外研版九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)(上冊(cè))語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總.doc

. . . .外研版九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)上語(yǔ)法匯總1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在活當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)。例如：Im watching TV now.例如：Lucy is preparing for the test these days, but now she is playing the piano.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)肯定句的結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+be（am/is/are）+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（-ing）以動(dòng)詞work為例：肯定式I am working.He/she/it is working.We/You/They are working.疑問(wèn)式Am i working?Is he/She/It working?Are we/you/they working?否定式1,I am not working.2,He/She/It is not(isnt) working.3,We/You/They are not(arent) working.否定疑問(wèn)式1,Am i not working?2,Is he/she/it not working? 或Isnt he/she/it working?3,Are we/you/they not working? 或 Arent we/you/they working?注意：come，go，leave，arrive，fly，start，begin等動(dòng)詞，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的概念。例如：The train is leaving in five minutes.二. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法1. be going to引導(dǎo)的一般將來(lái)時(shí)be going to表示將要發(fā)生的事或打算、計(jì)劃要做某事，它是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的一種表達(dá)形式，其后常有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， 如tomorrow、next week等，形式是：be going to +動(dòng)詞原形。be隨著主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化，而going to固定不變，to是不定式符號(hào)，后跟動(dòng)詞原形。例如：I am going to study hard this term. 我打算這學(xué)期努力學(xué)習(xí)。She is going to write to him as soon as possible. 她打算盡快給他寫信。2. will引導(dǎo)的一般將來(lái)時(shí)will是助動(dòng)詞，意為“將；將要”，其后要跟動(dòng)詞原形，即“will +動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)，描述從現(xiàn)在來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的事情或表達(dá)對(duì)將來(lái)的預(yù)測(cè)等。助動(dòng)詞will可用于各種人稱，無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化。句子中往往有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如tomorrow、next week、in ten years等?？隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+will+動(dòng)詞原形+其他；否定句：主語(yǔ)+will not/wont +動(dòng)詞原形+其他；一般疑問(wèn)句：Will+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他？ 例如：I will visit my grandparents next weekend. 下周末，我將去拜訪我的爺爺奶奶。-Will he pass the exam tomorrow? -Yes, he will. -他將會(huì)通過(guò)明天的考試嗎？-是的，他會(huì)的。注意：shall+動(dòng)詞原形，可用于主語(yǔ)為第一人稱的一般將來(lái)時(shí)(英國(guó)人的用法)。例如：Where shall we meet tomorrow? 我們明天在哪里會(huì)面？Be going to和will 的區(qū)別：be going to既可以指主管打算也可以住客觀跡象表明將要發(fā)生；will往往指沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)劃，臨時(shí)出現(xiàn)的意圖，常伴有說(shuō)話者的主觀意愿或指將來(lái)必然發(fā)生的事。例如：I am going to quit my present job.我打算辭去目前的工作。(目前經(jīng)過(guò)思考后的打算，指向?qū)?lái))I will answer the door.我去開(kāi)門。(未經(jīng)事先考慮的意圖)The little boy is going to fall over.這個(gè)小男孩要摔倒了。(根據(jù)客觀跡象得出判斷)I hope it will be fine tomorrow.我希望明天會(huì)好起來(lái)。（主觀意愿）三，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法（1）概念：表示經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作；也表示客觀真理；用于時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句，遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”(主語(yǔ)將來(lái)時(shí)，從句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))這一規(guī)律。（2）常與下列單詞或詞組連用：always，usually，often, sometimes，every week (day，year，month)，once a week，on Sundays例：We are always ready to help others.（3）基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+is/am/are或do/does(動(dòng)詞原形/動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式）例：It always snows here at this time.（4）否定形式：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，需改成am/is/are+not；若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加dont/doesnt，行為動(dòng)詞恢復(fù)原形。例：He doesnt know what to say.（5）一般疑問(wèn)句：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，需將is/am/are放于句首；若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為行為動(dòng)詞，需將助動(dòng)詞do/does提至句首，同時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞恢復(fù)原形。例：Does he know what to say?The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽(yáng)東升西落。四， 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法（1）概念：表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài)。（2）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week，last(year，night，month)，in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time，etc。（3）基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去形式/行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（4）否定形式：was/were+not；在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt，同時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞恢復(fù)原形。