形容詞,副詞,數(shù)詞(教案).doc

代詞與it的用法知識(shí)概要代詞是代替名詞的詞。英語中代詞分為九類：人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞，疑問代詞，連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的作用?；A(chǔ)必備類別例詞特征人稱代詞主格I, we, you, they, he, she，it表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“我們”等的詞，有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。賓格me, us, you, them, him, her，it物主代詞形容詞性his, her, my, your, their, our，its表示所有關(guān)系的詞，也稱代詞所有格，分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。名詞性his, hers, mine, yours, theirs, ours，its反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself,ourselves, yourselves, themselves，itself相互代詞each other, one another表示相互關(guān)系的代詞指示代詞that, this, those, these表示“這個(gè)”、“那個(gè)”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞。不定代詞one, another, other, both, either, neither, none, all, each, every不指明代替的是何特定的名詞，起到形容詞或名詞作用的代詞。疑問代詞what, who, which, whom, whose用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句連接代詞that, what, who, which, whom, whose用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句關(guān)系代詞who, that, which, whom, whose用來引導(dǎo)定語從句It 的用法用法例句人稱代詞指代事物或者前面提到過的事物Whats this? Its a cat.Youve helped her a lot；she will never forget it.指代不明性別的人或嬰兒Who is it? Its me. / Is it (a baby) a boy or a girl?表示時(shí)間、距離、氣候、情況等It is 7 oclock/ Friday/ May 3 / autumn.How is it going with you?形式主語It is easy to climb the hill. / Its no good going there.形式賓語I found it not easy to get along with him.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的引導(dǎo)詞It was Tom that/who met your brother in the park.It is I that/who am to blame.考點(diǎn)直擊考點(diǎn)一 不定代詞1. one/the one/that / it 用法區(qū)別one：泛指：同名不同物 指代a/an修飾的可名詞單that： 特指 同名不同物 1) =the +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 2) =the +不可數(shù)名詞it： 特指 指上文指的原物。同名同物用one/the one/that / it補(bǔ)全句子1）I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.2）The hat you bought is bigger than the one I bought.3）I cant find my hat. I dont know where I put it.4）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.2. ones/ the ones/ those用法區(qū)別1）ones主要用于替代表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，若需特指，則用the ones。2) those 代替前面提到的同名異物中特指的事物，只能代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，相當(dāng)于the ones用ones/ the ones/ those補(bǔ)全句子：If you havent got a big plate, two small ones will do. The top front teeth are the ones/those which are most at risk from tooth decay. The computers in your office are more expensive than those/the ones in our school.3. another / other / the other 用法區(qū)別1) another: 泛指另一個(gè) adj. pron.2) other: “另外的” adj.3) one, the other: 一定范圍（兩者）內(nèi)兩人 (物) ，一個(gè)用 one，另一個(gè)用 the other 4) one another指一定范圍（大于等于三者）內(nèi)兩者，一個(gè)用 one，另一個(gè)用 another5) one, the other one/two/three 特定范圍的一個(gè), 另一/兩/三個(gè) 學(xué)以致用：桌子上有4個(gè)蘋果,一個(gè)是紅的,其余三個(gè)(其余的)是青的.There are three apples on the desk; one is red, the other three/the others/the rest are green.4. others/ the others/the rest用法區(qū)別1) the others :指用于可數(shù)名詞, 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部 2) the rest :1) pron:剩余的全部 指可數(shù) /不可數(shù) 2) the rest of the +可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞3) others:其他的人或物, 不是全部。4) some, some, others : 泛指一些, 一些, 另一些5) 除去已有的，表示“還有/需要多少”，一般有三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： another + 數(shù)量 + 名詞； 數(shù)量 + other + 名詞； 數(shù)量 + more + 名詞。5. both, either, neither, all, none 用法區(qū)別1）both (兩者都)，either (兩者中任何一個(gè))，neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever.注意 both，either 的用法區(qū)別： both與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。用both/either補(bǔ)全句子There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一個(gè))，none (都不)。以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。注意：all 與 none 用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there.6. none, nothing, no one用法區(qū)別1) anyone 和 any one anyone 僅指人,不與 of 連用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。