2009高考英語閱讀理解專題復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)教案.doc.doc

2009高考英語閱讀理解專題復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)教案一、英語考試大綱要求1、理解主旨和要義；2、理解文中具體信息；3、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；4、做出簡單判斷和推理；5、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；6、理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。二、閱讀理解命題分類1、主旨大意型2、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型3、詞義猜測型4、推理判斷型三、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型（一）、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型解題要領(lǐng)1、文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的問題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。2、忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。3、常見提問形式1）WhichofthefollowingisTRUE（NotTrue）accordingtotheinformationinthepassage?2）Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?3）Theauthormentionsallthefollowingexcept_.4）Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat_.5）以when,where,who,what,how,why,howmany/much等詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句。4、例題Example1（08浙E）Oneday,ItoldmymotherIdchangedmymind.Ididntwanttomakeasuccessinthemagazinebusiness.“Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourmindlikethis,”shereplied,“youwillbecomeagood-for-nothing.”Sheinsistedthat,assoonasschoolwasover,Ishouldstartringingdoorbells,sellingmagazines.WheneverIsaidno,shewouldscoldme.Whatdidthemotherdowhentheboywantedtogiveup?A.Sheforcedhimtocontinue.B.Shepunishedhim.C.Shegavehimsomemoney.D.Shechangedherplan.Example2WanttobeavolunteerforBeijingOlympicsin2008?Recently,therecruitingstarted.TherecruitingofBeijingOlympicsVolunteerstartsfromAug28,2006toendofMarch2008.Stage1:BeijingVolunteersFromAugust28,2006,theprogramopenstoapplicantsinBeijing（andBeijingonly）.Stage2:ChinaVolunteersFromDec,2006,peoplefromoutsideBeijingcansubmittheirapplication.Stage3:OverseasVolunteersByMarch2007,peoplefromoutsideChina（includinginothercountries）canapplyforvolunteeringinOlympics2008.TheProgramTravel,hotelarenotprovided.Onlyworkingmealisavailableforvolunteers（makessense,isntit?）Ifyouhaveanyquestions,justcallOlympicsVolunteerhotline:+86-10-123081.WhohasthemosttimetoapplyforvolunteeringinOlympics2008?A.LilingfromBeijingB.WangbingfromTianjin.C.JanefromAustraliaD.DongdongfromYunnan.2.BeingavolunteerinOlympics2008,youcanenjoyfree_service.A.foodB.taxiC.hotelD.ticket事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型-心得體會(huì)此題型最普遍的特征是題干中的某些詞語和表達(dá)方式與原文的詞語和表達(dá)方式相吻合，因此一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。（二）詞義猜測型解題要領(lǐng)1、常見提問形式：1）Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword？2）Theword.couldbestbereplacedby.3）Inthe.paragraph,theword.means（refersto）.4）Accordingtothepassage,.probablymeans.5）Theauthorusestheword.tomean.2、猜測詞義的常見方法一、是針對(duì)性的解釋1）根據(jù)定義（definition）猜測詞義如果生詞有一個(gè)句子（定語從句或是同位語或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容和引號(hào)括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。例1.Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claims（聲稱）asitsown.分析由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動(dòng)物的地盤”。例2.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today分析由同位語anendangeredwildcat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。例3.HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa.AplaceinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesBmountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyCtownwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkDrestaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood分析通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：ThePines是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。2）根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例4.Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpolitiesbetweennationstates.ItwillprovidemorespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropeanUnion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodiesastheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.分析根據(jù)suchas后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue是指“議題”。二、是內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1）根據(jù)對(duì)比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。例5.Achildsbirthdaypartydoesnthavetobeahassle；itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”（paragraph1）probablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests分析根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系，這里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。例6.Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語lovestotalk和loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。2）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。例7.feelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”（2005年上海卷）Theword“presumptuous”inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto“”.AfullofrespectBtooconfidentandrudeClackinginexperienceDtooshyandquiet分析根據(jù)since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會(huì)是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對(duì)應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。例8.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。3）根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、反義等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關(guān)系猜測詞義。例9.WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（紗線），goodandilltogether.”Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.AsimpleBmixedCsadDhappy分析句中g(shù)oodandilltogether更具體地說明了amingledyarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”。例10.Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris“yes”,accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.分析根據(jù)andthreeothermedicalcenters這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：JohnsHopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心。例11.Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefamethemansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.分析根據(jù)與insult“侮辱”的同等關(guān)系猜測defame為“詆毀”，“中傷”或“誹謗”例12.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.分析運(yùn)用與football的同義關(guān)系推斷為“足球”。例13.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneatstreet.Thelittledwelling,however,lookedneglectedandcheerless.分析運(yùn)用與Thehouse近義關(guān)系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關(guān)例14.MostwomeninChina-educatedandilliterated,urbanandrural,theyoungandold-worktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.分析后面的urbanandrural,theyoungandold之間都有反義關(guān)系，運(yùn)用這個(gè)關(guān)系可以推斷illiterated為“未接受過教育的，即文盲”三、是通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識(shí)，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1）根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例15.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?根據(jù)詞根educational（教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2）根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例16.Itsaquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking（俯瞰）thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEnglandsmostsoutherlypoint后綴-ise/ize意思是“使成為；使化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。3）根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例17.Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Welldesignedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（別扭的）handpositions.（2005年北京卷）Well-designed或許是個(gè)生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design（設(shè)計(jì)）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計(jì)精巧的”意思。例18.Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremo