挖掘裝載機(jī)國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀與市場(chǎng)開發(fā)之分析外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 1 外文原文： EXCAVATES THE CAR LOADER DOMESTIC PRESENT SITUATION AND THE MARKET DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS The loader digger is so called “two favour”. Because it has special structure, loads device being the head and the equipment for the excavation behind. in the workplace , you need to turn the chair, completing the change from loader to the excavator loader digger is mainly used for the highway construction and protect of the city and village, the electric cable build, electric power and airport engineering, municipal services construction, farmland irrigation construction, village residence construction, opening mountain to take stone and various small scaled and multi-function engineering machine, generally used in the small project after the completion of the big ones. FIRST: A CLASSIFICATION OF THE LOADERDIGGER T he loader digger is so called “two favour” having two kinds of funcitions of lading and scooping out in the meantime. The classifications are as fallows ONE: from the structure According to the structure, loader diggers have two kinds of forms: one is with oblique tones move frame, the dinging device can be moved with side, which is easy to work in the special place, the center of gravity is lower when it transports. It is advantageous to loading and transporting. The weakness is: because of the restriction of the structure, the ground jack usually adopts vertical leg. The supporting point is within the wheel edge, the distance of the two supporting point is relatively small. While scooping the whole machines stability is bad. ( especially the scooping device moves to one side). The functional main point of this kind of machine is in the aspects of loading, producing more in Europe ； the excavation device of the latter cant move to side, the whole excavation device can make 180 turn-over through the rotary supporting, the ground jack is like the frog leg, the supporting point can stretch outside side the wheel, the stability is good when excavating, which is advantageous to the exaltation of with excavation ability. Because having no oblique tones move frame, the cost of the whole machine is lower. The weakness is the bucket hangs at the trucks tail, the size is long, when the locomotive is in conveyance and loads, the stability is bad , which has certa in scooping, with the US producing most. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 2 TWO: from the motive allotment From the motive allotment, the loader digger has two kinds of forms: two-wheel(rear-wheel) to drive and four-wheel(whole round)to drive. the former cant make use of adherence to weight completely, making the adhesive strength of motorcycle and ground and the leading force are to descend, but the cost is much lower than the latter. THREE： of the bedrock From the bedrock, among the 3 kinds of common bedrocks used in the small scaled and multi-function engineering machine, the motive of the miniature loader digger is mostly below 20 KW, the height of the whole machine is 1000-3000Kg,adopting track-run structure, the speed dose not reach 5km/h usually used for the yardage processing of small scales, such as farm and park etc. Because its model is partial to small, cost is higher is 30-60KW, the weight is relatively heave, about 5000-8000Kg, the scooping ability is strong, uses wheeled walks the structure, driven by the whole round, making use of the turn round driving axle or hinge joint, the car speed is higher, reaching to 20km/h, the abroad usually use it as assistance work for the yardage processing and large-scale fabricating yard of farm, capital construction, road maintainance etc. this models shape is bigger, the flexibility is worse, generally it hard to adapt the work of narrow and small place. SECOND: local present condition and development trend of loader digger, local technique condition At present in our country the enterprises producing the loader diggers are more than 10 hours, mainly is SHANDONG mechanical