2) no one 和 nonenone 后跟 of 短語，既可指人又可指物，謂語可單可復(fù)而 no one 只單獨(dú)使用，只指人，謂語 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 3) none 和 nothingnone 只指量，指所指的一類人或物中一個(gè)都沒有；nothing 泛指，什么東西都不存在。后面不接 of 短語。如： - Are there any eggs in the fridge? - None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge. 注意： 回答how many/how much 表示“沒有”用 none 回答who?表示“沒有”用no one/nobody回答what?的問題表示“沒有”用nothing7. every /each用法區(qū)別1)every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念， each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book.2)every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè))，each指兩個(gè)以 上的人或物 (含兩個(gè)) 3) every 只作形容詞，不可單獨(dú)使用。each可作代詞或形 容詞。 例： Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. We each have a glass to drink water with.4) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等；each沒有。5) every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； each 和not連用表示全部否定。例：Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠實(shí)。 Each man is not honest.這兒每個(gè)人都不誠實(shí) 8. some / any用法區(qū)別some 1) “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。 I have some books.2) 與單數(shù)名詞連用 “某一” = a certainSome (a certain) Mr. Wang has seen you break the rule.3) 肯定疑問句中：表委婉請(qǐng)求或建議 Would you like some coffee? 4) 疑問句和條件句中：說話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案是肯定的， 或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。 If you need some help，let me know.5) 否定疑問句中 :表示驚訝, 不相信 -Where are the stamps? -Arent there some on the desk? any 1)“一些”，多用于否定句和疑問句和條件句中。 Ask me if you have any questions. Do you have any questions to ask? 2)用于肯定句中表示 “任何一個(gè)” 的意思 Here are three novels. You may read any. 9. everyone/anyone/someone/no one/ everybody/anybody/somebody/nobody /everything/anything/something/nothing用法區(qū)別1） someone/anyone/everyone不與 of 連用如: some one of us; every one of them，但: no one 后不接 of 短語 (應(yīng)該說none of them )2）somebody/anybody/everybody 不論何時(shí)都不與 of 連用，3）anyone 和 any one anyone 指人,不與 of 連用； any one 人 /物, 可與of連用 10. few, little, a few, a little, a bit用法區(qū)別1) few + 可數(shù)名詞 little + 不可數(shù)名詞2) a few / a little 肯定 ，還有一點(diǎn) 例：He has a few friends few / little 否定 ，沒有多少了。 例：There is little time left.4) a bit of + 不可名 例：There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.5) not a little = very much; not a bit = not at all例：We are not a little tired because we have been working for almost twenty hours. Although he had walked a long way, he didnt feel tired a bit.11. both（neither）和all（none）否定問題1）Both 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定時(shí)，用neither。例：Both of us are not teachers.Neither of us is a teacher.2）all用于否定句，表示部分否定；全部否定用none例：All bamboo doesnt grow tall.Not all the ants go out for food./ All the ants dont go out for food.None of the money is mine.考點(diǎn)二人稱代詞主格I youhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem人稱代詞作主語用主格，作賓語、表語用賓格I saw him at the meeting.但應(yīng)注意以下情況：1） 作主語的人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用，常用賓格。例：- Does any of you know where Tom lives? - Me. (我)What! Me (to) play chess with him? No!2) “to be + 人稱代詞”作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，人稱代詞用主格；作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用賓格。例：The thief was thought to be he. （他）They took me to be her. （她）3)作表語時(shí)，人稱代詞一般用賓格。但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分代詞的格不變。例：I met her in the hospital. It was I who met her in the hospital.4) 在than, as后比較級(jí)的句中， 人稱代詞用主格、賓格都可以。但不能引起誤解。例: I like Jack as much as her.= I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she. = I like Jack and she likes him, too.5）body, one，no one, whoever, person 正式場(chǎng)合 , 可用he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he?誰也沒來，是嗎?6）在電話用語中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. - This is she. - 我就是瑪麗。7）在介詞 but，except 后， 主格可代替賓格。 