（5）一般疑問(wèn)句：be動(dòng)詞將was或were放于句首；行為動(dòng)詞用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did 提問(wèn)，同時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞恢復(fù)原形。例：She often came to see us in those days.He didnt know you were so busy.注意：在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表將來(lái)動(dòng)作。Alina said she would come if I waited for her. 艾琳娜說(shuō)如果我等她，她會(huì)來(lái)的。五， 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（1）概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。（2）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently，lately，never，before，for，since，in the past few years，etc。（3）基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done(動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)（4）否定形式：have/has + not +done（5）一般疑問(wèn)句：把have或has提到句首。例：I have read the book before.Zhengzhou has changed a lot in the past few years.注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)應(yīng)注意舉重的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作在肯定句不可和一段時(shí)間連用。錯(cuò)誤：I have left this school for 8 years. 正確：I have been away from school for 8 years.在否定句中非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可與一段時(shí)間連用。I havent gone to see him for several months.我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)月沒(méi)去看他了。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作延續(xù)性動(dòng)作非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作延續(xù)性動(dòng)作BuyHaveFinishBe overBorrowKeepDieBe deadOpenBe openCatch a coldHave a coldCloseBe closedPut onWearBegin/startBe onGet upBe upComeBe hereWake upBe awakeGoBe thereFall asleepBe asleepLoseNot haveJoinBe inLeaveBe awayArrive/reachBeMarry/get marriedBe married一，as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句動(dòng)作隨即發(fā)生，意為“一就”。如果主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)或含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。當(dāng)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候，主句用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。主句將來(lái)時(shí)as soon as 從句過(guò)去時(shí) (主將從現(xiàn))主句過(guò)去時(shí) as soon as 從句過(guò)去時(shí)例如：I will tell him the good news as soon as he comes back.他一回來(lái)，我就會(huì)告訴他這個(gè)好消息。My father started to read the newspaper as soon as he sat down. 我父親一坐下就開(kāi)始看報(bào)紙。二，when/while/as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1. when意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”，當(dāng)引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可用短暫性動(dòng)詞。從句中的動(dòng)詞可表動(dòng)作，也可表狀態(tài)。主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作可以與從句的動(dòng)作時(shí)間同時(shí)，也可不同時(shí)。例：When I was watching TV, my mother came back.2. while意為“在的時(shí)候；在期間”，指一個(gè)時(shí)間段，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作與從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作過(guò)程中。例：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspapers.3. as意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候；隨著”，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可用短暫性動(dòng)詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；或某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生。例：As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.The little girls sang as they danced.異同點(diǎn)when/while/as都是可用在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句前的連詞，意為“當(dāng)時(shí)候”。1.相同點(diǎn)：從句謂語(yǔ)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)：when、while和as可以互換。但是多用while。例：Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as/when/whilefather was away in France.2.不同點(diǎn)：三，由連詞till/until(not.until)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句till / until在表達(dá)方式和意義上的特殊性：until是till的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，但是它們表達(dá)的意義是相同的，都表示“直到某時(shí)”。不過(guò)，當(dāng)主句是否定句時(shí)，它引出的意思是“直到（某時(shí)）（某動(dòng)作）才（發(fā)生）”，這時(shí)候常會(huì)出現(xiàn)“not until/till”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：They didnt notice their mistakes till we pointed them out to them.直到我們指出了他們的錯(cuò)誤，他們才意識(shí)到。但是，當(dāng)主句是肯定句時(shí)，它引出的意思是“直到（某時(shí)某動(dòng)作停止了）”。例如：The students made much noise till the teacher came into the classroom.直到老師走進(jìn)教室學(xué)生們才停止了大聲喧嘩。另外，until可以放在句首而till則不行。我們只能說(shuō)：Until they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy.在他們花光他們所有的錢之前，這對(duì)年輕夫婦都很開(kāi)心。這兩個(gè)詞意義相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某時(shí)”，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是“直至某時(shí)才做某事”。動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定式還是否定式?？隙ň洌喝纾篒 slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。否定句：如：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.