語(yǔ)言遷移與英語(yǔ)教學(xué)宋.ppt

翻,譯,歡迎光臨,Language Transfer And English Teaching/Learning,語(yǔ)言遷移與英語(yǔ)教學(xué),左 飚 ,A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.,海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。,上海海事大學(xué),Wishing you happiness every day!,翻,譯,歡迎光臨,Four Parts 1. Language transfer 語(yǔ)言遷移 2. Linguistic contrast 語(yǔ)言對(duì)比 3. Contrast and translation 對(duì)比與翻譯 4. English Teaching/Learning 英語(yǔ)教與學(xué),Part One Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation? 外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的語(yǔ)言遷移： 干擾還是促進(jìn)？,What Is Language Transfer?,Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 遷移是由于目標(biāo)語(yǔ)與已經(jīng)習(xí)得的語(yǔ)言之間的相似和差異而產(chǎn)生的影響。 奧德林,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer (負(fù)遷移) Errors arise from analogy. 類(lèi)推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。,Positive Transfer （正遷移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。,Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言相似與相異點(diǎn)的敏銳意識(shí)能促進(jìn)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。,Negative Transfer (負(fù)遷移): Interference (干擾),Causes: analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母語(yǔ)先知結(jié)構(gòu)的類(lèi)推運(yùn)用 scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言的差異所知甚少 unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自覺(jué)地回歸母語(yǔ)的言語(yǔ)習(xí)慣 Chinglish = English words + Chinese structure 漢語(yǔ)式英語(yǔ) = 英語(yǔ)單詞 + 漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),Native Language Transfer Does Exist. 母語(yǔ)遷移現(xiàn)象確實(shí)存在,The age of the learner: around 20 學(xué)習(xí)者的年齡：20上下 The learning context：Chinese 學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)境：漢語(yǔ),Examples of Negative Transfer,Phonological transfer (語(yǔ)音遷移) The sound /n/ or /f/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ or /h/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中國(guó)方言（如南京/閩南方言）中沒(méi)有輔音/n/或/f/，而用輔音/l/或/h/來(lái)替代。,1、這位作家喜歡晚上寫(xiě)作。,The writer likes writing at light.,(night),他不怕死。 He does not hear to die.,(fear),Examples of Negative Transfer,Punctuation transfer (標(biāo)點(diǎn)遷移) Loosely connected sentences are widely made in Chinese by using commas, but in English, whenever a full sentence with subject and predicate is made, a full stop is used. 漢語(yǔ)中有很多流水句用逗號(hào)連接，但在英語(yǔ)中，具有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的完整句都必須用句號(hào)。,2、天氣晴朗，聚會(huì)露天舉行。,The weather was fine, the party was held outdoors.,The weather was fine. The party was held outdoors. The weather was fine, so the party was held outdoors. As the weather was fine, the party was held outdoors.,Please correct the following English sentence:,Sometimes I come by train. Sometimes I come by plane. However, usually I come by car. （正） Sometimes I come by train, and sometimes I come by plane, but usually I come by car. （正） I come sometimes by train, and sometimes by plane, but usually by car. （正）,我有時(shí)坐火車(chē)來(lái)，有時(shí)坐飛機(jī)來(lái)，但通常坐小車(chē)來(lái)。 Sometimes I come by train, sometimes I come by plane, usually I come by car. （誤）,Examples of Negative Transfer,Location transfer (語(yǔ)位遷移) Location transfer from Chinese may cause logical errors in English. 漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)位遷移到英語(yǔ)可能會(huì)造成邏輯錯(cuò)誤。,3、跑道上，我看到一群學(xué)生在跑步。,On the track, I saw a group of students running.,I saw a group of students running on the track.,在絕望中，我可以想象一個(gè)普通人會(huì)干出什么事來(lái)。,In desperation I could figure out what an ordinary man would do.,I could figure out what an ordinary man in desperation would do.,Examples of Negative Transfer,He only eat two meal a day.,4、他一天只吃?xún)深D飯。,Morphological transfer （詞形遷移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在漢語(yǔ)中，名詞和動(dòng)詞都沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化。,(eats) (meals),我去年到北京去了三次。 I go to Beijing 3 time last year.,(went) (times),Examples of Negative Transfer,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population.,5、據(jù)說(shuō)上海有三千三百萬(wàn)人口。,Collocation transfer (搭配遷移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of population, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“人口”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用前置數(shù)詞來(lái)修飾。,Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million.,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.,More Examples of Collocation transfer,把這一信息告訴某人,give sb the information,tell sb the information,遵守期限,observe / abide by the deadline,meet the deadline,做人,做事,做學(xué)問(wèn),behave, conduct oneself,do a thing, handle/treat a matter, deal with/conduct an affair,pursue learning, pursue scholarship, do/engage in researches,Examples of Negative Transfer,Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich.,6、要采取措施縮小貧富差距。,Word order transfer (詞序遷移),東南西北 或遲或早 悲歡離合 衣食住行 廢寢忘食 水陸交通 饑寒交迫 田徑項(xiàng)目 生老病死,the rich and the poor,Examples of Negative Transfer,He suggested me to accept this offer .,7、他建議我接受這個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)。,Syntactical transfer (句型遷移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of suggest, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的漢語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞“建議”在漢語(yǔ)中可以用“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。,He suggested that I (should) accept this offer .,He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .,She coached a student to prepare for the examinations. （誤） She coached a student for the examinations. （正） She coached a student in preparing for the examinations. （正）,村長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)我們修建了一條寬闊的大道。,The village head led us to build a wide road. （誤） The village head led us in building a wide road. （正）,她輔導(dǎo)一位學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備考試。,I was born in the country, but as I grew up, I wanted to go to live in town. （正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,我出生在農(nóng)村，長(zhǎng)大后想住到城里去。 I was born in the country, but grew up, I wanted to go to live in town. （誤）,Syntactical transfer (句型遷移) Sentences or clauses without a subject are acceptable in Chinese, but not in English.,As I stood at the top of this mountain, all other mountains looked small. （正） Standing at the top of this mountain, I felt that all other mountains looked small. （正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小。 Standing at the top of this mountain, all other mountains looked small. （誤）,Syntactical transfer (句型遷移),Those books are on the desk. Have you seen them? （正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,那些書(shū)在桌上，你看到了嗎？ Those books on the desk. Have you seen? （誤）,Syntactical transfer (句型遷移) The omission of the predicate verb or an object is acceptable in Chinese, but not in English.,The dictionary is helpful for us in learning English. （正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,詞典對(duì)于我們學(xué)英語(yǔ)很有幫助。 The dictionary is helpful for us to learn English.,Syntactical transfer (句型遷移) The structure “for sb. to do sth. ” is not used after such words as useful, helpful, beneficial, etc.,CF: It is necessary (important / urgent) for us to learn English. （正）,Examples of Negative Transfer,8. - Your English is wonderful. (Tourist) - Oh, no. My English is still poor. (Guide),Pragmatic transfer (語(yǔ)用遷移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 對(duì)贊揚(yáng)的否定回答在漢語(yǔ)中被視為謙虛有禮貌。,- Your English is wonderful. - Thank you, but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.,- Sorry I didnt go to yesterdays meeting. I had a cold. (an Australian Teacher) - Caught a cold? Oh, you must put on more clothes. Do drink plenty of boiled water and take plenty of rest. (A colleague),Pragmatic transfer (語(yǔ)用遷移) Over-concern about someones health is not proper in communication with western people. 在與西方人的交際中，不宜對(duì)某人的身體表示過(guò)度的關(guān)切。,- No wonder. The weather is changeable. Take care. Hope youll get better soon.,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer (負(fù)遷移) Errors arise from analogy. 類(lèi)推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。,Positive Transfer （正遷移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。,We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.,我們可以通過(guò)分析兩種語(yǔ)言的差異，提高學(xué)生避免或減少類(lèi)推錯(cuò)誤的意識(shí)，把負(fù)遷移（干擾）轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移（促進(jìn)）。,Part Two English-Chinese Contrast 英漢對(duì)比,Difference Between Comparative Study and Contrastive Study,Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research. 比較研究著重尋找語(yǔ)言間的相似點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用歷時(shí)的研究方法。,Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research. 對(duì)比研究著重尋找語(yǔ)言間的不同點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用共時(shí)的研究方法。