外文翻譯--刀具

Tool Purpose Upon completion of this unit, students will be able to: * Rough and explain the difference between finishing. * Choose the appropriate tool for roughing or finishing of special materials and processing. * Recognition Tool Cutting part of the standard elements and perspective. * The right to protect the cutter blade. * List of three most widely used tool material. * Description of each of the most widely used knives made of the material and its processing of Applications. * Space and inclination to understand the definition. * Grinding different tools, plus the principle of space and inclination. * To identify different forms of space and the inclination to choose the application of each form. The main points of knowledge: Rough-finished alloy steel casting material Scattered surplus carbide ceramic materials (junction of the oxide) Tool With a chip breaking the surface roughness of the D-cutter knives diamonds After Kok flank behind the standard point of (former) angle off-chip Side front-side appearance and the outline of the former Kok (I. Kok) Grinding carbon tool steel front-fast finishing horn of rigid steel Double or multiple-side flank before the dip angle oblique angle Surface-radius Slice root for curling Rough and finishing tool Cutting speed only in the surface roughness not required when it is not important. Rough the most important thing is to remove the excess material scattered. Only in surface roughness of the finishing time is important. Unlike rough, finishing the slow processing speed. Chip off with the D-knives, better than the standard point of knives, in Figure 9-10 A, is designed for cutting depth and design, for example, a 5 / 16-inch box cutter blade of the maximum depth of cut 5 / 16 inches, and an 8 mm square block will be cutting knives Corner to 8 mm deep, this tool will be very fast Corner block removal of surplus metal. Slice merits of the deal with that, in a small blade was close thinning. This tool is also a very good finishing tool. But please do not confuse the thin band Tool and Tool-off crumbs. A chip-off is actually counter-productive tool to cut off the chip flakes. And the standard tool of the Corner, compared with chip breaking tool for the Corner is in its on and get grooving, Figure 9-10 B. This tool generally used to block the Corner of rough finishing. While this tool Corner blocks have sufficient strength to carry out deep cut, but the longer the chip will cut off the plane around after shedding a lot of accumulation. Chip is so because the tangles and sharp, and the operator is a dangerous, so this is a chip from the need to address the problem. Double, or triple the speed of the feed will help to resolve, but this will require greater horsepower and still easily chip very long. Because of the slow processing, however, this action will be a good tool but also because of the small root radius of the processing will be a smooth surface. Especially when processing grey cast iron especially. Cutting Tools appearance Appearance, sometimes called the contour of the floor plan is where you see the vision or the top down or look at the surface. Figure 9-11 illustrate some of the most common form, those who could be on the cutting tools and grinding out successfully be used. National Standards in its thread-cutting tool on a tiny plane can be as