Unit 8 Knowledge_and_Wisdomppt課件.ppt

Unit8,KnowledgeandWisdom(abridged)-BertrandRussell,1,Abouttheauthor,BertrandRussell(1872-1970),Britishphilosopherandmathematician,wasoneoftheoutstandingfiguresof20thcenturyBritishphilosophy,andwasespeciallyimportantforhisworkinmathematicallogicandnotableforhissupportofhumanitariancauses.,2,Russellwastwiceimprisonedforactivitiesassociatedwithhisadvocacyofpacifism(1918),andawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1950.,3,Works:AHistoryofWesternPhilosophy(NobelPrized)TheAutobiographyofBertrandRussellPrinciplesofMathematicsTheProblemsofPhilosophyMarriageandMoralsTheConquestofHappinessTheAnalysisofMindRecommendedessays:WhatIHaveLivedforHowtoGrowOld,4,WhatIhavelivedfor,TheProloguetoBertrandRussellsAutobiographyThreepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Ihavesoughtlove,first,becauseitbringsecstasy-ecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.,5,WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine.Loveandknowledge,sofarastheywerepossible,ledupwardtowardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.Childreninfamine,victimstorturedbyoppressors,helplessoldpeopleaburdentotheirsons,andthewholeworldofloneliness,poverty,andpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.Ilongtoalleviatethisevil,butIcannot,andItoosuffer.,6,Thishasbeenmylife.Ihavefounditworthliving,andwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme.,7,Warm-upDiscussion,Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredknowledgeable?Namesomegreatnames.Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredwise?Namesomegreatnames.Whichismuchharderinyouropinion,becomingknowledgeableorbecomingwise?Why?,8,Aretheymenofwisdom?,9,Aretheyclever?Aretheywise?,10,Memorablequotes,Scienceisorganizedknowledge.Wisdomisorganizedlife.Withoutknowledge,Icannotplaytheviolin.Withoutwisdom,Icouldnotplaythemusic.,11,Questiontoponder,Whatarethenecessaryelementsthatcontributetowisdom?,12,StructureAnalysis,13,Para.1,Whatviewiscommonlyacceptedintermsofknowledgeandwisdom?Isthereanyorthodoxdefinitionofwisdom?Hasthewriterstatedthepurposeofthewriting?Whatisit?,14,Para.2-5,Identifythetopicsentencesineachparagraph.,15,(para.2),1stfactor:comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportionTopicsentence:OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.,16,paraphrase,OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.(l.1-3)Amongcontributorstowisdom,Ishallseeasenseofproportionasthetoppriority.Itreferstotheabilitytogetacomprehensiveviewofaproblem,andinthemeantime,notewhichaspectismoreimportantandwhichisless.首先,我要提出的是一種良好的比例意識(shí),也就是能夠考慮一個(gè)問題的所有重要方面,并分別給予它們適當(dāng)?shù)闹匾暤哪芰Α?17,Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians.(l.3-5)Ithasbecomemoredifficultthanbeforebecausedifferentkindsoftechniciansarerequiredtospecializeinmorecomplexandwiderrangeofknowledgetoday.由于現(xiàn)在要求各類技術(shù)人員掌握的專業(yè)知識(shí)越來越多，越來越復(fù)雜，要做到良好的比例意識(shí)比以前更難了。,18,Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge,andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.(l.14-16)Youstudythemake-upoftheatomfromapurelongingforknowledge,butyouputitintothehandsofmenofpowerwhoarecrazytouseittodestroythehumanrace.你出于對(duì)知識(shí)的純粹渴望而研究原子的組成，然而這一研究卻落入一群擁有權(quán)力的狂熱分子手中，成為他們毀滅人類的工具。,19,questions,Why,accordingtothewriter,iscomprehensivenessanimportantfactorthatconstituteswisdom?Whatmessagedoesthewritertrytoconveywiththeexampleoftechnicians?,20,(para.3),2ndfactor:afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlifeTopicsentence:Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.（僅有縱觀全局的能力還不足以稱之為智慧），我們還應(yīng)對(duì)人類的終級(jí)目標(biāo)有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)。,21,Questions,Whatdoes“theendsofhumanlife”referto?Accordingtothewriter,howarefeelingsrelatedtowisdom?,22,(para.4),3rdfactor:emancipationfrompersonalprejudiceTopicsentence:Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.在選擇我們所追求的人生目標(biāo)以及從個(gè)人偏見中解放出來時(shí)，智慧是必不可少的。,23,paraphrase,Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.