lectures19-21不定式與動名詞的補(bǔ)充-第六章.ppt

English Grammar,School of Foreign Languages Lishui University,Tutor: Chai Yangyu Dates and times of course: Thursday,Classes: 英語教育本科061、062班,Good morning!,Good morning!,Supplements of lectures19-21,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語,有時沒有顯著的區(qū)別（a）。 a) Reading/To read widely is essential to language learning. 大量閱讀對語言學(xué)習(xí)十分重要。 一般說來，若指具體的一時一事，特別是未來的動作，多用不定式（） 表示抽象的一般的行為，多用動名詞（） b)To ignore his advice would be a mistake. 忽視他的勸告是錯誤的。 c)Selling insurance is a pretty boring job.推銷保險單是件十分令人厭煩的工作。,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,注意，若句中的補(bǔ)語用了動名詞，主語也用動名詞；補(bǔ)語用了不定式，主語也要用不定式（） d)To know her is to like her. 一旦熟悉了她，就會喜歡她。 不定式短語作主語時，常常置于句末，在句首用先行主語it（e） 動名詞短語作主語時，多置于句首，但有時也可用先行主語it (f). e)It surprised me to hear she was leaving.聽到她要走，我很驚訝。 f)It is foolish behaving like that.那樣的行為很愚蠢。,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,注意，在it is no good/use, it is a waste of time/effort, it is worthwhile等結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面通常要用動名詞短語(g). g)Its no good hoping for their help.盼望他們的幫助沒有用。 許多動名詞已經(jīng)名詞化了，它們像其他名詞一樣可以被限定詞、形容詞或另一個名詞所修飾（h, i） h)Does slow talking point to slow mental development?說話慢意味著智力發(fā)展遲緩嗎？ i)Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.吸煙危害健康。,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,注意，動名詞帶有冠詞后，不直接跟賓語，如不可以the writing the letter,而要說the writing of the letter(j) j)The writing of the letter took me three hours.寫那封信用了我3小時。 某些動名詞短語可在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語（k, l） 要記住這類結(jié)構(gòu)只用于否定句。如不能說：there is denying, there is mistaking等。 k)There is no denying that he is right.不否認(rèn)他是正確的。 l)There was no mistaking the satisfaction in his voice.他說話時流露的滿意心情，人人都聽得出來。,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,不定式和動名詞短語都可在系動詞后作補(bǔ)語，使用情況與作主語時一樣（m）。 m)The important thing is to save/saving lives.要緊是救人。 一般說來，提及某人的建議、意愿、目的等時，多用不定式（n）。 n)Her wish is to become a pop singer.若抽象地表示某種行為，如在answer, concern, danger, difficulty, habit, mistake等后，多用動名詞(o)。 o)One of his bad habits is biting his nails.,6-1不定式和動名詞短語都可以作主語和主語補(bǔ)語,不定式作補(bǔ)語的時候，如果主語部分是含有動詞do的從句，不定式可以不帶to(p, q) p)What it does is (to) cool the engine.它的作用是使發(fā)動機(jī)冷卻。 q)The thing to do now is (to)clear up the mess.現(xiàn)在要做的事是把臟東西清理掉。,EXERCISE 6-1,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1.Its our intention_(become)the number one distributor of health products in the UK 2.What a fire door does is_(delay)the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out. 3.There was no_(know)what he could do .He might get a job tomorrow or he might stay out of work for weeks 4.Its worthwhile_(take)the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.,EXERCISE 6-1,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1.Its our intention_(become)the number one distributor of health products in the UK 2.What a fire door does is_(delay)the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out. 3.There was no_(know)what he could do .He might get a job tomorrow or he might stay out of work for weeks 4.Its worthwhile_(take)the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.,EXERCISE 6-1,5.Such activities help them to learn that_(be)flexible doesnt mean that they have to lose control. 6.We have come so far in our program of reorganization that there can be no_(turn)back. 7.Its a waste of time_(think)about how things might have been. 8.The authors purpose in writing the book is_(draw)attention to the problem of Maoris in New Zealand.,EXERCISE 6-1,9._(understand)how a planet generates and gets rid of its heat is essential if we are to understand how the planet works. 10.The least I can do is _(drive)everybody else closer to the issue. 11.Its no good _(argue) with him because he doesnt like admitting that he is in the wrong . 12.Better_(train)was one of the big challenges of the 1990s. 13.England is my home, theres no _(question)that ,but there doesnt seem to be any work for me there .,EXERCISE 6-1,14._(water)the lawn turned out to be a waste of effort as it rained immediately afterwards. 15.Once let this fellow start talking ,there was no_(stop)him 16.All you have to do is _(choose)five companies to invest in. 17._(get) the ship back into full working order would mean spending huge amounts of money. 18.Well, Ive put on weight again ._(take)it off would be no easy job .,EXERCISE 6-1,19.My mistake was _(think)that public servants couldnt be dishonest. 20.Part of my job as the Presidents secretary is_(help)organize conferences and keep him informed . 