GB thread, the Anglo-American unity and international standards screw threads. A special tool to outline the thread of the plane is to be ground into the correct size. Tools Corner fixed Corner to a number of knives around the 15 degree angle while the other knives and cutting of the straight. When the mill in Figure 9-12 A and 9-12 B, for example by the space and the inclination, these must factor into consideration in the review. Figure 9-12 B Tool Corner block the angle is zero, compared with 9-12 A map is a heavier cutting tools, and the 9-12 A map will take more heat. The same amount of space in front of the two cases are the same. Tool Corner block component and the angle Figure 9-13 Tool Corner block an integral part of the name, and plans 9-14 point of the name, is the machinery industry standards. Grinding Wheel Tool Corner Block When the cutter is fixed in the middle of Dao, Tool Corner block can not be the grinding. Can not do so for the reasons: because of the large number of Dao and extra weight, making Corner together with the grinding is a clumsy and inefficient way. Too much pressure could be added to round on the sand. This can cause the wheel Benglie wheel or because of overheating and the rift on the Corner Tool damage. There are grinding to the possibility of Dao. Grinding A craftsman in his toolbox, should always be a small pocket lining grinding tool. Alumina lining a grinding tool as carbon tool steel and high speed steel tool tool. The silicon carbide lining grinding tool grinding carbide cutting tools. Cutting Tools should always maintain smooth and sharp edge, so that the life expectancy of long knives and processing the surface smooth. Cutting tool materials Carbon tool steel cutter Corner block usually contains 1.3 percent to 0.9 percent of carbon. These make use of the cutting tool in their tempering temperature higher than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (205 degrees Celsius) to 500 degrees Fahrenheit (260 degrees Celsius) remained hardness, depending on the content of carbon. These temperature higher than that of carbon tool steel cutter will be changed soft, and it will be the cutting edge. Damaged. Grinding blades or cutting speed faster when using carbon tool steel cutter will be made of the blue, this will be in the imagination. Tool will be re-hardening and tempering again. So in a modern processing almost no carbon as a tool steel blade. Low-alloy steel cutting tool in the carbon steel tools added tungsten, cobalt, vanadium alloying elements such as the consequences. These elements and the hardness of high-carbon carbide. Increased tool wear resistance. Alloy tool steel that is to say there will be no hard and fast with hot red when the knifes edge can still continue to use it. Low-alloy steel cutting tool is relatively small for a modern processing. High-speed steel with tungsten of 14 percent to 22 percent, or Containing 1.5% to 6% of the W-Mo (molybdenum which accounted for 6 percent to 91 percent). From high-speed steel tool made of a rigid heat, some high-speed steel also contains cobalt, which is formed of rigid factor. Cobalt containing high-speed steel tool can maintain hardness, more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (or 540 degrees Celsius) blade will become soft and easily damaged. After cooling, the tool will harden. When