語言文化論文-淺談非語言交際中的身勢語.doc

語言文化論文-淺談非語言交際中的身勢語摘要“身勢語”同語言一樣，都是文化的一部分。在不同文化中，身勢語的意義并不完全相同。各民族有不同的非語言交際方式.例如：不同的民族在談話時，對雙方保持多大距離才合適有不同的看法；談話雙方身體接觸的次數(shù)多少因文化不同而各異；在目光接觸這一方面也有許多規(guī)定：看不看對方，什么時候看，看多久，什么人可以看，什么人不可以看；在某些場合下，在中國和講英語的國家無論微笑還是大笑，通常表示友好贊同滿意高興愉快，但是在某些場合，中國人的笑會引起西方人的反感；打手勢時動作稍有不同，就會與原來的意圖有所區(qū)別，對某種手勢理解錯了，也會引起意外的反應(yīng)等等。因此，要用外語進(jìn)行有效的交際，在說某種語言時就得了解說話人的手勢，動作，舉止等所表示的意思。而有些權(quán)威人士認(rèn)為兩者相互依存。在大多數(shù)情況下這是對的。在某些情況下，人體動作與所說的話不一致，口頭說的與身勢語表達(dá)的意思不一樣。這時要借助其他信息或從整個情況中猜測說話人的意思，從某種意義上說，一切身勢語都要放在一定的情景下去理解；忽視了整個情景就會發(fā)生誤解。而通過中美身勢語對比研究表明，兩者有相似的地方，也有差異的地方，說明了解另一種語言中身勢語的重要性?？梢?，真正掌握兩種語言的人在換用另一種語言說話時也要換用另一種身勢語。這樣才能達(dá)到更好的交際效果。關(guān)鍵詞:非語言交際身勢語不同文化不同方式BodyLanguageonNonverbalCommunicationAbstract“Bodylanguage”,likeourverballanguage,isalsoapartofourculture.Butnotallbodylanguagemeansthesamethingindifferentcultures.Differentpeoplehavedifferentwaysofmakingnonverbalcommunication.Forexample:differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabouttheproperdistancebetweenpeopleconversing；theappropriatenessofphysicalcontactvarieswithdifferentcultures；onecoulddrawupquitealistof“rules”abouteyecontact:tolookornottolook；whentolookandhowlongtolook；whoandwhonottolookat；smilesandlaughterusuallyconveyfriendliness,approval,satisfaction,pleasure,joyandmerriment,and,thisisgenerallytrueinChinaaswellastheEnglish-speakingcountries,however,therearesituationswhensomeChinesewilllaughthatwillcausenegativereactionsbywesterners；gesturescanbeparticularlytroublesome,foraslightdifferenceinmakingthegestureitselfcanmeansomethingquitedifferentfromthatintended,and,awronginterpretationofagesturecanarousequiteunexpectedreactionsandsoon.Soinordertocommunicateeffectivelyinaforeignlanguage,oneshouldknowalsothegestures,bodymovements,mannerismsandetc.thataccompanyaparticularlanguage.Someauthoritiesfeelthatthetwoaredependentoneachother.Thisiscertainlytrueinmostsituations.Butitisalsotruethatincertainsituationsbodyactioncontradictswhatisbeingsaid,justasthespokenwordsmaymeansomethingquitedifferentfromwhatbodylanguagecommunicates.Whenthisoccurs,onemusttrytogetfurtherinformation,orguessthemeaningfromthecontextofthesituation.Inasense,allbodylanguageshouldbeinterpretedwithinagivencontext；toignoretheoverallsituationcouldbemisleading.AcomparativestudyofChineseandAmericanbodylanguageshowsanumberofsimilaritiesanddiversitiesofbodylanguage.Itshowstheimportanceofknowingthespecificgesturesthatgowithalanguage.Observationshowsthatatrulybilingualpersonswitcheshisbodylanguageatthesametimeheswitcheslanguages.Thismakescommunicationeasierandbetter.Keywords:nonverbalcommunicationbodylanguagedifferentculturedifferentwaysContents1.Introduction12.Thenecessityandimportanceoflearningbodylanguageonnonverbalcommunication23.Theconcretetypesandapplicationofthebodylanguage33.1Typesofbodylanguage33.1.1Distancebetweenpeopleconversing33.1.2Physicalcontact33.1.3Eyecontact43.1.4Smilesandlaughter63.1.5Gestures63.2Applicationofthebodylanguage63.2.1Greetings63.2.2Signsofaffection83.2.3Physicalcontactinlife83.3AcomparativestudyofChineseandAmericanbodylanguage94.Conclusion121.IntroductionWhenaChineseconverseswithaCanadianorAmericanfriendoftheoppositesex,woulditbeindecenttobelookingattheotherperson?Iftwoyoungfriendsofthesamesexwalkwiththeirarmsaroundeachothersshouldersorholdhands