高三英語完型填空解題指導(dǎo)(ppt).ppt

No.6 Middle School,張玉勛,完形填空解題指導(dǎo),一.完形填空題型特征：完形填空通常是一篇詞數(shù)250-350左右的文章，設(shè)空20個。每空設(shè)四個選項(xiàng)，要求考生選擇最佳選項(xiàng)，將所缺信息補(bǔ)上，以達(dá)到“完型”的目的。此題是在語篇的基礎(chǔ)上考查語言運(yùn)用能力、閱讀能力和邏輯思維能力。完型填空題通常針對語篇話題相關(guān)的核心詞在語境中的語義辨析和組合用法以及邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)語等銜接成分設(shè)題，且每空干擾項(xiàng)與最佳選項(xiàng)在語法形式和語意上相當(dāng)或近似。一些選項(xiàng)，如果脫離語篇，僅以句子單位分析，幾個選項(xiàng)看似都正確，但在語篇背景下進(jìn)行超句法分析，即考慮語句間的語義連貫，則只有一個符合語篇語境的最佳選項(xiàng)。所以解完型填空題必須聚精會神地閱讀全文，把握全文中心主旨，利用文章中空格外的詞、句信息，猜測推斷所缺信息的意思，搞清句與句之間、段與段之間的聯(lián)系，在全面理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上解題。,近年完形填空的命題特點(diǎn)： 1.題型穩(wěn)定，突出語篇，記敘文和夾敘夾議為主，且第一句不設(shè)空。文章故事情節(jié)完整，中心明確、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)清楚。 2.辨析詞義，以實(shí)詞為主。 3.長句增加，句式靈活，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。,二、完形填空命題要點(diǎn) ：通過對完形填空題的分析和歸納，完型填空中的各個小題的測試點(diǎn)大致可以把握以下幾種方向： 1.以實(shí)詞為主，考查詞義辨析能力; 2.考查固定搭配； 3.考查關(guān)聯(lián)詞語 4.考查名詞和代詞一致性； 5.考查文章主要內(nèi)容； 6.考查上下文線索。,三、解題策略建議,1.把握語境：語境是指語言活動在一定的時間和空間里所表現(xiàn)的境況，包括語言的參與者(who),話題(what),時間（when),地點(diǎn)（where),原因（why），結(jié)果(result)等。要準(zhǔn)確理解詞句的含義，首先應(yīng)把握好語境。 Eg. They are flying kites. 歧義：1.他們在放風(fēng)箏。2.他們是飛舞的風(fēng)箏。 The students are enjoying themselves outside. They are flying kites. -Look at those birds in the sky. -No. They are not birds. They are flying kites. Eg. We hid our faces behind papers as usual when a voice rang out. “_. This is your driver speaking” A. Note B. Notice C. Attention D. Be careful,2.把握詞匯關(guān)系，捕捉前后聯(lián)系 一個語篇通過詞匯的重復(fù)、同義、反義、互補(bǔ)、整體與部分等實(shí)現(xiàn)語義連貫。語篇中詞匯的銜接關(guān)系有復(fù)現(xiàn)和同現(xiàn)兩種。 （1）復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系：指某一詞以原詞、同根詞、同義詞、近義詞、概括詞等形式出現(xiàn)在語篇的不同地方，使句子間相互銜接。 Eg1.It was difficult for him to even _ around. His doctor told him that he would lose the ability to move and eventually die from the disease. A. run B. pass C. move D. travel 分析：句子通過move的復(fù)現(xiàn)和邏輯聯(lián)系詞even銜接起來。Even表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：difficult to move lose the ability to move eventually die.其嚴(yán)重程度依次家具，符合邏輯。,Eg.2 The neighbourhood watch group_1_ on the third Wednesday of every month. Thats when Tim gets together with about ten of his neighbours to discuss community_2_. Members of the neighbourhood watch group want to help the police keep their homes, streets and families safe.(02北京春） 1.A. meets B. quarrels C. sings D. search 2. A. politics B. wealth C. health D. safety 分析：gets together 與meets 為同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，使前后兩句語義連貫。本語篇話題為社區(qū)安全，下句中的詞safe 與safety是同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。,（2）同現(xiàn)關(guān)系：同現(xiàn)是指詞匯共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性。在語篇中，某些詞往往會同時出現(xiàn)，這些詞語屬于同一詞匯套，形成詞匯鏈；人們遇到其中一個詞語時，便會聯(lián)想到詞匯套中的另一些詞。比如，在上例中，圍繞keeping watch on the neighbourhood這一話題，我們會聯(lián)想到community safety,keepsafe, police等。當(dāng)然，同現(xiàn)關(guān)系還包括反義關(guān)系、互補(bǔ)關(guān)系和搭配關(guān)系等。 Eg: Jane is a good teacher,but she is a_ wife and mother. A.good B.favourite C.perfect D. bad 分析：前后分句中Jane與she相照應(yīng)，邏輯聯(lián)系詞but表明前后為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此選項(xiàng)應(yīng)是good的反義同現(xiàn)， 句子語意才連貫。 Eg: While the little ones played and ran around, I prepared bread and butter for the children, and hot chocolate for the_(07湖北） A.drivers B. guests C. customers D. adults 分析：the little ones 與 the children照應(yīng)，由孩子聯(lián)想到大人，children與adult構(gòu)成互補(bǔ)關(guān)系。上下句語義連貫。,3、利用語法關(guān)系，啟示語義連貫：一個語義連貫的語篇往往會有照應(yīng)、并列、對比、一致、省略、時間關(guān)聯(lián)、地點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)、因果關(guān)聯(lián)等語法關(guān)系，因此，解題時理應(yīng)敏銳地利用這些關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。 Eg1：You and Jane can stay here. Im sure youll enjoy_. But Jane may have a hard time, since she always finds it difficult to adjust to new surroundings. A. yourselves B. yourself C. us D. it Eg2.Travelling west, you set your clock 1 ; travelling east, you set it ahead Travelling 2 today becomes yesterday; travelling west it is tomorrow. 