grinding, you must be careful because of overheating and cold at first, so that profile Benglie Zhucheng a variety of metal alloy materials have a special name called Carbide, such as containing tungsten carbide cobalt chrome. In little or iron carbide. However, its high-speed steel cutting speed than the maximum cutting speed is higher 25 percent to 80 percent. Carbide Tool General for cutting force and the intermittent cutting processing, such as processing Chilled Iron. The past, Carbide Tool is mainly used for processing iron, but now carburizing tool for processing all the metal. Carbide Tool into the body than to the high-speed steel tool or casting - lighter alloy cutting tools, because tend to be used as a tool carbide cutting tools. Pure tungsten, carbon carburizing agent or as a dipping formation of the tungsten carbide, suitable for the cast iron, aluminum, non-iron alloy, plastic material and fiber of the machining. Add tantalum, titanium, molybdenum led to the carbon steel The hardness of higher tool, this tool suitable for processing all types of steel. In manufacturing, or tungsten steel alloy containing two or more of a bonding agent and the mixture is hard carbon steel tool, is now generally containing cobalt, cobalt was inquiry into powder and thoroughly mixed, under pressure Formation of Carbide. These cutting tools in the temperature is higher than 1,660 degrees F (870 degrees C) can also be efficiently used. Carbide Tool hardware than high-speed steel tool, used as a tool for better wear resistance. Carbide Tool in a high-speed Gangdao nearly three times the maximum cutting speed of the cutting rate cutting. Made from diamonds to the cutting tool on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the high demand and carbide cutting tools can be competitive, but these tools processing the material was more difficult, and difficult to control. Metal, hard rubber and plastic substances can be effective tool together with diamonds and annoyance to the final processing. Ceramic tool (or mixed oxide) is mixed oxide. With 0-30 grade alumina mixture to do, for example, contains about 89 percent to 90 percent of alumina and 10 percent to 11 percent of titanium dioxide. Other ceramic tool is used with the tiny amount of the second oxides Mixed together the cause of pure alumina. Ceramic tools in more than 2,000 degrees F (1095 degrees C) temperature of the work is to maintain strength and hardness. Cutting rates than high-carbon steel knives to 50 percent or even hundreds of percentage. In addition to diamonds and titanium carbide, ceramic tool in the industry is now all the materials of the most hard cutting tool, especially at high temperatures. Tao structure easily broken in a specific situation, broken only carbon intensity of the half to two-thirds. Therefore, in cut, according to the proportion of cutting and milling would normally not be recommended. Ceramics cutting machine breakdown of failure is not usually wear failure, as compared with other materials, their lack of ductility and lower tensile strength. In short, the most widely used by the cutting tool material is cut high-speed steel, low alloy materials and carbide. Gap and dip Space and inclination of the principle is the most easily to the truck bed lathe tool bladed knives to illustrate. Shape, size of the gap, and dip the