21.The main danger is _(slip)in the mud as workers pick their rain-soaked way from one workshop to next. 22.I told him a couple of rumors that Id heard and his response was _(roar)with laughter and later _(tell)other friend.,Keys: exs 6-1,1. to become 2. (to) delay 3. knowing 4. taking 5. being 6. turning 7. thinking 8. to draw 9. Understanding 10. (to) drive 11. arguing 12. training 13. questioning 14. Watering 15. stopping 16. (to) choose 17. To get 18. To take 19. thinking 20. to help 21. slipping 22. to roar, tell,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,不定式和動名詞短語都可作動詞的賓語，但并不是說可以任意選擇。有的動名詞后要求由不定式短語作賓語，常見的有：ache, afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, care, choose, claim, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve（應(yīng)受）, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, need, neglect, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, tend, threaten, venture, volunteer, wait, want, wish.等(a-f)。,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,注意，care通常用于否定句或疑問句（a, e）.help后的不定式可以不帶to(f)。 a)Would you care to visit us this weekend? 你愿意本周末到我們這兒來玩嗎？ b)He chose not to go home until later . 決定晚點兒回家。 c)They sought to punish him for his crime.試圖治他的罪。 d)The manager desires to see you . 希望見你。 e)Would you care to go for a walk? 你愿意 ？ f)He often helps (to)do the washing-up after supper,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,有的動詞只和動名詞連用，常見的有：acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, avoid, cant, help, cant stand, complete, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, discuss, eave off , mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, put off, recall=recollect, recommend, resent, resist, risk, stand, stop*, suggest等 （g-k）.,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,g)My mother dislikes seeing you with me. h)The law forbids building on this land. i)We dont allow smoking in our house. j)He could hardly resist laughing. k)Fancy never having seen the sea! 竟然從沒見過大海！,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,*stop作不及物動詞可與動詞不定式連用作狀語，意思是“停下來做另一件事”。比較： He stopped smoking on his doctors advice. Every hour he stopped to smoke a cigarette.每隔一小時他停下來吸一支煙。 不及物動詞go常與一些表示運(yùn)動或休閑的動詞如angling(釣魚), boating, bowling, canoeing, caravanning(組隊旅行), mountaineering(登山), sightseeing, surfing, yachting（乘游艇）等以及shopping連用表示進(jìn)行某項活動(l-n)。,6-2只與不定式連用或只與動名詞連用的動詞,l)We go boating on the lake every weekend . m)We went caravanning round France.我們乘“車拖旅行房”周游法國。 n)I went shopping today in town . 這些-ing形式并非都有相應(yīng)的動詞或很少單獨用作動詞，雖然大多可用作現(xiàn)在分詞：He fell into the lake while boating with a girl friend. 而動詞burst out 則可與crying, laughing, singing等連用（o, p）. o)They burst out laughing.他們突然哈哈大笑。 p)With warning she burst out crying.她突然哭了起來。,EXERCISE6-2,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. Use the verbs suggested in brackets. 1)I dont think Ill be able to stand_(share)an office with Barbara. 2)You neednt bother_(call)at the shop .I have arranged _(pick up )the goods myself. 3）It is difficult to see how the company can avoid_(make) another loss this year . 4)I wish you wouldnt keep_(tell)me what I already know all too well,EXERCISE6-2,5)Do you think the firm will offer_(repair)the damage caused by one of their employees? 6)The contractors paid a heavy penalty for failing_(complete)the building on time. 7)Everyone thought about the joke for a couple of seconds, then burst out_ (laugh). 8)Its awful, but I couldnt help_(laugh)at her as she fell into the water. 9)The drought has helped_(make)this a disastrous year for Somalia,EXERCISE6-2,10)Even our meteorologists have given up_(try) to predict the weather accurately. 11)She knew she couldnt put off_(go) to the dentist any longer. 12)The Allied forces in the Gulf War achieved most of what they set out _(do). 13)The company is seeking_(increase)its sales in Europe during the next two years. 14)I thought Id go_(window-shop)while my wife was having her hair cut.,EXERCISE6-2,15)This room will look very cheerful once youve finished_(redecorate)it. 16)She wont go to a specialist because she dreads_(be told)shes unable to have children. 17)William sighed. He could not recall ever_(be)this tired before. 18)The newspapers financial editor advised his readers not to buy speculative shares unless they were prepared to risk_(lose) their money.,EXERCISE6-2,19)Our reporter has just telephoned to say that rescue teams will tomorrow endeavour_(bring) out the trapped miners. 20)By his great presence of mind, the driver managed_(avoid)a serious accident. 