engineering, YANTAI mechanical engineering, LIAOLINGCHAOYANG mechanical engineering, LIUZHOU mechanical engineering, XIAMEN mechanical engineering, XUZHOU mechanical engineering, etc. Currently the products year yield is about 400pedestals.From the history of our small scaled and multi-function loader digger, we can see that our machine has been dropping behind, its development speed is slow. Our country just started to design it by ourselves at the beginning of 70s in last century, first the BEIJING building mechanical engineering developed successfully W Z 2 A and W Z 2hudraulic pressure loader digger, the YANTAL mechanical engineering manufactures ZW2Aand WZ2B hydraulic loader digger successfully in 1987,After that the FUJIAN mechanical engineering、 SHANDONG GUANGRAO hydraulic pressure engineering develop the loader diggers of WZ25,DFH-904WZ,T55Z/W0-25 respectively. The LIUZHOU excavate loading、 Liuzhou Project Mechanical Limited liability company developed WZ30-25 and WZ25-20 loader diggers respectively in 1992.in 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 3 july,2001,the SHANDONG Project Mechanical Limited liability company successfully developed WZ30-25 loader digger. The products produced by the following manufacturers are mainly representing the technique level of domestic loader digger. the WZ30-25 loader digger of CHANGLIN: the engine system adopts comins turbine pressurization engine . the rated output is 63 kNs ,the tap accords with European standard .The turn round for standard truck(front axle)is non-driven swing axle, the bearings adopt imported pieces .Choose to use imported driving axle(back axle)kitted to loader digger. Having non-maintenance wet brake, which greatly raise the safety and the credibility of the truck belt difference speed padlock raises the draw bar performance of the whole truck .The standard truck driven by two-wheel ,can be equipped with a four-wheel drive according to the customer demand .The hydraulic system adopts efficient gear pump system, the main parts such as pump, selector valve and redirector, all choose foreign well-known companies products. the WZ25-20 of YANTAL Project Mechanical Limited liability company:WZ25-20 loader digger takes loading machine for main part, with the head refitted to multi-purpose bucket, the back end added excavation device. The 904WZ loader digger of one drag DONGFANG red is based on the LF90 tractor whose technique is brought from Italian Fiat, with the corollary design of the agriculture engineering machine of various functions. The WZ30-25 if LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factory :The LIUZHOU Excavation car loader factorys product of WZ30-25 loader digger and the WZ30-25 loader digger of LIUZHOU engineering machinery incorporated company , all are new products based on the CAT technique and combine with our craftsmanship. these two models all adopt special bedrock, adopt the technology of the load telesthesia control as the same as the CAT company .As these two models adopt variable system ,so they have higher request to cleanness and reliability of system. the LIUZHOU AOLIU machine machinery incorporated company series of loader diggers of HACH995 Engine: provided with the sophisticated turbo pressurization diesel engine, the rated output reaches to 95horsepowers, reaching to the torsional force of 384 mN at the rotate speed of 1500ture/the minute. The core parts adopt the imported famous brand product in the world , the credibility is higher. All new external appearance is pleasing to eyes, the cab room is relatively large； the standard disposal of 4 in 1 bucket makes the machine have more multi-function and use. Various work enclosures can be chosen to go together with, being 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 4 competent with more works； adopting special frame of the loader digger. The cab room can be replaced respectively, associated with frame through five damping decouple devices the hydraulic tank and burning tank also can be replaced ,and laid in low bit ,benefit in lowering the machines center of gravity ,exalting the stability ,and is suitable