type and size will change because of machining. Similarly a grinding tool Corner block is just like brushing your teeth. Gap tool to stop the edge of friction with the workpiece. If there is no gap in Figure 9-15A in the small blades, knives and the side will wear will not be cutting. If there are gaps in Figure 9-15 B, will be a cutting tool. This basic fact apply to any type of tool. Clearance was cutting the size depends on material and the cutting of the material deformation. For example, aluminum is soft and easy to slightly deformed or uplift, when the cutter Corner into space within the perspective and the perspective of the space under, the equivalent in steel mill and will very quickly broken. Table 9-1 (No. 340) that different materials grinding space and perspective. The correct amount of space will be properly protected edge. Too much space will cause the blade vibration (fibrillation), and may edge of total collapse. Tool Corner for the slab block must have a backlash, behind (in front) gap, knife and cut-corner. The main cutting edge is almost as all the cutting work at the cutting edge of the cutting tool on the edge, on the left or right-lateral knives, or cutting tool in the end, cut off on a cutter. Backlash angle for example, the role of a lathe tool Corner to the left block when it mobile. If there is no backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 A, with the only tool will be part of friction rather than cutting. If a suitable backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 B, will be cutting edge and will be well supported. If I have too many gaps, Fig 9-16 C, the edge will not support leading tool vibration (fibrillation) and may be completely broken. Tool gap to the front or rear of the role when it fixed to zero, as shown in Figure 9-17. If not in front of the Gap. Figure 9-17 A, the tool will not only friction and cutting. If a suitable space in front, Fig 9-17 B, but also a good tool will be cutting edge will be well supported. If a big gap in front of Ms, Fig 9-17 C, the tool will lack support, will have a vibrate, and cutting edge may be pressure ulcer. Figure 9-18 illustrate the gap in front of a lathe tool, when it with a 15 degree angle when fixed. The same amount of space on the front fixed to zero, and around the cutter, but the tool is the relatively thin. So the heat away from the blade less. Typically, front-side or front-not too big in Figure 9-19. It is usually from zero degrees to 20 degrees change, an average of about 15 degrees. There are clear advantages, according to the following: good cutting angle so that the cutting edge of the work was well, but relatively thin chips. Cutting Tools is the weakest part. By the former angle, the blade In the form of points around the workpiece. Cutting Edge shock will cause the entire tool vibration. When cutting the work nearly completed, the final section of metal was to ring, packing iron sheet or tangles in the form of the metal ball away gradually replaced by direct removal. Pressure tends to stay away from the workpiece cutting tool rather than narrow the gap between its parts. 