21)The question is whether anyone will volunteer_(do)the work unpaid. 22)It was so ridiculous that I couldnt resist_(laugh)outright.,Keys: exs 6-2,1. sharing 2. to call, to pick up 3. making 4. telling 5. to repair 6. to complete 7. laughing 8. laughing 9. （to）make 10. trying 11. going 12. to do 13. to increase 14. window-shopping 15. redecorating 16. being told 17. being 18. losing 19. to bring 20. to avoid 21. to do 22. laughing,EXERCISE 6-3,Replace the noun clauses in italics with an infinitive or a gerund phrase as shown in the examples Examples: The police hope that they will solve the crime soon. The police hope to solve the crime soon. I dont recollect that I actually promised to help you. I dont recollect actually promising to help you.,EXERCISE 6-3,1.The defeated champion swore that he would have his revenge. 2.The accused pretended that he didnt understand the lawyers question. 3.He didnt even acknowledge that he had received the invitation. 4.The witness reported that he had seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of robbery. 5.The management promised that they would look into the workers complaints.,EXERCISE 6-3,6.They couldnt, however, guarantee that they would meet all the mens demands. 7.No teacher would profess that he/she knows the answers. 8.The accused admitted that he had received the stolen goods. 9.She decided that she was not going to buy the dress because it was too expensive. 10.The chairman threatened that he would resign if his policies were not adopted.,EXERCISE 6-3,11.Surely he wont deny that he was there on that occasion? 12.I know it was an adventure holiday but I did not anticipate that I would spend my days upside down in a freezing lake. 13.My wife mentioned that she had seen you the other day. 14.I dont claim that Im an expert on cars, but I do know that theres something wrong with your brakes.,Keys: exs: 6-3,1.The defeated champion swore to have his revenge. 2.The accused pretended not to understand the lawyers question. 3.He didnt even acknowledge receiving/having received the invitation. 4.The witness reported seeing/having seen a dark saloon car parked outside the bank at the time of robbery. 5.The management promised to look into the workers complaints.,Keys: exs: 6-3,6.They couldnt, however, guarantee to meet all the mens demands. 7.No teacher would profess to know the answers. 8.The accused admitted receiving/having received the stolen goods. 9.She decided not to buy the dress because it was too expensive. 10.The chairman threatened to resign if his policies were not adopted.,Keys: exs: 6-3,11.Surely he wont deny being there on that occasion? 12.I know it was an adventure holiday but I did not anticipate spending my days upside down in a freezing lake. 13.My wife mentioned seeing/having seen you the other day. 14.I dont claim to be an expert on cars, but I do know that theres something wrong with your brakes.,6-3具有被動意義的動名詞,少數(shù)動名詞用在表示“需要”含義的動詞need, require, want（見于英國英語）后作賓語時，具有被動的意義。換句話說，它們與句子主語有動賓關(guān)系（a-d）. a)The house needs cleaning(=to be cleaned).這屋子需要打掃了。 b)He will need looking after. c)Your car wants servicing(=to be serviced).你的汽車需要檢修。 d)Does your suit require pressing? 要熨燙 這些動名詞均由及物動詞變來，若是不及物動詞，則要加合適的介詞（b）.,6-3具有被動意義的動名詞,另外，在be worth后也有相似的用法（e-g）注意它與it is worth結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別，后者的動名詞沒有被動意義，及物動詞后有自己的賓語： It isnt worth repairing the car.這輛汽車不值得一修了。 e)Its an idea thats worth considering. f)Is that museum worth visiting? g)Shes not worth getting angry with.不值得對她生氣。,EXERCISE 6-4,Supply the right answer from the two choices given in brackets. 1.When youve finished the book, you can tell me if its worth_(reading, to be read). 2.The plants need_(watering, to water)-the leaves are starting to go brown. 3.I never want_(working, to work) in that factory, having seen the effect it had on my father. 4.Its such a small point that its hardly worth_(troubling, troubling about),EXERCISE 6-4,5.The wine is in the fridge-it just wants_(cooling, being cooled)for a couple of minutes. 6.I have books and papers all over my desk. I need_(taking, to take)some time to straighten up my desk. 7.Thats one of those questions that dont really need_(answering , to answer). 8.And now the sheets for your bed will want_(airing , to air),I suppose.(air烘干),EXERCISE 6-4,9.Its a matter that requires careful_(handling, being handled). 10.I feel a little tired-I need_(resting, to rest)for a few minutes . 11.The house wanted_(doing up, to do up), unless he decided to move into the country. 