,語(yǔ)義型與形態(tài)型,Please translate the following:,不要人云亦云。 Dont say what others have said. 這件事，你做也好，他做也罷，我看誰(shuí)都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, Im afraid neither will do it well. 惠農(nóng)政策不斷加強(qiáng)。 Policies were constantly strengthened to benefit agriculture. 必須采取措施開(kāi)發(fā)新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources.,Please translate the following:,你再不起床，我要掀被子了。 If you should refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt.,你死了，我去當(dāng)和尚。,If you should die, I would go and be a monk.,Please compare the underlined words:,不要人云亦云。 這件事，你做也好，他做也罷，我看誰(shuí)都做不好。 惠農(nóng)政策不斷加強(qiáng)。 必須采取措施開(kāi)發(fā)新能源。 你再不起床，我要掀被子了。 你死了，我去當(dāng)和尚。,Dont say what others have said. Whether you do it or he does it, Im afraid neither will do it well. Policies were constantly strengthened to benefit agriculture. Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources. If you should refuse to get up, I would pull off your quilt. If you should die, I would go and be a monk.,Tense （時(shí)態(tài)）,Voice （語(yǔ) 態(tài)）,Mood （語(yǔ)氣）,Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少?lài)?yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化 老師們、同學(xué)們,Retaining some inflections保留較多形態(tài)變化 v.（動(dòng)詞）: tense, aspect, voice, mood n.（名詞）: number, case, gender pron.（代詞）: person, gender, case, number adj.（形容詞）: degree ad.（副詞） : degree,Chinese,English,病來(lái)如山倒， 病去如抽絲。,Sickness comes like an avalanche, but goes like reeling silk.,I wont go so long as he does.,他去我不去。,他人老心不老。,Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.,我來(lái)他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 條件),(Contrast, Opposition 對(duì)照、轉(zhuǎn)折),(Time Order 時(shí)間先后),(Concession 讓步),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese 語(yǔ)義型語(yǔ)言 (以意統(tǒng)形) Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隱性連貫),English 形態(tài)型語(yǔ)言 (以形馭意) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （顯性聯(lián)接）,翻,譯,歡迎光臨,Another Major Difference Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.,Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:,* 我的小孫子他很調(diào)皮。 My little grandson is very naughty. * 那輛破車(chē)，你早該把它淘汰了。 You should have thrown away the clunker. * 英語(yǔ)這門(mén)語(yǔ)言，學(xué)會(huì)它可不容易。 It is by no means easy to learn the English language.,Compare the sentence structures of the two languages :,我的小孫子他很調(diào)皮。 那輛破車(chē)，你早該把它淘汰了。 英語(yǔ)這門(mén)語(yǔ)言，學(xué)會(huì)它可不容易。,My little grandson is very naughty. You should have thrown away the clunker. It is by no means easy to learn the English language.,Chinese Structure: Topic-Comment 話(huà)題-評(píng)論,English Structure: Subject-Predicate 主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Topic-prominent Language 話(huà)題突出型語(yǔ)言 Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （話(huà)題-評(píng)論結(jié)構(gòu)）,English Subject-prominent Language 主語(yǔ)突出型語(yǔ)言 Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)）,波浪型與樹(shù)枝型,Chinese: wave-like discourse structure （漢語(yǔ)的波式語(yǔ)段結(jié)構(gòu)）,漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)段結(jié)構(gòu)猶如大海的波浪，流瀉自由，似分似合，可斷可連，主謂難辨，形散神聚。,開(kāi)始我和母親是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開(kāi)了，抽吧，揀好的買(mǎi)，想抽就抽。,開(kāi)始我和母親是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開(kāi)了，抽吧，揀好的買(mǎi)，想抽就抽。,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke. After ( ) contracted the fatal disease, ( ) thought differently. ( ) Just ( ) smoke, ( ) buy the best cigarettes, ( ) smoke whenever ( ) liked to.,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke. After ( Father ) contracted the fatal disease, (we ) thought differently. (We would) Just (let him) smoke, (and we would) buy the best cigarettes, (and let him) smoke whenever (he) liked to.,Chinese: wave-like discourse structure （漢語(yǔ)的波式語(yǔ)段結(jié)構(gòu)）,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea, moving onward with alternating rise and fall, connected yet separated, like but different, suggestive of some law, too complex for analysis or statement, controlling the relations between wave and wave, waves and sea, phrase and phrase, phrases and speech.,H. W. Fowler (1858 1933) :,H. W. Fowler (1858 1933) :,節(jié)奏感強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言或文字（指漢語(yǔ)），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隱含著某些規(guī)律，但卻過(guò)于復(fù)雜，難以分析或表述；這些規(guī)律規(guī)范著波浪與波浪、波浪與大海、詞組與詞組、詞組與語(yǔ)段之間的各種關(guān)系。