她直到6點(diǎn)才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。四，由連詞before/after/as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1. before和afterBefore表示在.之前，先于，到.為止，才。before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前。before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)例如：Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛(ài)因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。after與before，在.之后。當(dāng)從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前 ，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前，從句謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí) 。例如：He went out for a walk after he had finished the work .他完成這項(xiàng)工作后他出去散步。當(dāng)從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，如不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的先后，主句和從句均用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：He went to bed after he finished his homework last night .5， 由連詞since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示自.以來(lái)。主句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。since表示“自從以來(lái)”，作連詞可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：We have known each other since we were children.我們從小認(rèn)識(shí)。Theyve moved twice since they got married.他們結(jié)婚后已搬了兩次家。這類句子的主句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但是，當(dāng)主句表示一段時(shí)間時(shí)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，Since 從句不可以用否定式。例如：Its a long time since we met last.好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)面了。How long is it since you came to London?你來(lái)倫敦有多久了?It has been 2 years since we last met.自從上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái)已經(jīng)有兩年了。1， 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中一般不用can和may等詞，而且從內(nèi)容上看主句和它引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句有因果關(guān)系，主句為因，從句為果。如：1. He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus.他起床早為的是能趕上第一班汽車。（表目的，目的狀語(yǔ)從句）2. He got up late so that he didnt catch the first bus.他起床晚了以致于他沒(méi)有趕上第一班車。（表結(jié)果，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）so.that.和such.that.“如此.以致于.”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。（1）so +形容詞/副詞+ that +從句,如：例：This story is so interesting that I want to read it again.這個(gè)故事如此有趣以致我想再讀一次.例：He spoke so quickly that I couldnt follow him.他說(shuō)得如此快以致我跟不上他了.（2）so+形容詞+ a/an +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+ that +從句例：She is so lovely a girl that everyone loves her.她是如此可愛(ài)的一個(gè)女孩以致每個(gè)人都喜歡她。（3）such+ a/ an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that+從句以及such+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+that+從句：例：She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her.她是如此可愛(ài)的一個(gè)女孩以致每個(gè)人都喜歡她。Those are such beautiful flowers that the girl wants to pick them.那些花是如此漂亮以致那個(gè)女孩想要摘下它們.注意：so后面跟形容詞、副詞或由few，little，a little，many，much修飾的名詞。例如： He ran so quickly that I couldnt catch up with him他跑得太快，我趕不上他。The box costs so little that I can afford it.這個(gè)箱子很便宜，我買得起。二，目的狀語(yǔ)從句從句表示的是主句行為的目的從句就叫目的狀語(yǔ)從句，常用的連詞有：so that（以便），in order that（為了；以便）。從句謂語(yǔ)一般含有may, might, can, could, will, would等表示可能性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例：Please speak loudly so that everyone can hear you.注意:在口語(yǔ)中so可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。例：Well sit nearer the front so we can hear better.我們坐的靠前一點(diǎn)，因此，我們聽(tīng)得清楚一點(diǎn)。引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)so that與in order that用法相同，不過(guò)so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句不能置于句首so that還可以表示結(jié)果，意思為“以致于，以便”，也就是說(shuō)由so that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可以認(rèn)為是目的狀語(yǔ)從句，也可以理解為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)分時(shí)關(guān)鍵看從句是否含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。注意:短語(yǔ)in order to 和so as to表示為了，+動(dòng)詞原形。當(dāng)從句與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可用so as to，in order to與目的狀語(yǔ)從句互換。He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.=He worked day and night in order to succeed.他日以繼夜的工作想要獲得成功。We will sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear better=We will sit in the front of the tall so as to/in order to hear better.我們將坐在大廳的前面，以便能聽(tīng)得更清楚。三，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要的有because, as, since等。because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般放于主句之后，because表示直接原因，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，最適合回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般放于主句之前，表示已知的、顯然的理由。意為“既然”，較為正式，語(yǔ)氣比because弱。as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句表示附帶說(shuō)明的“雙方已知的原因”，語(yǔ)氣比since弱，位置較為靈活，常放于主句之前。