12.Our teacher didnt think we needed_(telling, being told)how important the examination was.,EXERCISE 6-4,13. Its worth_(mentioning, being mentioned)that you will have to travel a lot in this job. 14.The shareholders all think they know what should be done, but the board still needs_(convincing, to convince) 15.That book is really worth_(reading, being read), if youre going to take the English exam. 16.It may be worth_(putting, to put )an advertisement in the local paper.,Keys: exs:6-4,1. reading 2. watering 3. to work 4. troubling about 5. cooling 6. to take 7. answering 8. airing 9. handling 10. to rest 11. doing up 12. telling 13. mentioning 14. convincing 15. reading 16. putting,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,動詞如attempt, cease, continue, decline, deserve, dread, fear, intend, neglect等以及下面要介紹的一些動詞可接不定式或動名詞短語，意思常沒有多少區(qū)別(a, b) a)Dont neglect writing to write to your mother 別忘了給你母親寫信。 b)I hear they intend marrying to marry.聽說他們要結(jié)婚了。,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,begin和start后有時既可用動名詞也可用不定式(c) c)They began working to work at once 談到一項長期的，習(xí)慣性的動作時，其后常用動名詞(d)。 d)She started playing the piano when she was five.她五歲時開始彈鋼琴。 在begin和start后選用什么，有時是出于修辭考慮，使句子不顯得拗口(e, f) e)The snow is going to start melting 就要 f)The water is beginning to boil. 就要了。,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,不定式常與進(jìn)行時有關(guān)。因此在begin和start后，一些通常不用與進(jìn)行時態(tài)的動詞，如believe, feel, like, know, realize, see, think, understand等，多用不定式(g, h) g)She began to feel dizzy.她開始感到頭昏眼花. h)He began to realize that he had made a mistake 他開始意識到自己犯了個錯誤.,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,一些表示感情或態(tài)度的動詞,如:like , love 及hate , loathe等,有時泛指一般“好惡”,意思類似于enjoy或它的否定 , 多接動名詞,較少用不定式(i, j) i)I hate working /to work in the early morning . j)I like looking round bookstores. 在提及特定時刻的特定動作時,通常跟不定式(k, l) k)I dont like to hear you talking like that. l)I hate to mention it ,but you own me some money.我不愿提起這件事,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,這些詞常與would或should連用,表示”愿望”或”選擇”,意思類似于wish , prefer或它們的否定,后面總是跟不定式(m, n) m)What would you like to do this evening ? n)She said shed love to come and see us sometime. 注意.dislike是enjoy的反義,與dont like 不完全一樣,后面總是用動名詞: I dislike asking for favors.,6-4既可與不定式又可與動名詞連用的動詞,prefer的通常用法是prefer one thing to another 后接動名詞(o) o)I prefer doing things to reading books 它的另一結(jié)構(gòu)是與(rather)than 連用,此時要接不定式(p) p)I should prefer to stay at home rather than go out in this weather,EXERCISE 6-5,Complete the following sentences by using an infinitive or a gerund. In some cases, either form is possible. 1.I would prefer_(spend) the weekend at home rather than drive all the way to your mothers. 2.I heard you talking and I didnt like_(disturb) you, so I went away. 3.I would love_(go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 4.Most people dislike_(drive) on icy roads, but he rather enjoys it.,EXERCISE 6-5,5.She had only been working for the company for about a week when I started_(realize) there was something odd about her. 6.I used to love my job. Now Im starting_(get) bored. 7.The puppy has an intense dislike of water and hates_(get) bathed. 8.Im beginning_(think) we might have chosen the person for the job.,EXERCISE 6-5,9.She seems to prefer_(watch) soap opera on TV to talking to me. 10.I hate_(break) things up, but its time to go home. 11.I would hate_(get up) in the morning and_(feel) there was no purpose in my life. 12.Normally I get up at 7:30 and dont like_(stay) in bed much. 13.Why dont you stop buying your things there if you dislike_(wait) in queues? 14.As a top businessman, he cant even begin_(understand) real poverty.,EXERCISE 6-5,15.The meeting began promisingly, but then things started_(go) wrong. 16.Children should start_(learn) a foreign language at primary school. 17.I began_(get) a little worried. Where had they got to? 18.After waiting for half an hour, she was beginning_(get) angry. 19.Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers_(ride) a bicycle.,EXERCISE 6-5,20.Police began_(suspect) him of giving false information when they acted on his advice and failed. 21.They began_(drive) at six in the morning, and were still on the road ten hours later. 22.If we go on meeting like this people are going to start_(think) were having an affair.,Keys: exs6-5,1.to spend 2.to disturb 3.to go 4.driving 5.to realize 6.to get 7.getting 8.to think 9.watching 10.to break 11.to get up, feel 12.staying 13.waiting 14.to understand 15.to go 16.learning