提升機械類外文翻譯、礦井提升機精確測速的微機實現(xiàn)中英文翻譯、外文文獻翻譯

英文原文   The mine pit elevator measured precisely the fast microcomputer realizes The mine pit elevator is the mine pit production important equipment, the load mineral, the material, the equipment and the personnel moves back and forth transportation's duty in the well chamber, holds the extremely important position in the mine pit regular production. Moves reliably safely for the guarantee lift technique, the request control system's performance is good, must have the high velocity modulation performance and the position control. Along with the computer applied science's swift development, uses the computer control system substitution original electrically controlled system is one tendency. As a result of the mine pit elevator control system highly complexity and to the security reliable strict request, domestic has not developed at present is more ideal, is suitable for the industry scene request the computer control system. This article introduced the author is engaged in a piece which this aspect works. 1 To the microcomputer measured that the fast installment request  To the microcomputer measured the fast installment the general request is: Resolution is strong, the precision is high, as far as possible short examination time.      1.1 resolution  When carries on the rotational speed examination with the microcomputer, the resolution with changes was measured that the rotational speed which a survey meter digit corresponds the change quantity expressed. Supposes the rotational speed when become n2 by n1 causes the survey meter value to change a character, represents the resolution with Q: The resolution size and system's control precision relations are really big, the Q value is smaller, resolution is stronger, system's control precision is higher, it is measures the fast installment an important target. 1.2 measured that fast precision  Measured the fast precision is refers to measures the fast installment to the actual tachometric survey precise degree. If with n represents the observed value and the actual value difference, n represents the actual rotational speed, % represent the measuring error which expressed with the relative value, then Obviously, % is smaller, measured that the fast precision is higher； system's control precision will be also higher. The measuring error % sizes decided that in measured the fast part's manufacture precision, and with measured the fast method concerns. 1.3 examination time  The examination time is refers to between two time rotational speed sampling the time-gap. The examination time's length the control performance influence is very big to the system, if the examination time is very long, then the system will realize the stable fast response with difficulty. The examination time is shorter, is more advantageous regarding system's control performance's improvement. 2 The microcomputer measured that fast general method  By the electro-optical type revolving encoder and elevator's axis solid joint, the elevator retransmits the certain amount every time (1080) the signal impulse, takes down the pulse number by the counter, and gives computer processing to realize the microcomputer to measure fast. Commonly used measured that the fast method mainly has the following two kinds. 2.1 The M law measures fast The M law measured that fast is reads the pulse integer which in the equal time-gap the revolving encoder sends out to figure out the rotational speed. The pulse number which sends out in the same time internal rotation encoder is different； the observed value is not same. The M law measured that fast schematic diagram as shown in Figure 1. By the counter the pulse counting which transmits to the revolving encoder, timer every other time T sends out an interrupt request to CPU, extracts corresponding according to the counting value's size the rotational speed. The revolving encoder retransmits pulse 1080 every time, altogether has m pulse in the T time, then the rotational speed is: This kind measured that the fast method is by the counting value m size reflection rotational speed height, thus is called the M law to measure fast. (1) Resolution May result in according to the resolution definition by type (3): Obviously, the M law measured fast