(l.3-4)Itwouldbeveryunwisetopursueagoalwhichisimpossibleofattainmentandboundtofailevenifitishonorabletorunafterit.追求一個(gè)不可能達(dá)到的目標(biāo)是不明智的，即便它是個(gè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，且令人感到驕傲的追求目標(biāo)。,24,Questions,Howcanwisdomhelponeinhis/herpursuitofalife-longcareer?Whatdoes“convincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness”suggest?,25,(para.5),4thfactor:impartialityTopicsentence:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.,26,paraphrase,Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.(l.1-2)Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistobefreefromthecruelandunjustpracticethatisbasedonwhathappensnowandhere.我想智慧的本質(zhì)就是盡可能的從“此時(shí)此地”的霸道中解放出來。,27,Graduallywiththeyears,hishorizonwidens,andinproportionashisthoughtsandfeelingsbecomelesspersonalandlessconcernedwithhisownphysicalstates,heachievesgrowingwisdom.(l.5-7)Ashegrowsolderandhaswiderexperience,accordinglyhebecomesimpersonalandhisthoughtsandfeelingsarelessconcernedwithhimself,hebecomeswiser.隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，視野的開闊，一個(gè)人的思想和情感變得不那么個(gè)人化，與自身的身體狀況也不那么密切，這時(shí)他的指揮就會(huì)增長(zhǎng)。,28,Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality,ontheonehand,byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace,andontheotherhand,bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings.(l.9-12)Itispossibletobecomeincreasinglyimpartialbygainingknowledgeaboutthehistoryandthefuture,andaboutotherpartsoftheworld,andbyshowingduerespectandinteresttodifferentthings.但是我們有可能去不斷地接近公正，一方面通過了解在時(shí)空上距離我們遙遠(yuǎn)的事物，另一方面在感情上給予它們應(yīng)有的重視。,29,Questions,What,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Andhowcanoneacquiretheessence?Whatdoes“Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree.”mean?,30,surpass,tobebeyondthelimit,powers,orcapacityof;transcend超越eg.Thereisnogreaterchallengethantosurpassyourself.這工作非他的技術(shù)所能勝任。Thetasksurpasseshisskill.,31,eg.Thebeautyofthescenerysurpassedmyexpectation.todoorbebetterthan勝過，超出Wow,theresultssurpassedallourexpectations.Thelatecomerssurpasstheearlystarters.后來者居上Synonym:transcend,exceed,gobeyondsur-over,above,beyondeg.surcharge,surrealism,32,correlative,Timeiscorrelativewithspeed.時(shí)間是對(duì)速度而言。related;corresponding（與with,to連用）相關(guān)的，有關(guān)聯(lián)的，相應(yīng)的eg.民主是對(duì)集中而言的Democracyiscorrelativewithcentralism.correlativeconjunction.關(guān)聯(lián)詞,33,cease,e.g.“foldourwings,andceasefromwanderings”“收起我們的翅膀，停止流浪”(Tennyson)v.Stopdoingsomethingorstophappening在很多小說里都有描述，樓蘭城在很久前就不復(fù)存在了。Lowlantowndescribedinmanynovelshaslongsinceceasedtoexist.?；穑easeFire!口若懸河，滔滔不絕talkedonandonwithoutcease.,34,promote,eg.Ourteacherhasbeenpromotedtoheadmaster.toadvancetothenexthighergrade.（常與to連用）提升他們將他提拔為將軍。Theypromotedhimtobeageneral.eg.Doyouhaveanyideahowtopromotethesalesofthisproduct?Toattempttosellorpopularizebyadvertisingorpublicity:宣傳，推銷promotion促銷,35,Milkpromoteshealth.牛奶可增進(jìn)健康。tocontributetotheprogressorgrowthof;支持；促進(jìn)；鼓勵(lì)促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)/繁榮/了解promotegrowth/prosperity/understanding倡議憲法修正案moteaBroadwayshow主辦百老匯演出,36,Q應(yīng)有的Theywillsurelymeetwithduepunishment.dueesteem/respect/reward應(yīng)有的評(píng)價(jià)；全部應(yīng)有的尊敬Ourhappychildhoodisduetoourfathershardwork.我們幸福的童年應(yīng)歸功于父親的辛勤勞動(dòng)。,41,spectacular,Avatarisaspectacularfilm.阿凡達(dá)是一部場(chǎng)面壯觀的電影。Theceremonialopeningoftheexhibitionwasveryspectacular.展覽會(huì)的開幕式非常壯觀。Ofthenatureofaspectacle;impressiveorsensational.壯觀的：場(chǎng)面自然的；給人留下深刻印象的或轟動(dòng)的,42,disinterested,Ajudgeshouldbedisinterested,heshouldnotfavoranyindividuals.法官應(yīng)該公平無私。上帝對(duì)每個(gè)人都是公平的！TheGodmakeseveryonedisinterested.Freeofbiasandself-interest;impartial:無私的，無偏見私欲的，公正不阿的：,43,Youstudytheformationoftheatomjustforthesakeofpurescientificknowledge,butwithyourresearchcomesthedestructiveweaponwhichmightbeusedbysomepowerfulbutextremelyfoolishpersonstodestroythehumanrace.,44,Peopleeatmorefruitandvegetablethanbeforeinpursuitofahealthierdiet.theactofstriving追求Therefore,ifwisdomisnottakenintoconsideration,thepursuitofknowledgecanbedamaging,andthosespecialistswhoarepursuingknowledgedontnecessarilyhavethewisdomdefinedasanall-roundinsight.Notallthespecialistswhoarepursuingknowledgehavethewisdomthatcantakealltheaspectsofaproblemintoconsideration.