All but he and I are going to the concert tomorrow. (我和他)考點(diǎn)三 物主代詞形物myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名物mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs1. 形容詞性物主代詞 修飾名詞，不獨(dú)用; 2.名詞性物主代詞 = 省略了中心名詞的-s所有格結(jié)構(gòu)，例：That is my book. That book is mine. Theirs is a very large university. 另外注意動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： Would you mind my opening the window? (我打開窗戶)考點(diǎn)四 反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves1. 當(dāng)主語與賓語為同一人或物時(shí)，要用反身代詞(否則就不能用反身代詞)。2. 反身代詞常和某些動(dòng)詞連用，構(gòu)成常用詞組。例如：be not oneself(身體不適)，enjoy oneself (過的很愉快)， make yourself at home (請(qǐng)不要拘束)， help yourself(請(qǐng)隨便)等。例：1） We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 作賓語 2） I am not myself today. 作表語 3） The thing itself is not important. 作同位語3. each others 兩者之間相互 的 one anothers 三人或以上之間相互的考點(diǎn)五 else 用法1. 不定代詞 + else ， “別的人或物”no one else = nobody else “沒別的人”，someone else “別的某個(gè)人”, anyone else “別的任何人”。 2else 結(jié)構(gòu)的所有格是在else后加-s。 例：If this dictionary is not yours，who elses can it be? 考點(diǎn)六 it的用法1. it作人稱代詞 1）最基本用法.-作人稱代詞，代替前面提到的 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，以避免重復(fù):Ningbo is a beautiful city, isnt it? 2）指動(dòng)物/嬰兒(未知性別) 例：Is this your dog？No, it isnt. 3）也可指抽象事物:It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that2.非人稱代詞it it有時(shí)并不指具體的東西，而泛指天氣、 時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境、季節(jié)等，It is a bit windy. It was very quiet in the caf.Its half an hours walk from here to our school3.作形式主語常見句型：It is time ( about time ,high time ) that .過去時(shí)；/It is the first ( second . ) time that .完成時(shí).It is . since .；/ It is / was . when .；It is / was . before .；/ It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth.It takes sb. . to do sth.“做要花某人”；/It is no good (use) doing sth.It doesnt matter whether ( if ) .不論沒關(guān)系；/It happens (seems, appears ) that.It is said (reported, learned.) that .；/It is a pity ( a shame . ) that .It is important (necessary , strange, natural.) that .；/ It is suggested ( ordered . ) that . It is up to sb. to do sth. 該由某人做4.作形式賓語1）. We think it important to learn a foreign language.該句型中的it 作形式賓語。為了記憶方便我們可稱該句型為“6123結(jié)構(gòu)”。6 主句常用動(dòng)詞:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel1 形式賓語 it；2 賓補(bǔ)的兩種形式：adj/n.3 真正賓語的三種形式：to do/doing/ that clause2）.like, dislike, hate, appreciate, take (認(rèn)為），rely on, insist on, see to +it +從句例：I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. Please see to it that the door is locked before you leave.3）強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who（強(qiáng)調(diào)人時(shí)）+其它數(shù)詞一、用基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量考點(diǎn)一用基數(shù)詞表示確定數(shù)量1. 用基數(shù)詞表示確定數(shù)量時(shí)，基數(shù)詞（包括加hundred，thousand，million，billion等構(gòu)成的數(shù)詞）要用單數(shù)形式，后面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前一般不得加of.例：The project lasted 5 years and cost 2 billion dollars.2. 名詞dozen（一打，12個(gè)）和score（20個(gè)）1） 兩詞與數(shù)詞，a , many , several連用修飾名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，都要用單數(shù)，其后的介詞of有無均可。但是，習(xí)慣上score多與of連用，而dozen很少與of連用，如：two score (of) workers, three score and ten people, several dozen children, many dozen books。 2） 兩詞與of連用（of不省略）時(shí)，可用于人稱代詞賓格（us , you , them）或指示代詞（these , those）修飾的名詞前，表示所屬關(guān)系。如： a dozen of these / those people， two dozen of them / us， a score of these / those workers.兩詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式與of連用時(shí)，表示不確切的數(shù)量，意為“許多，大量的”。如：dozens of people dozens of times scores of people 而some dozen people是“一打左右的人”（大約十二人）與some dozen of people同義?？键c(diǎn)二 用基數(shù)詞表示約數(shù)1. 用ten，dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million等數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)后面加上of短語表示幾十、幾百、上千、成千上萬等約數(shù)概念。2. hundred，thousand，million等在several之后一般用單數(shù)形式。例：But the carmakers havent decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.