when the resolution has nothing to do with the speed size, concerns with rotational speed sampling period T. (2) measured that fast precision  When measures using the revolving encoder fast, its measuring error decided that concerns in encoder's manufacture precision and with the rotational speed size. Supposes between the revolving encoder two neighboring pulses the angular deviations are. p%, an examination cycle's counting value is m, then the measuring error is: The rotational speed is lower, m is smaller, the measuring error is bigger, measured that the fast precision is lower. Along with the RPM drop measured that the fast precision reduces is the M law measures a fast shortcoming. (3) Examines the time: Is equal to survey cycle T. 2. 2 T law measured that fast  T law measured fast is determines between the revolving encoder two output pulses the time interval to calculate the rotational speed to measure the fast method. The time survey carries on the counting by a counter to the known frequency's clock pulse to obtain, the T law measured that fast schematic diagram as shown in Figure 2. The revolving encoder outputs a pulse through the microcomputer connection sends out an interrupt to CPU, after the CPU response, to read out the counting value every time from the counter, then figures out the rotational speed by the counting value. Supposes the clock rate is f, counting values between two pulse's are m, then rotational speed n is:  May see, the T law measured that fast is just the opposite with the M law. Rotational speed higher survey meter value m is smaller. (1) Resolution Supposes, because the rotational speed counting value becomes m-1 by m, according to resolution definition: By type (7), Q value size and rotational speed related, the rotational speed is smaller, m is bigger, Q is smaller, measured that the fast installment resolution is stronger. The T law measured that the fast merit lies in the low speed section to have the strong resolution to the rotational speed, thus may enhance the low speed the control performance. (2) Measures the fast precision Measuring error is equal to the angular deviations between the revolving encoder two pulses p %, namely measuring error: It only decided that in encoder's manufacture precision, with is measured the rotational speed to have nothing to do with, it compared to the M law measured that the fast precision must miss. (3) examines the time:  Because the revolving encoder retransmits 1080 pulses every time, therefore between two pulse's time intervals are: Type (9) indicated that the T law measured the fast examination time changes along with the rotational speed. 3 Mine pit elevator to tachometric survey's request  The mine pit elevator's movement process is a periodic process. Generally elevator's promotion cycle including the acceleration, the constant speed, the deceleration, crawling, stops five stages. In five stages, elevator's running rate has the very wide difference. Below gives the Anhui Province some ore elevator movement the speed chart, see Figure 3. May see by the speed chart, in the acceleration leg and the deceleration section elevator's speed is one process which changes unceasingly according to certain acceleration or the retarded velocity, constant speed Duan Yijiao the high running rate movement, the crawling section speed relative says must be much slower, only then 0.4m/s, generally speaking, the elevator movement process is a speed the process which changes unceasingly in the wide range, if wants to realize the microcomputer to measure accurately fast, then measured that the fast method must satisfy in the high speed and compares the low speed section to be able the correct measurement request. In order to safeguard the elevator movement the high security, in elevator's each kind of protection, has the constant speed section too fast protection and the deceleration section too fast protection, the constant speed section running rate like surpasses highest rotational speed Vm 15%, elevator safety arrestment； In deceleration section movement, if determines the speed to surpass given value 10%, also will implement the safety arrestment. Therefore, to reflect in the elevator movement accurately the speed condition, realizes the control system security, reliably, to move continuously, requests the speed which the microcomputer determines to be accurate, can satisfy certain precision. 