9-19 A in the plan was an example of the use of a 30-degree lateral Cutting Angle tool processing thin slice example. A mathematical proof of the plan 9-19 B in the right-angle triangle trip is to expand the use of a map 9-19 A right triangle in the same way, that is, in the direction of upward mobility to feed a 0.010 inch. Right triangle adjacent to the edge (b) and feed 0.010 feet equivalent. The following formula using triangulation to explain: Kok cosine A = right-angle-B / C Xiebian Or cosine of 30 degrees = b / c 0.886 = b/0.010 b = 0.866 * 0.010 b = 0.00866 (bladed too thin) When the mobile tool, the purpose of front-to be processed to eliminate from the surface of the cut-cutting tools. This angle is usually from 8 degrees to 15 degrees, but in exceptional circumstances it as much as 20 degrees to 30 degrees. If there is no gap in Figure 9-20 A, cutting tools will be tied up, sharp beep, and the rivets may be the first to die away. The appropriate space, in Figure 9-20 B, cutting tool will be cutting well. A manufacturing plant or cut off the fast-cutter blade with three space, in a root-surface or surface and the other in bilateral level, in Figure 9-21. If a tool Corner block from the date of the face, It can have up to five space, in Figure 9-22. Grooving tool sometimes known as area reduction tool used to cut a groove in the shallow end of the thread. Inclination is the top tool inclination or, in the Tool Corner block on the surface. Changes depending on the angle of the cutting material. Improvement of the cutting angle, the blade shape, and guidelines from the chip from the edge of the direction. Chip dip under the direction named. For example, if a chip from the edge cutter outflow, it is called anterior horn. If the chip to the back of the outflow, that is, to the Dao, which is known as the horn. Some mechanical error and the staff horn as a front-or knife corner. Single tool like Tool Corner block may be the only edge of the blade side oblique angle, or in the back, only to end on the edge of the horn, or they may have roots in the face or front surface of the main Cutting edge of the blade and cutting edge of the horn and a roll angle of the portfolio. In the latter case, cut off most of the surface with a cutter and a chip to the point of view in the tool horn and roll angle in both directions has been moved out. Two different roll angle in Figure 9-23 A and 9-23 B was an example. Angle depends on the size and type of material was processed. 9-24 A map in Figure 9-24 B and gives examples of zero to a fixed cutter after the two different angle. In Figure 9-25 B and 9-25 A Tool to the regular 15-degree angle. Figure 9-26 tool to display a 15 degree angle fixed, but in this case a tool to roll angle after angle and the combination of form close to the workpiece. Double or multiple chips to lead the inclination angle of a mobile or two away from the edge of the back and side to stay away from the cutter. Comparison of various horn, shown in Figure 9-27, Corner of the horn of a negative point of view, and zero is the point of view. These dip in the Corner cutter on the manifestation of a decision in the hands of the processing needs of the pieces. After Kok was the size of the type of materials processing, and knives in Dao fixed on the way. The type of lateral oblique angle Figure 9-28 examples of tools Corner blocks and four different types of lateral oblique angle of the cross-sectional. Figure 9-28 A, is zero lateral oblique angle, like some of the brass materials, some bronze and some brittle plastic