,Chinese: wave-like discourse structure （漢語(yǔ)的波式語(yǔ)段結(jié)構(gòu)）,王力（1984）指出，“就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論，西洋語(yǔ)言是法治的，中國(guó)語(yǔ)言是人治的?！?呂叔湘（1979）說(shuō)，“漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)里有特多流水句，一個(gè)小句接一個(gè)小句，很多地方可斷可連。”,English: tree-like sentence structure （英語(yǔ)的樹(shù)式句子結(jié)構(gòu)）,英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)好似一棵大樹(shù)，樹(shù)干、樹(shù)枝、分枝、樹(shù)葉互相連接，結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，形式規(guī)范。主謂必須一致，構(gòu)成樹(shù)干；定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等其余成分均為枝葉，由連接詞語(yǔ)與樹(shù)干相連，形成一棵完整的大樹(shù)。,English: tree-like sentence structure （英語(yǔ)的樹(shù)式句子結(jié)構(gòu)）,Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line: S + V + (O),English: tree-like sentence structure （英語(yǔ)的樹(shù)式句子結(jié)構(gòu)）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line: S + V + (O),As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse structure （波式結(jié)構(gòu)） with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree-like sentence structure （樹(shù)式結(jié)構(gòu)）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Six Major Differences Between English and Chinese 英漢六大差異,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隱性連貫) Paratactic 語(yǔ)義型語(yǔ)言 (以意統(tǒng)形),English Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （顯性聯(lián)接） Hypotactic 形態(tài)型語(yǔ)言 (以形馭意),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （話(huà)題-評(píng)論結(jié)構(gòu)）,English Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)）,Topic-prominent Language 話(huà)題突出型語(yǔ)言,Subject-prominent Language 主語(yǔ)突出型語(yǔ)言,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse structure （波式結(jié)構(gòu)） with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree-like sentence structure （樹(shù)式結(jié)構(gòu)）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹） （語(yǔ)序相對(duì)固定）,English Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （積木） （語(yǔ)序相對(duì)靈活）,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion 獅子型語(yǔ)言,English English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock 孔雀型語(yǔ)言,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese moving point of sight （視點(diǎn)流動(dòng)）,English fixed point of sight （視點(diǎn)固定）,Part Three Contrast and Translation 對(duì)比與翻譯,Enlightenment on translation from the contrast between the two languages 從兩種語(yǔ)言的對(duì)比中獲得的有關(guān)翻譯的啟示,請(qǐng)翻譯并作對(duì)比分析 Please translate and make contrastive analysis.,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Astonishment oppressed him. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.,他大為驚訝。 我興奮得什么話(huà)都說(shuō)不出來(lái)。,Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物稱(chēng)) Chinese: Personal (人稱(chēng)),Contrast Between English and Chinese,They are paid for this. Table tennis is played all over China. Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?,他們拿錢(qián)就是干這事的。 乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)風(fēng)靡全中國(guó)。 為什么總要把這些麻煩事推給我？,Difference 2 English : Passive (被動(dòng)) Chinese: Active (主動(dòng)),Contrast Between English and Chinese,If you dont see it , you wont believe, but once you do, youll make up your mind. 2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place.,不看不相信，一看鐵了心。 湯姆突然病了，沒(méi)能來(lái)，我們只好請(qǐng)你頂他。,Difference 3 English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Their eccentricity often makes you frown. We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness.,他們的古怪行為常常令人皺眉。 我們懷著謹(jǐn)慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的國(guó)土 。,Difference 4 English : Abstract (抽象） Chinese: Concrete （具體）,How to make abstract ideas concrete?,By adding category words,chaos stability jealousy flexibility decisiveness lightheartedness,混亂狀態(tài) 穩(wěn)定局面 妒忌心理 靈活姿態(tài) 果斷作風(fēng) 輕松心情,Contrast Between English and Chinese,If you have any problems, she is a good listener. There is a crying need for a new remedy. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.,如果你有麻煩事，她會(huì)傾聽(tīng)你訴說(shuō)。 現(xiàn)在急需想出新法子來(lái)補(bǔ)救。 要不是我能干重活，早就給辭退了。,Difference 5 English : Static (靜態(tài)) Chinese: Dynamic (動(dòng)態(tài)),Contrast Between English and Chinese,It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella