汽車變速器的設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 英文資料翻譯 作 者 ：周 杰 指導(dǎo)教師 ：孫飛豹（副教授） 學(xué)科、專業(yè)：車輛工程 沈陽(yáng)理工大學(xué)應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院 2011 年 12 月 20 日 transmission used in automobiles A standard transmission or manual transmission is the traditional type of transmission used in automobiles. The manual or standard transmission consists of a series of gears, synchros, roller bearings, shafts and gear selectors. The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from the transmission. Heliacal cut gears are used to select the ratio desired the sector fork move gears from one to another by using the gearshift knob. Synchros are used to slow the gear to a stop before it is engaged to avoid gear grinding, the counter shaft hold the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft. A stick shift transmission has no torque converter so there is no need for a transmission cooler. A stick shift transmission needs a simple fluid change for proper service. (there is no transmission filter in a stick shift transmission). Transmission Shifter - 1 - Most manual transmissions have one reverse gear and four to six forward gears. Some cars also have eight forward gears while thirteen to twenty-four gears are present in semi trucks. To differentiate among the available standard transmissions, they are addressed by the number of forward gears. For example, if the standard transmission has five gears, it will be referred to as 5-speed standard transmission or 5-speed standard. Typical Standard Transmission Configuration Inside the transmission shafts contain all forward and reverse gears. Most transmissions contain three shafts: input shaft, output shaft and counter or lay shaft. Other than standard transmission, there are other transmissions like continuously variable transmission, automatic transmission and semi-automatic transmission. In the manual transmission, a pair of gears inside the transmission selects the gear ratios. Whereas, in an automatic transmission, combination of brake bands and clutch packs control the planetary gear which selects the gear ratio. If there is a provision to select a gear ratio manually in automatic transmissions, the system is called a semi-automatic transmission. The driver can select from any of the gears at any point - 2 - of time. In some automobiles like racing cars and motorcycles that have standard transmissions, the driver can select the preceding or the following gear ratio with no clutch operation needed. This type of standard transmission is known as sequential transmission. In this transmission the clutch is still used for initial take off. Clutch and Flywheel Assembly The main clutch plays the role of a coupling device which separates the transmission and the engine. If the clutch is absent and the car comes to a stop the engine will stall. In automobiles, the clutch can be operated with the help of a pedal located on the floor of the vehicle. In an automatic transmission instead of a clutch, a torque converter is used to separate the transmission and engine. - 3 - Typical Stick Shift Patterns A desired gear can be selected by a lever which is usually located on the floor in between the driver and passenger seat. This selector lever is called the gear lever or gear selector or gear shift or shifter. This gear stick can be made to move in right, left, forward and backward direction. When the gear is placed on the N position or neutral position, no gear will be selected. To move the car in the backward direction, the R gear or reverse gear should be selected. Standard transmissions are more efficient and less expensive to produce than automatic transmissions. A Standard transmission is about 15% more efficient compared to an automatic transmission. Standard transmissions are generally stronger than automatic transmissions and off road vehicles take advantage of a direct gear selection so they can withstand rough conditions. Less active cooling is also required in manual transmission system because less power is wasted. - 4 - Popular Problem Checks Car will not go into gear Clutch disc is broken completely Internal transmission damage Failed clutch master cylinder Seized clutch slave cylinder Broken clutch fork pivot Broken clutch cable Car goes into gear but it fades out or is slipping Clutch is worn out and needs replacement Clutch is oil soaked from a external engine oil leak Car makes grinding noise while operating or shifting gears One of the roller or thrust bearings has failed The gear synchro is worn out not forcing the gear stop before it is engaged causing a grinding gear. A counter or main shaft bearing has failed causing misalignment of the gears Troubleshooting Noise and Problems If the vehicle is running and a whirring sound is heard, then it goes away when the clutch is depressed, the transmission input bearing has failed. If the transmission is quiet in neutral but when you depress the clutch a squeaking noise is observed, a clutch throw out bearing has failed. Tips:Never let little noises go unattended； a small noise can cause a large noise and transmission operation failure. Never overload a vehicle or tow beyond the capacity this can cause premature transmission failure. - 5 - 汽車變速器 汽車傳統(tǒng)變速器是那種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手動(dòng)變速器。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手動(dòng)變速器由一系列的齒輪、同步器、軸承、軸和換檔撥叉組成。主離合器總成是用來(lái)啟動(dòng)和切斷傳動(dòng)系與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。 齒輪組用來(lái)選擇理想的傳動(dòng)比，通過(guò)換檔桿帶 動(dòng)撥叉把齒輪從一個(gè)位置移到另一個(gè)位置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。同步器是用來(lái)在齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置嚙合以前使齒輪減速，避免齒輪磨損。中間軸控制齒輪組在合適的位置并且使輸出軸與主動(dòng)輸入在反向。手動(dòng)變速器沒(méi)有變矩器，所以也沒(méi)有不要配冷卻系統(tǒng)，正確保養(yǎng)手動(dòng)變速器只需要更換變速器油即可（手動(dòng)檔變速器沒(méi)有自動(dòng)變速器潤(rùn)滑油過(guò)濾器）。 換檔桿 絕大多數(shù)手動(dòng)變速器油一個(gè)倒檔齒輪組和 4 到 6 個(gè)前進(jìn)檔齒輪組。一些汽車也有 8 個(gè)前進(jìn)檔齒輪組，然而 13 到 24 齒輪組的只在半掛貨車上使用。區(qū)分手動(dòng)變速器的有效途徑是他們確切的前進(jìn)檔齒輪組數(shù)。例如，如果一個(gè)手動(dòng) 變速器有 5 個(gè)前進(jìn)檔齒輪組，它會(huì)叫 5 速度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速器，或標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 5 檔。 - 6 - 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速器典型配置 在變速器里面的傳動(dòng)軸上，有全部的前進(jìn)檔齒輪組和倒檔齒輪組。大多數(shù)的手動(dòng)變速器都是三軸變速器：輸入軸、輸出軸和中間軸或副軸。除了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手動(dòng)變速器，還有其他變速器像無(wú)級(jí)變速器、自動(dòng)變速器和半自動(dòng)變速器。就手動(dòng)變速器，靠，變速器內(nèi)的齒輪副選擇傳動(dòng)比。然而，在自動(dòng)變速器里，靠組合制動(dòng)器、離合器群控制行星齒輪組來(lái)選擇傳動(dòng)比。 如果有一款能手動(dòng)選擇傳動(dòng)比的自動(dòng)變速器，那么這個(gè)系統(tǒng)叫做半自動(dòng)變速器。駕駛員可以在任何時(shí)候選擇傳動(dòng)比。在 一些車輛上，像賽車和摩托車上安裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速器，駕駛員能夠選擇上一個(gè)或下一個(gè)檔位而不需要離合器。這種類型的變速器以能連續(xù)變數(shù)著稱。在這種傳動(dòng)裝置中離合器依然會(huì)用于起步。 離合器和飛輪總成 - 7 -