1. A. behind B. forward C. back D. ahead 2. A. south B. east C. north D. west,Eg3: So the slave was pardoned and_ A. killed B. rich C. happy D. freed Eg4:Many old people dont have good _.They cant watch TV, but they can listen to music or news over the radio. A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. time Eg5: Life springs from sorrow and calamities(災(zāi)難) while death does so_ ease and pleasure. A. at B. from C. to D. with Eg.6: Tina Stedman, president of_1_ neighbourhood watch group, agrees with Tim. “People seem to think that crime happens to other people but not_2_ them. Well, its never happened to me.” She said, “ but.”(02北京春） 1.A. its B. his C. their D. your 2.A. round B. on C. about D. to,Eg7:He was chatting online and, _, he was playing a computer gamea war game.(05浙江） A. first of all B. just then C. at the same time D. by the time Eg8: I raised my head, and saw nobody showed any interest._, I realized that people there were having a nice conversation with their machine, not with people.（05浙江） A. From then on B. At that momen C. In all D.Above all Eg9: The tide was rushing to the entrance and _ to the wild open sea.(05天津） A. beside B. before C. behind D. beyond Eg10: and the officers then began to eat their meal, saying that the mushrooms had a very strange _quite pleasant taste. A. besides B. but C. and D. or,Eg:11:A transistor radio is sometimes very small. It is very easy to carry _, radio broadcasts are better for blind people. A. Besides B. However C. Yet D. Sometimes Eg12:Before leaving, I had turned the heater_1_ in the roadhouse, so that when we went in, it was nice and_2_(07湖北） 1. A. on B. off C. in D. over 2. A. neat B. hot C. warm D. attractive Eg13: I saw their bodies, but I couldnt feel their souls_1_ their souls belonged to the _2_.(05浙江） A. because B. when C. until D. unless 2. A. home B. world C. net D. cafe,Eg1:He is a great chatter as well. If he did not know them, he would greet them with a few 49 about the weather , 50 he did know them , he would ask about their families or make 51 , always cutting his cloth 52 his customers. (05江西) 49.A.Saying B.questions C.words D.speeches 50.A.and then B.and so C.even if D.but if 51.A.Preparations B.jokes C.repairs D.friends 52.A.according to B.due to C.instead of D.up to,4、確認(rèn)句型特點(diǎn)，駕馭句式；抓主干，理枝葉，劃分意群，明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)，簡化長難句。,Eg2:One afternoon I was sitting at my favorite table in a restaurant , waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive .Suddenly I 36 that a man sitting at a table near the window kept glancing in my direction , 37 he knew me. (05全國I） 36. A. knew B. understand C. recognize D.noticed 37. A. since B. even if C. though D. as if,Eg.3:That was thirty-eight years (ago) when I was fifteen. I have never told anyone about it before,_, have I tried to explain to myself why not.(06江蘇） A. either B. never C. nor D. so Eg.4: The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(過渡期） for me. _ is probably true with many people. I got quite homesick and (often) thought about going home.(06全國II) A. If B. So C. As D. What,5.通過詞義辨析、固定搭配、生活常識或相關(guān)背景知識答題。,Eg1. It was_ than that, for I felt I had become a part of their (life). (06遼寧）A. less B. least C. more D. most Eg2: She was _1_ jeans and a sweater, sitting at the table I had just_2_, a pile of papers spread around her.(06遼寧）1. A. hanging B. making C. wearing D. changing 2. A. cleaned B. washed C. swept D. brushed Eg3:The wind had picked up, and angry, dark clouds _across the sky. A. dropped B. fell C. rolled D. covered Eg4: Finally I turned the key in the lock and_ the door open, with Dad still complaining about a hurting knee or something. A. knocked B. forced C. pushed D. tried,四、解題步驟建議： 1.抓首句，打開缺口，進(jìn)入狀態(tài)（1分鐘）：根據(jù)首句判斷文章的體裁，撲捉題材信息。如果首句交代了when, where, who, what等要素，就是記敘文，通常是通過一個故事來講述一種道理；如果首句是說明某個新事物，一般是說明文；如果開門見山地提出一個觀點(diǎn)或現(xiàn)象，很可能就是議論文；首句所采用的表達(dá)方式，包括時態(tài)、語態(tài)還是推斷文章中心，為下一步把握全文中心的重要線索，對考生進(jìn)入文章情景起著一定的鋪墊作用。 