如：I do it because I like it.Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.As it is raining, youd better take a taxi.注意：1. because不與so連用。正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home.It was raining, so we stayed at home.誤：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.2. because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可與because of短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。because+從句，because of+名詞（短語(yǔ)）。如：He cant come because he is ill.=He cant come because of his illness.系動(dòng)詞：表示感官、表象的連系動(dòng)詞(look, feel, smell, sound, taste, seem, appear)形容詞在系動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。常見(jiàn)系動(dòng)詞有：1. be2. 變化系動(dòng)詞：become, get, turn, grow, go 3. 保持系動(dòng)詞：keep, remain, stay4. 感官系動(dòng)詞：look, smell, taste, feel, sound5. 其他：seem, fall, lie, appear等例：1. This shirt feels soft. 這件襯衫摸起來(lái)很柔軟。2. The egg soup tastes delicious. 這個(gè)蛋湯品嘗起來(lái)美味。3. My sister looks a bit sad. 我妹妹看起來(lái)有一點(diǎn)傷心。4. Mr. Li got angry when he knew that his windows were broken.當(dāng)李先生知道他的窗戶壞了的時(shí)候，他生氣了。When引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“當(dāng)（在）時(shí)候”。when相當(dāng)于at that time或during that time，既指時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可指一段時(shí)間，引導(dǎo)的從句可用短暫性動(dòng)詞，也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（后者相當(dāng)于while）。例：1. Jim came in while/when Kate was watching TV.Kate正在看電視的時(shí)候，Jim進(jìn)來(lái)了。2. Jim was reading when the teacher came in.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，Jim正在讀書。補(bǔ)充：while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“當(dāng)（在）時(shí)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)during that time，while從句中常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞。注意：while可表示比較，此時(shí)前后時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。例：Jim was reading while Kate was watching TV.Kate正在看電視而Jim正在讀書。though、although和as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有though、although和as等。though和although表示“雖然，縱然”之意，在一般情況下可以互換使用。在口語(yǔ)中，though較常使用，although比though正式，二者都可與yet、still或never、the less連用，但不能與but連用。例：Although/Though he was exhausted, (still) he kept on working.雖然他精疲力盡了，但他仍然堅(jiān)持工作so.that. “如此以致于”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，其引導(dǎo)四種不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)如下：1. so+形容詞+that從句如：It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game.外面天氣太冷了，我們不得不停止比賽。2. so+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+that從句如：She made so good a meal that we all ate far too much.她做的飯菜那么好吃，結(jié)果我們都吃得太多了。3. so+副詞+that從句 如：He did so well in the examination that everyone praised him.他考得那么好，人人都稱贊他。4. so+many/much/few/little（意為“少量的”）+名詞+that從句如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我跌了那么多跤，全身跌得青一塊，紫一塊的。否定的祈使句表示禁止的結(jié)構(gòu)講解：在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中，常用No doing! No + n.或者Dont do等句型表達(dá)在某些場(chǎng)合“禁止某種行為”，或?qū)δ撤N行為進(jìn)行勸阻，但并非所有的動(dòng)詞或名詞都可以這樣表達(dá)，常見(jiàn)的搭配如下：由連詞if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句與祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)換由連詞if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句與祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)換If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成簡(jiǎn)單句，變成“祈使句+and/or+簡(jiǎn)單句”的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中and表示句意順承，or表示句意轉(zhuǎn)折。例：If you work hard, youll pass the exam.Work hard, and youll pass the exam.如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，你就會(huì)通過(guò)考試。例：If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Hurry up, or youll be late.如果你不快點(diǎn)，你將會(huì)遲到特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句連接代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句可由連接代詞what、who、whom、whose、which等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等，因此不能省略。如：Do you know who will come this afternoon?（作主語(yǔ)）你知道今天下午誰(shuí)會(huì)來(lái)嗎？Did you hear what she said?（作賓語(yǔ)）你聽(tīng)到她說(shuō)的話了嗎？I dont know who you are.（作表語(yǔ)）我不知道你是誰(shuí)。Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?（作gate的定語(yǔ)）你能告訴我我們要去哪扇大門嗎？連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句可由連接副詞when、where、how、why等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，不可省略。如：We didnt know when she would come back.我們不知道她會(huì)什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。Do you know where he lives now?你知道他現(xiàn)在住在哪里嗎？說(shuō)明：含how的詞組也可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。主要有how old、how many、how much、how long、how often、how far等。如：Do you know how old he is?