,wouldthisberegardedbyEnglish-speakingpeopleasproper?Doesnoddingtheheadmean“yes”,andshakingtheheadmean“no”inallcultures?Therearenotquestionsaboutlanguage,butaboutbodylanguage,aboutnonverbalcommunication.Nonverbalcommunication,composedofpictures,dresses,eyecontact,spatialsignals,gesturesandsoon,isasimportantasverbalcommunication.Peoplecommunicateinmanydifferentways.Oneofthemostimportantways,ofcourse,isthroughlanguage.Moreover,whenlanguageiswrittenitcanbecompletelyisolatedfromthecontextinwhichitoccurs；itcanbetreatedasifitwereanindependentandself-containedprocess.Likeallanimals,peoplecommunicatebytheiractionsaswellasbythenoisestheymake.Itisasortofbiologicalanomalyofmansomethinglikethegiraffesneck,orthepelicansbeakthatourvocalnoiseshavesoforoutgrowninimportanceandfrequencyallourothermethodsofsignalingtooneanother.Languageisobviouslyessentialforhumanbeings,butitisnotthewholestoryofhumancommunication.Notbyalongshot.Thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationshouldbecomplementarytothestudyoflanguage.Theunderstandingofoneshouldbehelpfulinthefurtherunderstandingoftheother.Someauthoritiesfeelthatthetwoaredependentoneachother.Thisiscertainlytrueinmostsituations.Butitisalsotruethatincertainsituationbodyactioncontradictswhatisbeingsaid,justasthespokenwordsmaymeansomethingquitedifferentfromwhatnonverbalcommunicationcommunicates.Whenthisoccurs,onemusttrytogetfurtherinformation,orguessthemeaningfromthecontextofthesituation.Inacase,allnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeinterpretedwithinagivencontext；toignoretheoverallsituationcouldbemisleading.2.ThenecessityandimportanceoflearningbodylanguageonnonverbalcommunicationAlthoughwemaynotrealizeit,whenweconversewithotherswecommunicatebymuchmorethanwords.Byourexpressions,gesturesandotherbodymovementswesendmessagestothesearoundusasmileandanoutstretchedhandshowwelcome.Aformisasignofdispleasure.Noddingonesheadmeansagreement“Yes”.Wavinganoutstretchedhandwithopenpalmisthegesturefor“goodbye”.Leaningbackinonesseatandyawningatatalkorlectureshowslackofinterest,boredom.Thesegestureshavecometobeacceptedingeneralashavingthemeaningsmentioned,atlasttoChineseandAmericans.Therearepartsofthewayinwhichwecommunicate.This“bodylanguage”,likeourverballanguage,isalsoapartofourculture.Butnotallbodylanguagemeansthesamethingindifferentcultures.Differentpeoplehavedifferentwaysofmakingnonverbalcommunication.Theanswerstothequestionsatthebeginningofthischapterareall“no”.Evennoddingtheheadmayhaveadifferentmeaning.ToNepalese,SriLankans,someIndiansandsomeEskimositmeansnot“yes”,but“no”.Soinordertocommunicateeffectivelyinaforeignlanguage,oneshouldknowalsothegestures,bodymovements,mannerismsandetc.thataccompanyaparticularlanguage.Bodylanguageisanimportantmediathroughwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Itreferstothepatternsoffacialexpressionsandgesturesthatpeopleusetoexpresstheirfeelingsincommunication.ThespecialistonbodylanguageresearchFen.Lafle.Angles,oncesaid:Onceitwaslost,ababycouldnthavegrownintoanormalperson.Itsalsotruetothejuveniles.Inschooleducation,bodylanguageplaysapositiveroleincultivatingthestudentscharacters.3.Theconcretetypesandapplicationofthebodylanguage3.1Typesofbodylanguage3.1.1DistancebetweenpeopleconversingWatchanArabandanEnglishmaninconversa