因此，如果不結(jié)合智慧，知識(shí)的追求可能是有害而無益的，而那些追求知識(shí)的專業(yè)人士身上就未必有這種統(tǒng)攬全局的思想。,45,Para.2,Whatdoes“asenseofproportion”mean?“thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.”Canyouparaphrasethissentence?theabilitytojudgecorrectlywhatfactorsareofmoreimportanceandwhatareoflessimportance.Whyis“asenseofproportion”animportantfactorthatconstitutewisdom?Becauseoftheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledge,onewhoisengagedinonespecificfieldmayfailtoforeseethepossibleharmfuloutcome.,46,eminent,aneminentpeak.巍峨的山峰toweringorstandingoutaboveothers;prominent高聳的，巍峨的eg.Thestudentsareexpectingthearrivalofaneminentscientist.beeminentamongonescontemporariesfamousanddistinguished,respectableeminentsouls社會(huì)名流，杰出人士eminentfame聲譽(yù)卓著,47,distort,Hisfacewasdistortedbyrage.他因發(fā)怒而臉色大變。totwistoutofaproperornaturalrelationofparts;misshape.使變形；扭曲；使失真distorthistory/distortthefacts篡改歷史/歪曲事實(shí)deliberatelydistort/distorttheoriginalintention有意歪曲/曲解原意misrepresent(motives,facts,statements,etc)歪曲，曲解,48,FullnameGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegelBirthAugust27,1770(Stuttgart,Germany)DeathNovember14,1831(aged61)(Berlin,Germany)School/traditionGermanIdealism;FounderofHegelianism,49,inculcate,eg.Itisimportanttoinculcatetheyoungwiththesenseofduty.向年輕人灌輸責(zé)任感tofix(ideasandprinciples)inthemindofsb.,toteach(others)byfrequentinstructionorrepetition反復(fù)灌輸,諄諄教誨,50,Standard-bearer,eg.LuHsunwasthegreatestandthemostcourageousstandard-bearerofthisnewculturalforce.aleaderinapoliticalgroupofcampaign旗手；領(lǐng)袖ThroughitsownworktheYouthLeaguehasproveditselftobeastandardbearerofthefinesonsanddaughtersofthemotherlandandacapableassistanttothePartyonallfronts.青年團(tuán)在自己的工作中，表現(xiàn)得不愧為祖國(guó)的優(yōu)秀兒女的旗幟，不愧為黨在各個(gè)戰(zhàn)線上的有力的助手。,51,Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmenwhoseknowledgeiswidebutwholesfeelingsarenarrow.SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom.=itisverycommontofindpeoplewhoarerichinknowledgebutpoorinfeelings.Thesemandonthavethewisdominmydifinition.我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)一些人知識(shí)淵博，可情感狹隘，這些人就缺乏我所言之“智慧”。,52,Para.3,Whatdoes“comprehensiveness”referto?Itreferstotheabilitymentionedinthepreviousparagraph.Similarmeaningto“asenseofproportion”.Whatdoes“theendsofhumanlife”referto?Itreferstothegoalsofhumanlife.Whatdoes“bynomeansuncommonmean?bynomeans=notatallbynomeansuncommon=verycommon,53,Para.4,Whatdoes“convincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness”suggest?Thissuggeststhatallhumansarewickedtosomeextent.,54,emancipation(from),freedomfrompolitical,moral,intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjustice解放釋放eg.theemancipationofallmankind全人類的解放EmancipationProclamation美解放黑奴宣言,55,prejudice,偏見；成見eg.Ajudgemustbefreefromprejudice.socialprejudiceHehasaprejudiceagainstallforeigners.比較prejudice,bias,partialityprejudice指“除了私人感情以外毫無根據(jù)的判斷或成見,常帶有惡意”,如:eg.Hehadaprejudiceagainstthem.bias指“依個(gè)人好惡或成見提出有偏差的意見或判斷”,如:eg.Hehadabiastowardtheplan.partiality指“偏袒”或“偏愛”,如:Hehadapartialityforchess.,56,conferon(upon),grant授予(稱號(hào)、學(xué)位等),贈(zèng)與,把.贈(zèng)與eg.Thequeenconferredknighthoodsonseveraldistinguishedmen.Thehonorwasconferredonhimjustafterthewar.,57,appalling,frightful令人震驚的,駭人聽聞的eg.appallingworkingconditionsappallingviolence.Whenwillthisappallingwarend?Hisignoranceisappalling.,58,Para.5,Whatdoes“Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree”?Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplecannotavoidbeingpartial.Thedifferencebetweenawisemanandanunwisemanistheformerhasalesserdegreeofpartiality.Asonebecomesmoreimpartial,hiswisdomgrows.,59,beboundupwith,beinvolvedin,dependenton,connectedwith與.有密切聯(lián)系;與.利益一致eg.Thesurvivalofthesecreaturesisintimatelyboundupwiththehealthoftheocean.,60,impartial,unbiased,unprejudiced不偏不倚的；沒有偏見的比較fair,just,impartialfair最常用，意義最普通eg.afairdeal;afairfight;afairgamejust強(qiáng)調(diào)與法律或道德準(zhǔn)則所提倡的一致eg.akindandjustm