The Garden city theory-文稿.docx

Good morning ladies and gentlemen, its an honor to have the opportunity to give my presentation here. My name is xxxx, Im from School of Environment and Planning. My topic will deal with the Garden city movement. I want to share my interesting planning theory with you. The content of my presentation is divided into 4 parts, we can see the structure from the powerpoint clearly. There are three issues to be resolves in my presentation: background, the theory of Garden City, the Comments of Garden City and conclusion.Part one: Background：In 1898, social reformer Ebenezer Howard promulgated a scheme to build new towns rather than add population to the already large cities, called the garden city plan. Inspired by the utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry Georges work Progress and Poverty, Howard published his book Tomorrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform明日一條通向真正改革的和平道路 in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow).Part two: the theory of Garden CityThe garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, containing proportionate成比例的 areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Garden cities were to be small, thoroughly planned towns, each encircled by an inalienable不能剝奪的 rural estate and interconnected by a rapid transit system of electric railways. The population and area of each settlement would be firmly嚴(yán)格的 controlled. A population of 32,000 was envisaged, with the city proper occupying 1000 acres and the surrounding rural estate 5000 acres eiks. Although of limited size each garden city would be socially and economically balanced, accommodating all classes and providing a range of employment in primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Howard envisaged設(shè)想 regional區(qū)域的 systems of garden cities, each focused on a larger mother city with a population of perhaps 58,000. a series of small, self-sufficient towns was to be interconnected through a mass transit system, with a cultural center located at the core. These polycentric多中心的 “social cities” indeed anticipate預(yù)期the modern concept of a multi-centered city region divided by green belts and served by integrated綜合的 traffic systems. Howards physical plans for the garden city are well known. The city is conceived構(gòu)想, like many utopias, on a circular basis and there is a clear zoning分區(qū) system within it. Service activities and public buildings are at the center with a belt of residential land around them and the railway and factories are on the perimeter周界. Public gardens, parks and tree-lined avenues林蔭大道 are prominent features. Six wide boulevards bulvd林蔭大道 act as radialsredl放射, dividing the city into six equal and self-sufficient parts, or districts, prefiguring預(yù)示the planned neighborhoods later developed new towns. The rural surroundings contain large farms, smallholdings小農(nóng)場 and allotmentsltmnt種菜花小片公地, and are used for agriculture, forestry, recreation消遣 and miscellaneous各式各樣mslens institutions such as hospitals, asylums庇護(hù)所and convalescentknvles()nt康復(fù)期的homes. However, despite such details, Howards maps are clearly diagrammatic and intended as flexible frameworks, adjustable to particular sites, within which individual taste and preference could be given free expression, especially in architecture建筑學(xué) and design. Sanitary衛(wèi)生的 arrangements were, however, to be strictly enforced and all seweragesurd排水設(shè)備 and town refuse would be utilized on the agricultural portions of the estate. That the land on which the garden city stood must be owned by the community was of fundamental importance. This would ensure, first, the social control of physical planning and especially the permanent delimitation限定 of town and country zones, and, secondly, that all increases of land value brought about by development would be put to public use. The resulting steady improvement of amenities方便設(shè)施 and services would largely provide the magnetic 磁的properties of the garden city. In these new settlements. Howard believed that a greatly improved quality of life would be obtainable, including housing, work and leisure conditions, but also transformed social relations and even religious sensibilities. Capitalism資本主義 and cooperation could both flourish; only land uses would be controlled. Rural as well as town life would be enriched. Agriculture, for example, would be stimulated by the presence of local town markets and rural folk given access to urban amenities福利. The attractions of the countryside would everywhere be available to the inhabitants居民 as well as the economic and social opportunities of traditional cities. The fullest life, Howard maintained, could be achieved only when human society and the beauty of nature were enjoyed together. As Howard pictured it, “each inhabitant of the whole group, though in one sense living in a town of small size, would be in reality living in, and would enjoy all the advantages of a great and most beautiful city; and yet all the fresh delights喜悅 of the country.”Part three: Comments of Howards theoryHowards ideas have by some been regarded as highly advanced for his time, but by others described as regressive退化 and harking back to a pre-industrial age. In fact Howards book integrated many of the progressive進(jìn)步的 reforming currents of his time as well as drawing on the latest technology. His major social objectives, such as land reform, co-operativism, and the reversal反轉(zhuǎn) of migration移民 flows from country to town, were being widely debated and some practical steps had been proposed and taken to achieve them through voluntary and private initiatives主動(dòng) as well as government legislation立法. Howards garden city was pointed out to search a remedy賠償 for the problems of industrial society. Understanding of the garden city thus requires close consideration of urban and rural conditions in England at the end of the nineteenth century and of the perceptions感知 of social issues by the reformers of that time. Examination of the social background, attitudes and convictions深信 of Howard himself is clearly needed too, and recognition of the contributions of a number of theorists空談家 and experimentalists prior to Howards time which were assimilated同化 into his writings.Part four: conclusionWith the social and economic development, and further expansion of city size, the cities have been faced with greater ecological pressure, more environmental problems have emerged