for fuel add and fix-check on the ground. They also become the part of stairs when ascending the truck. The WZ30-25 of TAIANSHI loading machinery incorporated company: Motive system: This machine adopts the 4 B T 3.9-C 74 turbine pressurization engine, with the characteristics of tight structure ,great power, low oil consume, little noise ,work credibility and long life span etc. The hydraulic system: This machine adopts the original pump and manoeuvring valve of German LELISHI. The system adopts load telesthesia control technique, when the valve plug of the king valve is situated in meso position, the differential pressure that is produced by manoeuvring valve feedback to varable delivery pump, so as to reduce the output of the pump automatically, make the discharge nearly to zero； At this time ,the pressure of pump attains to set pressure of 22M P ,in order to guarantee the pressure of the hold-down cylinder. While working, according to the opening of the manoeuvring valves plug, the pump provides the discharge of with demand, avoiding the way of controlling overflow by the traditional hydraulic systems, reducing the empty flow loss of hydraulic power with maximum. Work device: The anti-spade equips is the structure with oblique tones move frame, fastened by four hold-down cylinder and rear car frame. The anti-spade device can move side along the slippery way, extending the work scope. The movable arm of the anti-spade equips adopts a big one, when the swing takes back, it is advantageous to reduce the size of horizontal shape. While traveling ,the anti-spade device following a slippery way move to left or right ,with the pole and bucket putting away, then swinging to the rear frame of the truck. Thus reducing the length size consumedly. When the whole machine is running and transferring ,raising the flexibility ,making the machine be able to transfer in the place of narrowness and work； The distribution of the whole machines centre of gravity is more reasonable, being advantageous to the stability of machine. The manipulates system of the anti-spade device is mechanical two-pole manipulation, flexible and convenient. The lading equips adopt the Z reversal bell clank linkage ,great growing-up force and can be set level automatically； The adoption of stamping box relieves the weight and raise the capabilities of stiffness and loading. The manoeuvring system is mechanical monolever.Running system: it adopts the non-driving sure round front axle, the turn jug is double piston rod affect jug ；the rear axle is the transmission, adopting the bipole deceleration structure .The Drive motor is equipped on 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 5 the hull of the main decelerator, moved by spiral taper gear, the round-side decelerator is the planetary gear system, the stiffness of the whole structure is good ,output speed is steady .Between the main decelerator and the effect of semi axle when the axle housing is working in the process of distortion .The Running system adopts the static hydraulic pressure transportation. The truck frame adopts a whole weld type structure, having the characteristics of good rigidity and great strength. The ground jack is H-type vertical leg, connected with the truck frame into a integral .The drive of transmission adopts hydraulic pincer tray type ,the advantage of the hydraulic manipulation is celerity and reliability. Applies the brake in the vehicle for the drum central brake, manoeuvring mechanically. The anti-spade of the cab room is integral large-window roll-in structure ,which is beneficial for aeration and mind-expanding, convenient for operating, the rear driving tire adopts diameter low-pressure tire ,when running ,it can buffer vibration and ease vehicle to jolt, raining the comfort of the pilot .Because the development of the loader digger in our country starts late ,compared with abroad we have a long distance to run, such as the range of product, functional parameter ,the credibility and after-sales service.etc. 2: Domestic excavation car loader competition enterprise and domestic trend of development At present the