版高中英語語法.doc

11第1講 簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：vi.vt.link.v.賓語賓語（間）賓語（直）賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語表語主語 謂語 用符號表示為： （主謂） （主謂賓） （主謂間賓直賓） （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） （主系表）主語（subject）謂語（predicate）賓語（object）定語（attribute）狀語(adverbial)補(bǔ)語（complement）表語（predicative）考點(diǎn)1. 基本句型 一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動(dòng)詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring, live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )練習(xí)1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )考點(diǎn)2. 基本句型 二： （主系表）系動(dòng)詞主要是be. 但還有一些動(dòng)詞有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱之為半系動(dòng)詞。I. 如何辨別系動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞既可作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。如何來辨別呢？有一個(gè)最簡便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。如： She looks beautiful. (looks變?yōu)閕s之后，她是美麗的，句意沒有大的變化，looks是系動(dòng)詞)。Look at the picture.(look不能換為be, look為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能換為was, 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)。The silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來很柔軟，feels換為is之后，句意變化不大，因此是系動(dòng)詞。)練習(xí)2. 辨別下列粗體動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞1. The door stays open at night.2. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.3. The book still lies open on the desk.4. What he said proved true.5. He cant proved his theory(理論).II. 常見的系動(dòng)詞 狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。 持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒著。 表“像”系動(dòng)詞用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。He appears young. 他看起來很年輕。 感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook看起來，feel摸起來, smell聞起來, sound聽起來, taste嘗起來：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。 變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in spring.雞蛋夏天容易變壞。His face went red.他的臉變紅了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的夢想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Still waters run deep.靜水流深。 終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)證實(shí)，變成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他預(yù)言的結(jié)果是錯(cuò)的。練習(xí)3. 用下劃線劃出下列句中的系動(dòng)詞。1. His advice proved right. 2. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 3. The machine went wrong. 4. All these efforts seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable. 6. The room soon became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.III. 系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語He is a student. ( )Your idea sounds great. ( )IV. 在一個(gè)英語單句中，一般情況要有謂語動(dòng)詞。要注意：介詞短語和形容詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語，要和系動(dòng)詞一起做謂語。改錯(cuò)：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.寫作專練1. 不要忘了使用系動(dòng)詞1. 那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（the food, delicious）2. 那個(gè)電影好極了。（the movie, fantastic）3. 不過呢，一些人反對這個(gè)計(jì)劃。（however, against, the plan）4. 他們的意見如下。（their opinion, as follows）5. 就我而言，我贊成這個(gè)主意。（as far as Im concerned, in favor of）1. 他讓我們看了一張世界地圖。（show）2. 請把熊貓的照片寄給我一張。（send, a photo of the panda）考點(diǎn)3. 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.練習(xí)4. 用下劃線劃出下列句中的賓語。1. People all over the world speak English. 2. Jim cannot dress himself. 3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 4. He did not know what to say. 5. He just wanted to stay at home.6. He practices speaking English every day.考點(diǎn)4. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說 Bring me it, please。)常跟雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell，wish, write等（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等一般用to多些，用for的記住常用的三個(gè)就行：get, buy, makeHe sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book= She bought a book for John.練習(xí)5. 分析下列句子成分，口頭說出間接賓語和直接賓語。1. She ordered herself a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures.6. I gave my car a wash.7. I told him that the bus was late.8. He showed me how to run the machine.寫作專練2. 用活雙賓語句式（P25）用兩種方法翻譯下列句子：3. 他給我提供一些建議。（offer, some advice）4. 我欠他很多錢。（owe）5. 在我生日那天，母親給我買了一件很特別的禮物。（buy, a special gift）6. 他給我做了一個(gè)紙飛機(jī)。（make, paper plane）7. 他給我們讀了一個(gè)有趣的故事。（read, an interesting story）8. 他的叔叔留給他很多錢。（leave, a lot of money）考點(diǎn)5. 基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。The war made him a soldier.（他成為一個(gè)士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）New methods make the job easy. （）I often find him at work. （）The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （） I saw a cat running across the road. 練習(xí)6. 分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明是什么充當(dāng)句子的賓語補(bǔ)足語1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）考點(diǎn)6. there be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)某地存在有，它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動(dòng)詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實(shí)際意義。1. be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化?，F(xiàn)在時(shí) there is / are 過去時(shí) there was / were將來時(shí) there will be/ there is / are going to be.完成時(shí) there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 2. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等詞代替be動(dòng)詞。此時(shí)還表示存在有，但表意要更具體一些。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.1. a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A. It existed B. There existed C. They had D. There had2. _ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; at B. There stands; under C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at3. there be 與have 的區(qū)別there be 某地有某物，某時(shí)有某事；have 表示某人擁有某物。改錯(cuò)：1. There has a book on the desk. 2. There will have a meeting this evening.寫作專練3. 正確運(yùn)用兩個(gè)“有”there be與have 1. 我有許多好朋友。2. 今天晚上將有一場電影。3. 公園內(nèi)有許多人。4. 樹上有許多小鳥。5. 一條狗有四條腿和一個(gè)尾巴。第2講 簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。考點(diǎn)1. 簡單句只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（劃線部分為并列謂語 ，只有一個(gè)主語，仍為簡單句。）考點(diǎn)2. 并列句由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號是不可以連接句子的，這一點(diǎn)和漢語不同。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。 The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away. 表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.考點(diǎn)3. 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個(gè)的成分。（而并列句的兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系， 而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。當(dāng)簡單句的一個(gè)成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r(shí)，整個(gè)句子就成為復(fù)合句了。1. It is wrong. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語，said為謂語，what是賓語。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said作主語，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語）。2. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語the boy的定語。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）3. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語。因此是復(fù)合句。練習(xí)7. 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.11. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat 15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.考點(diǎn)4. 兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈?fù)合句，或把逗號改為分號一個(gè)句子如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，那它就不是簡單句了，要么是并列句，要么是復(fù)合句。直接用逗號連接的兩個(gè)簡單句是錯(cuò)誤的。這是，我們有四種方法來改正這個(gè)錯(cuò)句：1. 用and, so, but,等并列連詞來構(gòu)成并列句；2. 把逗號改為分號；3. 改為復(fù)合句；4. 把一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語變成非謂語或去掉be，從而變成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（參看P錯(cuò)誤！未定義書簽。Error! Reference source not found. ）I like English, my English is very good.I like English and my English is very good.（并列句）As I like English, my English is very good. （含有原因狀語從句的復(fù)合句）I like English; my English is good. （用分號）I liking English, my English is very good. (把一個(gè)分句改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))I have a house, its windows are very big. I have a house and its windows are very big. （并列句）I have a house, whose windows are very big. （含有定語從句的復(fù)合句）I have a house; its windows are big. （用分號）I have a house, its windows very big. (后面為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))練習(xí)8. 利用英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律做下列各題：1. Five people won the Chinas green figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. is given B. was given C. being given D. given2. All the preparations for the task_, and were ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed3. 【2006遼寧】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the school, most_were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom4. Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, _ with smiles.A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining C. their faces shining5. Many students _ around, I explained the story into details.A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing6. I have five friends, some of _ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them 7. I have five friends, but none of_ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them 第二部分 專題過關(guān)測試1. 改正下列句子的改錯(cuò)。 Do exercise everyday is good for your health. That what he said isnt true. He came late made his teacher angry. On the desk is two books. Go to a key college is my dream.2. 用 劃出下列句中的后置定語，并指出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)?shù)?There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother. There are five boys left. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away. He is not a man easy to