material is particularly necessary. Standard side oblique angle, in Figure 9-28 B, is the most common one of the bevel side. In the ductile material on the deep cut, easy to chip in the tool around the accumulation of many, and this will cause danger to the operator. The chip will become a deal with the problem. Such a tool to cut off the grey cast iron is the most appropriate. Chip laps volumes, Figure 9-28 C, is one of the best types of inclination, especially in the ductile material on the special deep cutting. Chip small crimp in close formation against the Dao of bladed knives against the will of the rupture. The chip rolled up to maintain a narrow trough of the chip will guarantee that the width of closely Lane Vol. The chip is very easy to handle. Volume circle with a chip is not a cut-chip. Chip cut off, in Figure 9-28 D, leading to chip in the corner was cut off, and then to small chips fell after the chip. The need to cut off a chip provides up to 25 percent of the force. This inclination of the stickiness of the steel is good. Gap Kok When cutting any material time, the gap should always be the smallest size, but the gap should never angle than the required minimum angle small space. The gap is too small knives Kok will lead to friction with the workpiece. Choice of space at the corner to observe the following points: 1. When processing hardness, stickiness of the material, the use of high-speed steel tool cutting angle should be in the space of 6 to 8 degrees, and the use of carbon tool steel cutter at the corner of the gap in size should be 5 degrees to 7 degrees. 2. When the processing of carbon steel, low carbon steel, cast iron when the gap angle should be the size of high-speed steel tool 8 degrees to 12 degrees, and carbon tool steel cutter 5 degrees to 10 degrees. 3. Scalability when processing materials such as copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, iron, etc. Zhanxing materials, space Kok should be the size of high-speed steel tool 12 degrees to 16 degrees, carbon steel knives 8 degrees to 14 , Mainly because of the plastic deformation of these metals. This means that, when the cutter and around them, the soft metal to some minor deformation or protruding, and this tool will be friction. At this time, we must have a tool on the additional space. 刀 具 目 的 在完成這一個單元之后，學(xué)生將會能夠 : * 解釋粗加工和精加工之間的差別。 * 選擇適當(dāng)?shù)牡毒哌M(jìn)行粗加工或精加工和對特殊材料的加工。 * 識別刀具切削部分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成要素和角度。 * 正確地保護(hù)刀具的刀刃。 * 列出三種使用最廣泛刀具材料。 * 描述利用每種最廣泛使用過的材料做成的刀具的特性及其在加工中的應(yīng)用。 * 了解間隙和傾角的定義。 * 修磨不同刀具的時，加間隙和傾角的原則。 * 識別不同形式的間隙和傾角而選擇每種形式的應(yīng)用范圍。 主要的知識點(diǎn)： 粗加工 高速鋼 精加工 合金鑄造材料 零散的過剩材料 硬質(zhì)合金 陶瓷 ( 接合了氧化物 ) 刀具 表面粗糙度 帶有斷屑器的右旋刀具 金鋼石刀具 后角 后刀面 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角度 背后（前）角 斷屑器 側(cè)前角 外形和輪廓 側(cè)前角 ( 導(dǎo)角 ) 研磨 碳素工具鋼 前角 快速精加工鋼 后角 熱硬性 雙重的或復(fù)式的傾角 前刀面 側(cè)角 斜角度 基面 根面半徑 薄片卷邊器 粗加工和精加工的刀具 切削速度只有在對表面粗糙度不做要求的時候才不重要。粗加工 最主要的是盡快地去除過剩的零散材料。表面粗糙度只有在精加工的時候才是重要。不像粗加工 ,精加工的加工速度慢。帶斷屑器的右旋刀具 , 勝于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)角度的刀具 , 如圖 9-10 A, 是專為深度切削而設(shè)計(jì) , 舉例來說 , 一 個 5/16英寸的方形刀具刀刃最多只能切深 5/16 英寸 ,而且一個 8 毫米方形刀具刀尖塊將會切削到 8 毫米深處 , 這一個刀具刀尖塊將會非?？烨谐嘤嗟慕饘佟１∑幚淼膬?yōu)點(diǎn)是 , 在小的緊密刀片中被細(xì)化。這種刀具也是一個很好的精加工刀具。但請不要混淆了薄片刀具和帶斷屑器的刀具。一個斷屑器實(shí)際 上是切斷對刀具反作用的切屑薄片。 與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刀具的刀尖相比較，帶斷屑器的刀具的刀尖是在其上開槽而得到的 ,圖 9-10 B。