4 The elevator measured precisely fast M/T law  By above may know, elevator's velocity measurement request has the high precision, can reflect in the elevator movement accurately the actual rotational speed. The fore-mentioned M law measures fast, low speed Duan Cesu the precision is quite low； The T law measures fast, low speed section rotational speed resolution is strong, but it measured that the fast precision is also much worse than the M law, they use in the elevator measuring the fast insufficient ideal； But M/T measured that the fast principle synthesizes two methods the merits, both may the low speed section reliable surveying fast, and also has the high resolution in the high speed section, adapted the elevator to the velocity measurement request. The M /T principle measured that the fast principle sees Figure 4.  And T0 by a timer fixed time, examination cycle T had finished after T0, the pulse generator output's first pulse decided that namely T=T0+ T, m1 is the pulse number which in the T time the encoder sends out, m2 is in cyclical T to the clock pulse counting value. The rotational speed expression is: A in the formula f clock pulse frequency； the 1080yi encoder retransmits every time pulse number. We develop in the IPC control system, the M /T law measured that fast is relies on the HY-6220 counting/timer template realizes, this is IBM PC the XT/AT main line compatible isolation type programmable multi-purpose template, on the board has 8253,8255,8259 three kind of programmable components. The M/T law measured that the fast hardware realizes the chart to see Figure 5. The work process is as follows: The computer sends out the start signal, outputs the first pulse from the encoder, 8253 timer (T0) counting start, 8253 counters (m2) also starts to count at the same time, after 20ms, the T0 timer to 8259 round of signals of stop, sends a pulse again until the encoder, stops m1 and the m2 counter, and through 8259 sends out the interrupt request to CPU, computation rotational speed n. The HY-6220 template software programming diagram see Figure 6.above  Gives the M/T law to measure that the fast hardware realizes the chart and the software diagram, presently discusses the M /T law to measure questions and so on fast resolution. (1) Resolution: M/T law velocity meter value m1 and m2 change along with the rotational speed. In this separately to high speed section and low speed section discussion resolution. In the high speed section, T0T, namely TT0, thinks M2 not along with the rotational speed change. In this kind of situation may result in: The M2= fTfT0 substitution above equation: Q=60/1080T0. This with the M law measured that the fast resolution is completely same. When the rotational speed is very low, m1=l, m2 changes along with the rotational speed change, its resolution is: This measures with the T law fast identical.     Figure 6 HY-6220 template software programming diagram analyzes by on, the M/T law measured that fast the law is close in high speed Duan Yum, is close in low speed Duan Ze and the T law, has at the same time the two's merit, has the strong resolution in high speed and the low speed. (2) Measures the fast precision: The high speed section (M1>1), measured that the fast precision and the M law are the same, namely %=p %/m1； in low speed section (m1 (3) Examination time: The M/T law measured that fast examination cycle T under the different rotational speed is different, (m1>1) and the M law is close in the high speed section, the rotational speed is higher, examination time closer T0, in low speed section is close with the T law. 5 conclusions  The M/T law measured that the fast microcomputer realized, has satisfied the elevator movement to the velocity measurement request, in the constant speed section, the deceleration section and crawled Duan Junneng to satisfy certain accuracy requirement, had guaranteed the elevator safe, reliable, moved continually. 中文譯文  礦井提升機精確測速的微機實現(xiàn)      礦井提升機是礦井生產(chǎn)的重要設(shè)備，擔(dān)負礦物、材料、設(shè)備和人員在井筒內(nèi)往復(fù)運輸?shù)娜蝿?wù)，在礦井的正常生產(chǎn)中占有極其重要地位。為保證提升設(shè)備安全可靠地運行，要求控制系統(tǒng)的性能良好，要有較高的調(diào)速性能和位置控 制。      