考點(diǎn)三 用分?jǐn)?shù)表示數(shù)量分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法：1） 分?jǐn)?shù)由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時(shí)，分母用序數(shù)。例：Two thirds of the money was spent on food. (三分之二)2）分子與分母之間加in/out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都是基數(shù)詞。例：Two in five/ Two out of five of the students in our school are girls. (五分之二)考點(diǎn)四 用數(shù)詞表示順序1. 單純的序號(hào)，可在基數(shù)詞前加number，簡(jiǎn)寫No.2. 事物名詞的序號(hào)表達(dá)法有所不同：相對(duì)于較小的序號(hào)，可用序數(shù)詞也可用基數(shù)詞表示，形式分別為：the+序數(shù)詞+名詞；名詞+基數(shù)詞。對(duì)于相對(duì)較大的序號(hào)，通常只用一種表達(dá)法，即名詞+數(shù)詞。例：Her two sons died in the First World War/ World War One. (第一次世界大戰(zhàn))Mr. Smith stayed in Room 508. (508房間)考點(diǎn)五 用數(shù)詞表示年代和年齡表示年代和年齡，在英語中，整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù) （如twenties20-29；thirties30-39；forties40-49）可以用來表示“幾十年代”和人的“幾十幾歲”之類的年齡，在上述“幾十年代”前要加the，在某人“幾十幾歲”前也要加適當(dāng)?shù)南薅ㄔ~。如：in the 1990s在20世紀(jì)90年代，in his twenties 在他20幾歲時(shí)請(qǐng)寫出下列數(shù)字：第四fourth； 第五fifth；第八eighth；第九ninth；第十二twelfth； 40 forty考點(diǎn)六 數(shù)詞與相關(guān)詞的位置關(guān)系1. 數(shù)詞與another，all等詞連用時(shí)，一般放在他們后面。如：another two cakes；all the five pencils。2. 數(shù)詞與such，more等連用時(shí)，一般放在他們前面。如：two such books；one more apple；3. 數(shù)詞與last，next，other等連用時(shí)，放在他們之前或之后均可。Last two books；two last books；形容詞和副詞知識(shí)概要1. 形容詞及其基本用法用法例句作定語Jim is an honest boy.只作定語的：daily, golden, elder, former, spare, inner, latter, weekly, major.作表語We are hungry.有的形容詞一般只作表語，如表示健康狀況的：well，unwell，ill，faint；表示情感反應(yīng)的glad，sorry，fond，worth，able；以a 開頭的：afraid，alone，asleep，alive，awake，alike，ashamed作補(bǔ)足語We thought the boy boring.2. 副詞及其基本用法用法例句作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞Its raining heavily.(修飾謂語動(dòng)詞)作狀語修飾形容詞Its a rather interesting job（修飾形容詞）作狀語修飾副詞She speaks English very well.(修飾副詞well)作狀語修飾短語動(dòng)詞或全句This is just what he said.(修飾what he said)Here，there，in，out，away，abroad等少數(shù)副詞也可以作表語Tom isnt here.He has been abroad for ten years.考點(diǎn)一 形容詞作后置定語1. 形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，一般位于被修飾的名詞之前。例：Id like to buy a good pair of soft leather gloves.2. 形容詞修飾不定代詞要放在其后。例：She must have met something dangerous.3. 少數(shù)以a開頭的表語形容詞，以-able，-iable結(jié)尾的形容詞及某些其他形容詞常作后置定語。例：There are plenty of jobs available in the western part of the country.4. 由“形容詞+介詞短語/不定式短語”構(gòu)成的形容詞短語作定語要后置。例：This is a problem difficult to solve at present.This is a boy good at sports in our class.5. 由and/or 連接的并列形容詞成對(duì)使用時(shí)要后置。例：Everyone, young or old, will take part in the activities.6. 同表示方位、時(shí)間和數(shù)量等習(xí)語，詞組連用時(shí)，后置。例：That is the river two hundred miles long.考點(diǎn)二 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序口訣：限定描寫大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡與新老，顏色國(guó)籍出材料，作用類別往后靠。如：an expensive Japanese sports car考點(diǎn)三 形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成1）不規(guī)則變化：好 good/wellbetterbest； 壞bad/ill-worse-worst； 多 many/much-more-most少little-less-least；遠(yuǎn)far-farther-farthest/ further-furthest；老old-older-oldest/ elder-eldest；無比較等級(jí)的形容詞和副詞： perfect, favorite, wonderful, excellent2).可用于修飾比較級(jí)的詞:far, even, still ,much, a lot , a little , a bit , twice, not any , rather例：Its a far better thing that I do , than I have ever done.考點(diǎn)四 兩種形式副詞的不同有些副詞有兩種形式：一個(gè)同形容詞同形，一個(gè)以-ly結(jié)尾，但意義不同close接近地 closely 仔細(xì)地，密切地deep深 deeply深深地（抽象）high高 highly 高度地，非常地wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛地clear清楚地 clearly完全地dead突然地，完全地 deadly死一般地，非常late晚，遲 lately近來loud大聲地 loudly大聲地（有“吵鬧”的含義）考點(diǎn)五 比較級(jí)的幾個(gè)特殊句式1. The +比較級(jí)， the +比較級(jí)(倒裝)例：The harder you work , the more progress you ll make.注意：1.the + er 位置在句首，后邊部分構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。2.第一個(gè) the +er 相當(dāng)于從句，所以前半部分句子用一般式表示將來時(shí)。2. cant /couldnt have done + 比較級(jí) = you have done +最高級(jí) 例： - How do you like the film ?- I couldnt have seen a better one. (這是我所看到的最好的影片)3. more A than B 與其