Eg1. One man was to meet his wife downtown and spend some time shopping with her. He waited _ for 15 minutes. Then he waited impatiently for 15 minutes more. After that, he became (通過首句和其后的句子看，這篇文章可能是記敘文，從現(xiàn)有信息來看，首先要搞清“等待”這一事件的起因、發(fā)展和結(jié)果,以及作者講述這個事件想要告訴人們一個什么道理.),Eg2. I know I should have told the headmaster at the time. That was my real_1_. (從本句should have done 結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)方式可以看出作者要為往事感到懊悔了。) Eg3. Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping or stay home and watch TV on a weekend? Now you_ do both at the same time. Home shopping television networks have become (通過文章開頭這幾句可以看出，這可能是一篇介紹電視購物的說明文。這里提出了Home shopping television networks這個主題） Eg4. The survey about childhood in the Third World shows that the struggle for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world, children can_ from a different kind of poverty-of the spirit. （從文章前兩句來看，文章一開始提出觀點(diǎn)：第三世界的兒童為生存而掙扎，而發(fā)達(dá)國家的兒童的日子也不好過，他們?yōu)榫褙毨Ф纯?，我們可以推斷，下文將要為這一論點(diǎn)提供證據(jù)或解釋。）,2.通讀全文，把握脈絡(luò)，領(lǐng)會中心（2-3分鐘） I know I should have told the headmaster at the time. That was my real_1_. He had gone out of the study for some_2_, leaving me alone. In his absence I looked to see_3_ was on his desk. In the_4_ was a small piece of paper on which were written the _5_ “English Writing Prize 1949: History Is a Series of Biographies(人物傳記）”(作者被一個人留在校長辦公室，桌上有一份英語寫作競賽的題目。）由此我們進(jìn)入情景，可以想象下文將要發(fā)生什么事。 A(n) _6_ boy would have avoided looking at the title as soon as he saw the_7_. I did not. The subject of the English Writing Prize was kept a _8_ until the start of the exam so I could not _9_ reading it. When the headmaster_10_, I was looking out of the window. (作者果然忍不住偷看了試題，且裝作沒事的樣子）,I should have told him what had_11_ then. It would have been so_12_ to say; “ Im sorry, but I _13_ the title for the English Writing Prize on your desk. Youll have to _14_ it.” The chance passed and I did not_15_ it. I sat the exam the next day and won. I didnt_16_ to cheat, but it was still cheating anyway.( 作者錯過了道歉的機(jī)會， 不光彩地贏得了成功) That was thirty-eight years_17_ when I was fifteen. I have never told anyone about it before, _18_ have I tried to explain to myself why not.(那時作者15歲，秘密保持了38年） The obvious explanation is that I could not admit I had seen the title_19_ admitting that I had been looking at the things on his desk. _20_ there must have been more behind it. Whatever it was, it has become a good example of how a little mistake can trap(使陷入） you in a more serious moral corner. ( 作者分析了原因，同時指出了文章要告訴我們的大道理：一個小小的錯誤往往會使人陷入“道德困境”而不能自拔。）,3.瞻前顧后，身臨其境，從上下文中找線索，確定選項(xiàng)（10分鐘） I know I should have told the headmaster at the time. That was my real_1_. 1.A. plan B. fault C. grade D. luck He had gone out of the study for some_2_, leaving me alone. In his absence I looked to see_3_ was on his desk. In the_4_ was a small piece of paper on which were written the _5_ “English Writing Prize 1949: History Is a Series of Biographies(人物傳記）. 2. A. reason B. course C. example D. vacation 3. A. this B. which C. that D. what 4. A. drawer B. corner C. middle D. box 5. A. names B. words C. ideas D. messages,A(n) _6_ boy would have avoided looking at the title as soon as he saw the_7_. I did not. The subject of the English Writing Prize was kept a _8_ until the start of the exam so I could not _9_ reading it. When the headmaster_10_, I was looking out of the window. 6. A. honest B. handsome C. friendly D. active 7. A. desk B. paper C. book D. drawer 8. A. question B. key C. note D. secret 9. A. help B. consider C. practise D. forget 10.A.disappeared B. stayed C. returned D. went,I should have told him what had_11_ then. It would have been so_12_ to say; “ Im sorry, but I _13_ the title for the English Writing Prize on your desk. Youll have to _14_ it.” The chance passed and I did not_15_ it. I sat the exam the next day and won. I didnt_16_ to cheat, but it was still cheating anyway. 11. A. existed B. remained C. happened D. continued 12. A. tiring B. easy C. important D. difficult 13. A. saw B. gave C. set D.