domestic excavation car loader competition enterprise and divides into: Export modeif :Sichuan road machine shop production multi-purpose project machinery 80 above all for sale abroad, moreover the sale is continuously very good moreover, Guilin Forestry machine shop produces the small marching excavation car loader specially, product major part exportation. Overseas enters, the domestic assembly: If Shanghai CASE 590580 series product. Overseas import domestic agent: if JCB 2CX/3CX/4CX； VOLVO LB60/BL71；CASE 590580 at present all have the proxy. Home production enterprise: the home production enterprise has10YuJia , Its product for low-grade excavation car loader. The price is: in 380,000yuan Therefore, excavates the car loader the home trend of development is the introduction overseas vanguard technology, develops high grade, multi- purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification excavation car loader series product, Enhancement foundation part production, enhances the excavation car loader hydraulic pressure part in particular the quality, Achieved in satisfies under the product reliable premise, reduces the excavation car loader product cost, enhances the excavation car loader product the post-sale service lever. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 6 3、 domestic and foreign disparities and development request Because our countrys excavation car loader mainly is the necessary reliability post-sale service, with overseas compares has the quite big disparity .Displays in: The domestically produced exaction car loader mainly is the necessary reliability is inferior overseas. existence reliable question including: crude oil engine hydraulic pressure Hydraulic system cleanliness transmission part, electrical system and electric appliance part fastening technology and seal technology tire and work installment and so on The excavation car loader product performance difference, the reliability are low. Except recent years from overseas introduction some products the domestic part excavation car loader performance also occupies the international 1990s levels, the early failure rate is high can not construct the road completely satisfiedly the request. The excavation car loader foundation part quality is bad, the necessary quality does not stand up to the most rigorous test. At present, Domestically produced qualities and so on engine and hydraulic system cylinder pump valve have become the restriction car loader product quality “the bottleneck” Excavates the car loader few the variety, the complete difference, the model not entire, the partial products have not formed the series. No matter our countrys excavation car loader all also has quite many blanks in the variety and the type aspect. The existing excavation car loader product lacks the innovation and is in sole possession of the technology. Our country excavates the car loader the development work to lack the innovation, Not own unique technology .Is taking the technology to introduce, Not too takes to digest the absorption and key technologies grasping and the research Therefore, the domestic excavation car loader development should develop high grade, multi-purpose, the multi-varieties, the multi-specification series product and strengthens the foundation part, the part production, Enhances the hydraulic pressure part in particular the quality Achieved in satisfies under the product reliable premise reduces the product cost, And enhances the product the post-sale service level. 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 7 譯文： 挖掘裝載機(jī)國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀與市場(chǎng)開發(fā)之分析 挖掘裝載機(jī)俗稱“兩頭忙”。因?yàn)樗哂歇?dú)特的構(gòu)造，前端是裝載裝置，后端為挖掘裝置。在工地內(nèi)，您只需要轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一下座椅，即可完成從裝載機(jī)到挖掘機(jī)操作手角色的轉(zhuǎn)變。挖掘裝載機(jī)主要用于城市和農(nóng)村的公路建設(shè)及養(yǎng)護(hù)、電纜鋪設(shè)、電力和機(jī)場(chǎng)工程、市政建設(shè)、農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)、農(nóng)村住宅建設(shè)、開山取石以及各種小型建筑隊(duì)所從事的個(gè)中建筑施工工程?！皟深^忙”屬于小型多功能工程機(jī)械的一種，一般在大工程完成后的小工程中使用。 一、 挖掘裝載機(jī)分類 挖掘裝載機(jī)俗稱“兩頭忙”，同時(shí)具備裝載、挖掘兩種功能。挖掘裝載機(jī)分類 如下： 1.結(jié)構(gòu)上 從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)分，挖掘裝載機(jī)有兩種形式：一種是帶有側(cè)移架，另一種不帶側(cè)移架。前者的最大特點(diǎn)是挖掘工作裝置可以側(cè)移，便于在特殊場(chǎng)地作業(yè)，它在運(yùn)輸狀態(tài)時(shí)重心較低，有利于裝載和運(yùn)輸。缺點(diǎn)是：由于結(jié)構(gòu)上的限制，支腿多為支腿，支撐點(diǎn)在車輪邊緣以內(nèi)，兩支撐點(diǎn)距離較小，挖掘是整機(jī)穩(wěn)定性差（特別是挖掘工作裝置側(cè)移到一側(cè)時(shí)）。這種形式的挖掘裝載機(jī)功能重點(diǎn)在裝載方面，在歐洲生產(chǎn)得較多，后者的挖掘工作裝置不能側(cè)移，整個(gè)挖掘工作裝置可通過(guò)回轉(zhuǎn)支承繞車架后部中心做 180回轉(zhuǎn)，支腿為蛙腿式支撐，支撐點(diǎn)可伸到車輪外側(cè)偏 后，挖掘時(shí)穩(wěn)定性好，有利于挖掘能力的提高。由于沒(méi)有側(cè)移架，整機(jī)造價(jià)相應(yīng)降低。缺點(diǎn)是收斗時(shí)鏟斗懸掛在車后部，外型尺寸長(zhǎng)，機(jī)車處于運(yùn)輸和裝載狀態(tài)時(shí)，穩(wěn)定差，對(duì)裝載和運(yùn)輸有一定影響，此種機(jī)型功能重點(diǎn)在挖掘方面，以美國(guó)生產(chǎn)居多。 2.動(dòng)力分配上 從動(dòng)力分配上來(lái)分，挖掘裝載機(jī)有兩輪（后輪）驅(qū)動(dòng)和四輪（全輪）驅(qū)動(dòng)兩種形式。前者不能完全利用附著重量，使機(jī)車與地面的附著力以及牽引力比后者下降，但造價(jià)比后者低得多。 1. 底盤上 底盤上來(lái)分：小型多功能工程機(jī)械常用的三種底盤中，微型挖掘機(jī)的動(dòng)力大多在 20kw以下，整機(jī)重量 1000 3000 、采用履帶行走機(jī)構(gòu)，行走速度不足 5km/h,多用于農(nóng)場(chǎng)、園林等小規(guī)模的土方作業(yè)。由于其機(jī)型偏小，造價(jià)較高，目前在國(guó) 內(nèi)尚難以普及：挖掘裝載機(jī)的動(dòng)力多在 30-60kw 機(jī)重較大，重量約在 5000-8000 之間，挖掘能力較強(qiáng)，多采用輪式行走機(jī)構(gòu)，全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，利用轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋或絞接轉(zhuǎn)向，車速較高，達(dá) 20km/h以上，國(guó)外大量用于農(nóng)場(chǎng)、基建、道路維修等工程的土方作業(yè)和大型施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的輔助性作業(yè)。該機(jī)型外形較大，靈活性較差，一般難以適應(yīng)狹小場(chǎng)地的作業(yè)。 河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 8 二、挖掘裝載機(jī)的國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1.國(guó)內(nèi)技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀 目前我國(guó)挖掘裝載機(jī)的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有 10 余家，主要是山工、煙工、遼寧朝陽(yáng)、柳工、廈工、常林、北建、徐工等。目前該產(chǎn)品年產(chǎn)量大約在 400 太左右。從我國(guó)小型多功能挖裝機(jī)械從無(wú)到有的發(fā)展歷史看，我國(guó)挖掘裝載機(jī)一直處于較為落后的狀態(tài)，其發(fā)展速度緩慢。我國(guó)在上世紀(jì) 70 年代初才開始自行開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)，首先由北京建筑機(jī)械廠研制成功 WZ2A 和 WZ2B 型液壓挖掘裝載機(jī)， 1987 年煙臺(tái)工程機(jī)械廠試制成功 ZL15WJ 型挖掘裝載機(jī)。之后福建建筑機(jī)械廠、一拖、山東廣饒液壓機(jī)械廠先后研制出 WZ25 型、 DFH-904WZ型、 T55Z/W 型挖掘裝載 機(jī)，到 1992 年柳州挖掘裝載機(jī)廠、柳州工程機(jī)械股份有限公司分別研制出 WZ30-25 型和 WZ25-20 型挖掘裝載機(jī)。山東工程機(jī)械廠 2001 年 7 月成功研制出 WZ30-25 型挖掘裝載機(jī)。 以下幾家生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品基本上代表了目前國(guó)內(nèi)挖掘裝載機(jī)的技術(shù)水平： 1.常林的 WZ30-25 挖掘裝載機(jī)：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)選用康明斯渦輪增壓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，額定功率63kw，排放符合歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車轉(zhuǎn)向橋（前橋）為非驅(qū)動(dòng)擺動(dòng)橋，軸承采用進(jìn)口件。選用進(jìn)口專為挖掘裝載機(jī)配套的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋（后橋）。帶有免維護(hù)的濕式制動(dòng)器，大大提高了行車的安全性和可靠性。帶差速鎖 ，提高了整車的牽引性能。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車為兩輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，可根據(jù)用戶需要配備四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。液壓系統(tǒng)采用高效齒輪單泵系統(tǒng)，主要部件如泵、多路閥、轉(zhuǎn)向器全部選用國(guó)外知名公司產(chǎn)品。 2.煙臺(tái)工程機(jī)械廠生產(chǎn) WZ25-20 型： WZ25-20 型挖掘裝載機(jī)是以裝載機(jī)為主本，前端改裝多用途鏟斗、后端加挖掘裝置而成。一拖的東方紅 904WZ 型挖掘裝載機(jī)是在引進(jìn)意大利菲亞特技術(shù)制造 LF90 型拖拉機(jī)基礎(chǔ)上。配套設(shè)計(jì)的具有前裝載、后挖掘等多種功能的農(nóng)業(yè)工程機(jī)械。 3.柳州挖掘裝載機(jī)廠 WZ30-25 型：柳州挖掘裝載機(jī)廠生產(chǎn)的 WZ30-25 型 挖掘裝載機(jī)及 柳州工程機(jī)械股份有限公司研制的 WZ30-20 型挖掘裝載機(jī)，均是在消化吸收 CAT 挖掘裝載機(jī)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合我國(guó)的工藝特點(diǎn)研制而成的新產(chǎn)品，這兩款新產(chǎn)品均采用專用底盤，采用了與 CAT 公司相同的負(fù)荷傳感控制技術(shù)。由于這兩款機(jī)型采用的是變量系統(tǒng)，因此對(duì)系統(tǒng)的清潔度及元件的可靠性要求較高。 4.柳州澳柳機(jī)械有限公司 HACH995E 系列挖掘裝載機(jī)： 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)：配備先進(jìn)的渦輪增壓柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，額定功率達(dá)到 95 匹馬力，在 1500 轉(zhuǎn) /分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)速下達(dá)到 384 牛米的扭矩，核心關(guān)鍵部件采用進(jìn)口的世界名牌產(chǎn)品，可靠性更高。全新的外觀造 型美觀大方，駕駛室空間更大；四合一鏟斗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置，使機(jī)器具有更多的功能與用途。多種工作附件可以選配，勝任更多工作；采用挖掘裝載機(jī)專用車架。駕駛室是獨(dú)立可靠更換的，通過(guò) 5 個(gè)減震裝置與車架連接。液壓油箱、燃油箱也是獨(dú)立可更換、并且是低位布置，利用降低機(jī)器重心，提高穩(wěn)定性，而且適合站在地上進(jìn)行油河北工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 9 料加注和檢修。同時(shí)它們也成為登車階梯的部分，方便操作者出入