隨著計算機應(yīng)用科學(xué)的飛速發(fā)展，采用計算機控制系統(tǒng)取代原來的電控系統(tǒng)是一種趨勢。由于礦井提升機控制系統(tǒng)高度復(fù)雜性和對安全可靠性的嚴格要求，目前國內(nèi)還未開發(fā)出較為理想、適于工業(yè)現(xiàn)場要求的計算機控制系統(tǒng)。本文介紹了作者從事這方面工作的一個片斷。  1 對微機測速裝置的要求  對微機測速裝置的一般要求是：分辨能力強、精度高，盡可能短的檢測時間。       1.1 分辨率  用微機進行轉(zhuǎn)速檢測時，分辨率用改變一個測量計數(shù)字所對應(yīng)的被測轉(zhuǎn)速的變化量來表示。設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)速由 n1 變?yōu)?n2 時，引起測量計數(shù)值改變了一個字，用 Q 代表分辨率：  21Q nn      r/min                        （ 1）      分辨率的大小與系統(tǒng)的控制精度關(guān)系甚大， Q 值愈小，分辨能力愈強，系統(tǒng)的控制精度愈高，它是測速裝置的一個重要指標。  1. 2 測速精度      測速精度是指測速裝置對實際轉(zhuǎn)速測量的精確程度。如果用 n 代表測量值與實際值之差， n 代表實際轉(zhuǎn)速， % 代表用相對值 表示的測量誤差，則  % 1 0 0 %nn                               （ 2）      顯然， % %愈小，測速精度愈高，系統(tǒng)的控制精度也將愈高。測量誤差 %的大小決定于測速元件的制造精度，并與測速方法有關(guān)。  1. 3 檢測時間      檢測時間是指兩次轉(zhuǎn)速采樣之間的時間間隔。檢測時間的長短對系統(tǒng)的控制性能影響很大，如果檢測時間很長，則系統(tǒng)將 難以實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定的快速響應(yīng)。檢測時間愈短，對于系統(tǒng)的控制性能的改善愈有利。  2 微機測速的一般方法      由光電式旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器與提升機的軸硬性聯(lián)接，提升機每轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)出一定數(shù)量 (1080 個 )的脈沖信號，由計數(shù)器記下脈沖數(shù)，并送給計算機處理以實現(xiàn)微機測速。常用的測速方法主要有以下兩種。  2.1  M 法測速      M 法測速是在相等的時間間隔內(nèi)讀取旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器發(fā)出的脈沖個數(shù)以算出轉(zhuǎn)速。在相同的時間內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器發(fā)出的脈沖數(shù)不同，測量值也不相同。 M 法測速的原理圖如圖 1所示。  計 數(shù) 器 定 點 器旋 轉(zhuǎn) 編 碼 器B U S ( 總 線 ）脈 沖圖 1  M 法 測 速 原 理 圖 由計數(shù)器對旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器發(fā)送的脈沖計數(shù)，定時器每隔時間 T向 CPU發(fā)出一次中斷請求，根據(jù)計數(shù)值的大小求出對應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)速。旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器每轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)出脈沖 1080 個，在 T 時間內(nèi)共發(fā)生m 個脈沖，則轉(zhuǎn)速為：  601080mn T                     r/min           （ 3）  這種測速方法是由計數(shù)值 m 的大小反映轉(zhuǎn)速的高低，因而稱為 M 法測速。  （ 1）分辨率  根據(jù)分辨率的定義由式 (3)可得：  6 0 ( m + 1 ) 6 0 m 6 0Q = - =1 0 8 0 T 1 0 8 0 T 1 0 8 0 T                         （ 4）  可見， M 法測速時的分辨率與速度的大小無關(guān)，和轉(zhuǎn)速采樣周期 T 有關(guān)。  （ 2）測速精度  利用旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器測速時，其測量誤差決定于編碼器的制造精度并與轉(zhuǎn)速的大小有關(guān)。設(shè)旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器兩相鄰脈沖之間的角偏差為 %p。一個檢測周期的計數(shù)值為 m，則測量誤差為：  % ( % ) /p m                                （ 5）  轉(zhuǎn)速愈低， m 愈小，測量誤差愈大，測速精度愈低。隨著轉(zhuǎn)速下降測速精度降低是 M法測速的一個缺點。  （ 3）檢測時間：就等于測量周期 T。  2. 2  T 法測速  T 法測速是測出旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器兩個輸出脈沖之間的間隔時間來計算轉(zhuǎn)速的測速方法。時間的測量由一個計數(shù)器對已知頻率的時鐘脈沖進行計數(shù)求得， T 法測速原理圖如圖 2 所示。  接 口 計 數(shù) 器旋 轉(zhuǎn) 編 碼 器B U S ( 總 線 ）脈 沖圖 2  T 法 測 速 原 理 圖時 鐘 脈 沖 f 旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器每輸出一個脈沖都通過微機接 口向 CPU 發(fā)出一次中斷， CPU 響應(yīng)后從計數(shù)器中讀出計數(shù)值，由計數(shù)值即可算出轉(zhuǎn)速。設(shè)時鐘頻率為 f，兩個脈沖間的計數(shù)值為 m，則轉(zhuǎn)速 n 為：  6 0 / (1 0 8 0 )n f m             r/min            （ 6）  可以看出， T 法測速與 M 法恰恰相反 .轉(zhuǎn)速愈高測量計數(shù)值 m 愈小。  （ 1）分辨率  設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)速的計數(shù)值由 m 變?yōu)?m-1，根據(jù)分辨率的定義：  6 0 f 6 0 f 6 0 fQ = - =1 0 8 0 ( m - 1 ) 1 0 8 0 m 1 0 8 0 ( m - 1 ) m                    （ 7）  由式 (7)得， Q 值的大小與轉(zhuǎn)速有關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)速愈小， m 愈大， Q 則愈小，測速裝置的分辨能力愈強。 T 法測速的優(yōu)點在于低速段對轉(zhuǎn)速有較強的分辨能力，從而可提高低速的控制性能。  （ 2）測速精度  測量誤差就等于旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器兩脈沖間的角偏差 %p，即測量誤差：  %p                                   （ 8）  它只決定于 編碼器的制造精度，與被測轉(zhuǎn)速無關(guān)，它比 M 法測速精度要差。  （ 3）檢測時間：  由于旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器每轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)出 1080 個脈沖，所以兩脈沖之間的間隔時間為：  601080T n                   s               （ 9）  式 (9)表明， T 法測速檢測時間隨轉(zhuǎn)速而變。  3 礦井提升機對轉(zhuǎn)速測量的要求  礦井提升機的運行過程，是一個周期性的過程。一般提升機的提升周期包括加速、等速、減速、爬行、停車五個階段。在五個階段中，提升機的運行速度 是有很大差別的。下面給出安徽省某礦提升機運行的速度圖，見圖 3。由速度圖可以看出，在加速段和減速段提升機的速度是一個按一定加速度或減速度不斷變化的過程，等速段以較高運行速度運行，爬行段的速度相對來講要慢得多，只有 0.4m/s，總體來說，提升機運行過程是一個速度在較大范圍內(nèi)不斷變化的過程，要想實現(xiàn)微機的準確測速，則測速方法必須滿足在較高速度和較低速度段均能準確測量的要求。  t = 7 . 8 m / sv ( m / s )t / s0 . 4 m / s圖 3  提 升 機 速 度 圖 為保障提升機運行的高安全性，在提升機的各種保護中，有 等速段過速保護和減速段過速保護，等速段運行速度如超過最高轉(zhuǎn)速 Vm的 15%，提升機將安全制動；減速段運行中，如測出速度超過給定值 10%，亦將實施安全制動。因而，為了準確反映提升機運行中的速度狀況，實現(xiàn)控制系統(tǒng)安全、可靠、連續(xù)地運行，要求微機測出的速度必