你知道到他多大年紀(jì)嗎？if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句1.if意為“如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，既可放在主句前面，也可放在主句后面。若if條件句放在句首，從句后面要加逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。If you go there, Ill go, too.如果你去那兒，我也會(huì)去。My mother will take me to the park if she is free.如果我媽媽有空，她就會(huì)帶我去公園。2.時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用：在含有if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句為下列情形之一的，條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。(1)主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，即遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則。If he comes, he will bring his violin.如果他來(lái)，就會(huì)帶上他的小提琴。(2)主句是含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子，如may/might/can/must/should。If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.如果你想減肥，就必須少吃面包。(3)主句是祈使句。If you are not strong enough, please dont take part in such an activity.如果你不是很健壯，請(qǐng)不要參加這種活動(dòng)。3.句型轉(zhuǎn)換：(1)借助“祈使句+and/or+陳述句（一般將來(lái)時(shí)）”這一句型來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。其中，在句意上and表示順承；or表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“否則”。If you work hard, youll pass the exam easily.=Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily.努力學(xué)習(xí)，你將很容易通過(guò)考試。(2)借助without或with來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換條件狀語(yǔ)從句。If there is no water, fish will die.=Fish will die without water.如果沒(méi)有水，魚將會(huì)死。If you help me, Ill finish the work soon.=With your help, Ill finish the work soon.如果你幫助我，我將很快完成工作。beableto與can均可表示能力，但也有以下區(qū)別：1. can只有兩種時(shí)態(tài)，即can和could，而be able to有多種時(shí)態(tài)，如was/were able to, will/shall be able to, have/has been able to等；I can tell you how to learn English well.我可以告訴你如何把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好。I am able to solve this problem on my own.我能自己解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。I was able to cook.我以前會(huì)做飯。I hope that I will be able to play the piano in the future.我希望我將來(lái)可以彈鋼琴。2.表示通過(guò)努力做成某事要用be able to，而不能用can；After months of hard study，she is able to speak English now.經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)月的努力學(xué)習(xí)，她現(xiàn)在會(huì)說(shuō)英文了。3.can能表猜測(cè)，be able to不能。can的這種用法主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句；It cant be Tom, because he is in Shanghai now.那不可能是Tom，因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在在上海。4.can可以表“請(qǐng)求”,與may可以互換；can還可以表示應(yīng)允，這兩種情況都不可用be able to代替。-Can /May I have a sit?我可以坐下嗎？-Yes, you may/can.是的，你可以。because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句because是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，表示直接的原因或理由，常用于回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前或主句后，但一般放于主句后。I wont go there because I want to do my homework.Because he was ill, he was late for school.because不能與so連用漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上說(shuō)“因?yàn)樗浴?，但英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上卻不能將so與because連用。例如：因?yàn)橄掠?，所以我們得呆在家里。正：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.誤：Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.because從句與because of短語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可與because of短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換，但because of后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞等。例如：He cant come because he is ill. / He cant come because of his illness.他因病不能來(lái)。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因?yàn)樗拮釉谀莾?，我?duì)此事只字未提。拓展：比較：because，since，as和for的區(qū)別：1) because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般放于主句的后面，because從句位于句首時(shí)要用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，放在句末時(shí)，可不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。because表示直接原因，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，最適合回答why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。because of也表示原因，但它后面不接從句,只能接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞。注意：because和so不可同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里。2) since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、顯然的理由(通常被翻譯成“既然”= now that )，較為正式，語(yǔ)氣比because弱。例如：Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.Since you dont trust him, you should not employ him.Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.3) as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示附帶說(shuō)明的“雙方已知的原因”，含有對(duì)比說(shuō)明的意味，語(yǔ)氣比since弱，較為正式，位置較為靈活(常放于主句之前)。