這一個刀具的刀尖塊普遍用于粗精加工當(dāng)中。雖然這種刀具刀尖塊有足夠的強(qiáng)度來進(jìn)行深削 , 但是較長的切屑會在切斷機(jī)的周圍積聚很多后才脫落。因?yàn)榍行际侨绱说谋焕p結(jié)和鋒利，并且對操作員是一種危險(xiǎn)，所以這是切屑引起一個需處理問題。雙倍，或者三倍之速的進(jìn)給將會幫助解決 , 但這必然會需要更大的馬力并切屑仍然容易很長。因?yàn)槁俚募庸?, 然而，這一個刀具將會動作得好而且由于小的根面半徑將會使加工表面 光滑。特別是加工灰口鑄鐵時更是如此。 切削刀具的外形 外形 , 有時叫做輪廓是你所在平面圖中見到視野的或往下看頂端或表面。圖 9-11 舉例說明一些常見的外形，那些能在刀具上被磨出來的而且成功地被使用的。國標(biāo)的螺紋切削刀具在其端上有微小平面能作為國標(biāo)螺紋，英美統(tǒng)一螺紋和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)螺紋。刀具對于一個特別輪廓的螺紋的平面是要被磨成的正確尺寸。 工具刀尖的固定 一些刀具刀尖以一個大約的 15 個度的角而其他的刀具把平直地切削的。當(dāng)磨如 圖 9-12A 和 9-12B 所舉例的間隙和傾角的時候，這些因數(shù)一定進(jìn)入考慮之內(nèi)。圖 9-12B 的刀具刀尖塊是零度的角，與圖 9-12A相比，是一種較重的切削刀具，而且圖 9-12A的會帶走更多熱。相同量的前面間隙對兩者情況是一樣的。 刀具刀尖塊的組成部分和角度 圖 9-13 刀具刀尖塊組成部分名字的，和圖 9-14 角度的名字 ,是機(jī)械行業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 砂輪磨的刀具刀尖塊 當(dāng)?shù)毒吖潭ㄔ谡栋阎袝r，刀具刀尖塊是不能被修磨的。不能這么做作的理由 :由于刀把的大量和額外重量，使得刀尖與其一起修磨是個笨拙的和無效率的方法。太多壓力可能被加到沙輪上。這能造成砂輪的崩裂或由于過熱和砂輪的裂痕對刀具的刀尖損壞。也有 磨到了刀把的可能性。 研磨 一個工匠在他的工具箱里應(yīng)該總是有小口袋搪磨工具。一個氧化鋁搪磨工具作為碳素工具鋼和高速鋼刀具的工具。而碳化矽搪磨工具可修磨碳化物刀具。切削刀具應(yīng)該時常保持刃口光滑的和鋒利的 ,使刀具的使用壽命長和加工的工件表面光滑。 切削刀具的材料 碳素工具鋼刀具刀尖塊通常含有 1.3% 到 0.9% 的碳。用這些鋼做成的切削刀具能在高于他們回火溫度大約華氏 400 度 (攝氏 205 度 ) 到華氏 500 度 (攝氏 260 度 )時仍然保持硬度，這要取決于碳的含量的。高于這些溫度碳素工具鋼刀具將會變?nèi)彳?，而且它的刃口將會。破損。修磨刀刃或切削速度快時用碳素工具鋼制成的刀具就會發(fā)藍(lán)，此時就會發(fā)生上述的想象。刀具必然會被再次硬化和再次被回火。因此在現(xiàn)代加工中幾乎不用碳素工具鋼作為刀刃。 低合金刃具鋼是在碳素工具鋼中加入了鎢、鈷、釩等合金元素所構(gòu)成的。這些元素與碳形成高硬度的碳化物。提高了刀具的耐磨性。合金工具鋼不會有熱硬性也就是說具有在刀刃發(fā)紅時仍可以繼續(xù)使用。低合金刃具鋼也比較少用于現(xiàn)代加工中。 高速鋼含鎢量為 14%22%或含有 1.5%6%的鎢鉬（其中鉬占6%91%）。由高速鋼制成的刀具有熱硬性，一些 高速鋼中還含有鈷，這也是形成熱硬性的因素。含鈷的高速鋼刀具還能保持硬度，高于華氏 1000 度（或攝氏 540 度）刀刃會變軟且容易破損。冷卻后，刀具又會變硬。當(dāng)修磨時就得小心，因?yàn)檫^熱和驟冷使外廓崩裂 多種金屬材料鑄成的合金有個專用的名稱叫做硬質(zhì)合金，比如含有鎢鉻鈷的硬質(zhì)合金。硬質(zhì)合金中很少或含鐵。但其切削速度比高速鋼的最大切削速度還高 25%80%。硬質(zhì)合金刀具一般用于切削力大和間歇性切削的加工，就如加工冷硬鑄鐵件。 過去，硬質(zhì)合金刀具主要是用于加工鑄鐵，但現(xiàn)在滲碳刀具用于加工所有的金屬。 硬質(zhì)合金刀 具的進(jìn)給機(jī) 構(gòu)比高速鋼刀具或鑄造 -合金刀具更輕，因?yàn)橼呄蛴谟糜操|(zhì)合金刀具作為切削工具。純的鎢 ,以碳做為滲碳劑或浸漬劑形成的鎢碳化物 ,適合于對鑄鐵，鋁，無鐵合金，塑料性物質(zhì)和 纖維的機(jī)加工 . 添加鉭、鈦、鉬的碳鋼導(dǎo)致了刀具的硬度更高，這種刀具適合于加工所有類型的鋼材。在制造業(yè)中，鎢碳鋼或含有兩種或更多合金和一中黏結(jié)劑碳鋼混合物是較硬工具 ,目前普遍是含鈷 ,鈷被研成粉狀 ,徹底地混合 ,在壓力之下形成的硬質(zhì)合金。 這些切削工具在溫度高于 1660 度 F(870 度 C) 還能被有效率地用。硬質(zhì)合金刀具比高速鋼刀具硬，因此用作 工具有較好的耐磨性。硬質(zhì)合金刀具能以將近高速鋼刀最高切削速度的三倍的切削速率切削。 以金鋼石制成的切削刀具對表面光潔度和尺寸精度需求高的情況下才能與硬質(zhì)合金刀具具有競爭性 , 但是這些工具的材料被加工較難，及難以被控制。金屬，硬質(zhì)橡膠和塑料性物質(zhì)能有效地與金鋼石刀具一起轉(zhuǎn)而且煩擾的最后加工。 陶瓷刀具 ( 或混合氧化物 ) 主要是混合氧化物。用 0-30 級的氧化鋁混合物做的，舉例來說，含有大約 89%到 90%氧化鋁和10%到 11%的氧化鈦 .其它的陶瓷刀具是用與微小量的第二種氧化物一起混合的純粹氧化鋁做成的。 陶 瓷工具在超過 2000 度 F(1095 度 C) 的溫度工作乃能保持強(qiáng)度和硬度。切削速率比碳鋼刀具高五十個百分率甚至到百分幾百。除了碳化鈦和金鋼石外 ,陶瓷刀具是現(xiàn)在工業(yè)中所有材料中最硬切削刀具，尤其在高的溫度。 陶結(jié)構(gòu)容易在特定的情況破碎 , 有破斷強(qiáng)度只有碳鋼的一半到三分之二。因此在切斷、依比例裁剪和銑應(yīng)用時通常不被推薦使用。陶瓷的切斷機(jī)通常破裂失效并非磨損失效，因?yàn)楦渌牟牧媳容^，他們?nèi)狈ρ有远矣休^低的抗拉強(qiáng)度。 總之 , 最廣泛使用過的割削刀具材料是高速鋼、低合金材料和硬質(zhì)合金。 間隙及傾角 間隙和 傾角的原理是最容易以車床上的刀具車刀刀刃來說明。外形，間隙的大小 ,而且傾角的類型和大小將會因機(jī)加工而改變。同樣地磨一個刀具刀尖塊就像是刷你的牙齒。 間隙阻止刀具的刃口與工件摩擦。如果沒有間隙 ,如圖 9 -15A 中的小刀片 ,刀具的側(cè)面將會磨損而且將不能切削。如果有間隙 ,如圖 9-15B,刀具將可以進(jìn)行切削。這基本的事實(shí)適用于任何類型的刀具。 間隙的大小取決于被切割材料和被切割的材料變形。舉例來說，鋁相當(dāng)軟并且容易輕微地變形或凸起，當(dāng)?shù)毒叩都膺M(jìn)入間隙的角度之內(nèi)和在間隙的角度之下時，相當(dāng)于在鋼上磨而且會非?？斓仄茢?。表 9-1(第 340 頁 ) 表示不同的材料的修磨間隙和角度。 正確量的間隙將會適當(dāng)?shù)乇Ｗo(hù)刃口。太大的間隙將會引起刃口的振動 (顫動 ) 和可能使刃口的完全崩潰。為板條的刀具刀尖塊一定要有側(cè)隙 , 后面 (前面 ) 間隙 , 和切斷端刀尖角 。主切削刃幾乎是擔(dān)任了所有切削工作的切削刃位于切削刀具的邊之上 , 關(guān)于左或右旋刀具 , 或在切削刀具的端上 , 關(guān)于一個切斷刀具。 側(cè)隙角的作用舉例來說對一個車床刀具刀尖塊當(dāng)它向左邊移動。如果沒有側(cè)隙角 ,圖 9-16 A,刀具將會只