例如：As it is raining, youd better take a taxi.As you are tired, you had better rest.I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.4）for并列連詞，表示原因但并不說(shuō)明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，只提供一些輔助性的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，for引導(dǎo)的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必須用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。例如：He could not have seen me, for I was not there.He seldom goes out now, for he is very old.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)其謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)為：am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其他.Farm machines are made in the factory.農(nóng)用機(jī)械生產(chǎn)于那家工廠。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)否定在英語(yǔ)中，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Computers are more and more widely used now.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）電腦現(xiàn)在被越來(lái)越廣泛地使用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+is/am/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）.否定句：主語(yǔ)+be not+過(guò)去分詞+（by）.如：You were notmentioned in the conversation.你在談話中沒(méi)有被提到。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般疑問(wèn)句在英語(yǔ)中，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Computers are more and more widely used now.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）電腦現(xiàn)在被越來(lái)越廣泛地使用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+is/am/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）.一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）?如：Wereyoumentioned in the conversation?你在談話中被提到了嗎？被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 結(jié)構(gòu)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 特殊疑問(wèn)在英語(yǔ)中，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Computers are more and more widely used now.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）電腦現(xiàn)在被越來(lái)越廣泛地使用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+is/am/are+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）?如：How many people were mentioned in the conversation?在談話中有多少人被提到？一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)肯定句肯定句：主語(yǔ)+ was/were +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（+ by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）.例：These trees were planted by my grandfather last year. 這些樹(shù)是由我爺爺去年種植的。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)否定句否定句：主語(yǔ)+ was/were + not+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（+ by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）.例：These trees were not planted by my grandfather last year.這些樹(shù)不是由我爺爺去年種植的。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中表人的直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的位置不變。例：The school encouraged students to train for high jump.學(xué)校鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生們?yōu)樘哂?xùn)練。Students were encouraged by the school to train for high jump.學(xué)生們被學(xué)校鼓勵(lì)為跳高訓(xùn)練。但是，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)to do中的to被省略時(shí)，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)里加上to。例：The boss made him finish the work in one day.老板讓他在一天內(nèi)完成工作。He was made to finish the work in one day by the boss.他被老板要求在一天內(nèi)完成工作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句：Was/Were+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+（by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）?Were these trees planted by my grandfather last year?這些樹(shù)是被我爺爺去年種的嗎？一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+was/were+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者）?When were these trees planted by my grandfather?這些樹(shù)是什么時(shí)候被我爺爺種的？一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞+shall/will+主語(yǔ)+be done+其它?特殊疑問(wèn)詞+am/is/are+主語(yǔ)+going tobe done+其它?如：-Whatwill be put up here?-A new stadium.在這里什么將會(huì)被建立？一個(gè)新體育場(chǎng)。-When are ten trees going to be planted by them?-Tomorrow.十棵樹(shù)什么時(shí)候?qū)?huì)被他們?cè)苑N？明天。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般疑問(wèn)句Shall/Will+主語(yǔ)+be done+其它?Am/Is/Are+主語(yǔ)+going tobe done+其它?如：-Will the TV be used more than the radio in the future?-Yes, it will./No, it wont.在未來(lái)，電視會(huì)被使用得比廣播更頻繁嗎？是的，它將會(huì)。/不，它將不會(huì)。-Is thetraffic problem going to be solved in a week?-Yes, it is./No, it isnt.這個(gè)交通問(wèn)題一周內(nèi)將會(huì)被解決嗎？是的，它將會(huì)。/不，它將不會(huì)。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)否定句主語(yǔ)+shall/will+not+be done+其它.主語(yǔ)+am/is/are+not+going tobe done+其它.如：The radiowontbe used more thanthe TV in the future.在未來(lái)，廣播將不會(huì)被使用得比電視更頻繁。Thetraffic problem isnt going to be solved in a day.這個(gè)交通問(wèn)題一天內(nèi)將不會(huì)被解決。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)肯定句