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第一節(jié) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):1、 由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的條件狀語(yǔ)從句常常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,而主句則用一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.2、 當(dāng)表示普遍的真理或者眾所周知的客觀事實(shí),常常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例:The earth is round.地球是圓的。二、 一般過(guò)去時(shí):區(qū)分三個(gè)短語(yǔ)的用法:1、 used to do sth:過(guò)去常常做某事。2、 be/get used to doing sth:習(xí)慣做某事。3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。三、 一般將來(lái)時(shí):1、 be to+動(dòng)詞原形:表示安排或計(jì)劃好了的動(dòng)作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.2、 be about to+動(dòng)詞原形:表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例:The lecture is about to begin.講座即將開(kāi)始。3、 一些表示動(dòng)作趨勢(shì),如開(kāi)始、終結(jié),以及一些表示動(dòng)作方向,如往來(lái)的動(dòng)詞,常常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按照安排將于將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情,這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有如:start, go, leave, come, arrive等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我們明天動(dòng)身去北京。四、 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):重點(diǎn)區(qū)分when和while引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的用法。When表示時(shí)間上的點(diǎn),在考試中其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句多翻譯為“這時(shí)”,主句多用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句多翻譯為“正當(dāng)時(shí)”,該從句用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):重點(diǎn)區(qū)分have(has)been to:某人去過(guò)某地,表示一種經(jīng)歷,強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài),可以和once, twice, often, never, ever連用;Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。此句型不能與上述時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例:He has gone to America.他已經(jīng)去了美國(guó)。He has been to America twice.他去過(guò)美國(guó)兩次。六、過(guò)去完成時(shí):1、強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另外一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。2、It was the first/second/last time that,在該句型,that從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。七、將來(lái)完成時(shí):常常標(biāo)志性地由by、by the time、by the end of引起一個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)。第二節(jié) 感官動(dòng)詞、使役動(dòng)詞的用法及英語(yǔ)中常考的兩個(gè)句式結(jié)構(gòu)一、感官動(dòng)詞的用法及其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):在英語(yǔ)中,常見(jiàn)的感官動(dòng)詞有“五看二聽(tīng)一感覺(jué)”(see、watch、look、notice、observe;hear、listen to;feel),在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),如see sb do/doing sth,改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)則要加to,如sb be seen to do sth。二、使役動(dòng)詞的用法及其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):在英語(yǔ)中,常見(jiàn)的使役動(dòng)詞有make、let、have,在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用動(dòng)詞原形做賓補(bǔ),如make sb do sth,改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)則要加to,如sb be made to do sth, 兩種形式都表示使/讓某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我們被要求努力學(xué)習(xí)。三、英語(yǔ)中??嫉木涫浇Y(jié)構(gòu)一:sth need/ want/ require doing 某物需要(=sth need/want/require to be done)(此句式主語(yǔ)為物)例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理).四、英語(yǔ)中常考的句式結(jié)構(gòu)二:have/get sth done 請(qǐng)/讓別人做某事(have/get后接賓語(yǔ)為物)例:I have taken many photos. Im going to get the film developed.五、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其構(gòu)成為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去動(dòng)詞。例:The work must be finished before lunch. 這項(xiàng)工作必須在午飯前干完。第三節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can、could;may、might;must、need;should;ought to,對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞??计鋬煞矫娴膬?nèi)容,一是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于推測(cè)句型,二是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣(該部分的講解放在虛擬語(yǔ)氣)一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容推測(cè)的常見(jiàn)句型有: 1、Can/may do sth:表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容的可能性的推測(cè); 2、Must do sth:表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容的肯定性的推測(cè)。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于對(duì)過(guò)去內(nèi)容推薦的常見(jiàn)句型: 1、can/may have done sth:表示對(duì)過(guò)去內(nèi)容的可能性; 2、must have done sth:表示對(duì)過(guò)去內(nèi)容的肯定性的推測(cè)。例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.第四節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示與客觀事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),由if虛擬條件從句和主句構(gòu)成。一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本內(nèi)容 根據(jù)虛擬與其這種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間不同,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if虛擬條件從句與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別有三類(lèi)構(gòu)成形式: 假設(shè)類(lèi)型If虛擬條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反Did/wereWould/should do與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反Had doneWould/should have done與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反Were to do/did/should doWould/should do例:1、I wouldnt talk that way if I were Peter. 2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost3、Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.5、Do you think there would be less conflict(戰(zhàn)斗、斗爭(zhēng)) in the world if all people spoke the same language.6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time.二、if的省略形式(又稱虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))在if虛擬條件從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)部分包含were,should,had等詞,則可以把這些詞放到主語(yǔ)前,省略if,構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。三、主句與從句時(shí)間不一致時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成當(dāng)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if虛擬條件從句和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間采用對(duì)應(yīng)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式。例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.四、主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成在英語(yǔ)中存在一些動(dòng)詞,表示建議、命令、要求等主觀的傾向,由這些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的that賓語(yǔ)從句中,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。這類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞有“一堅(jiān)持、二命令、三建議、五要求”,分別是:一堅(jiān)持:insist 二命令:order、command 三建議:suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提議、建議) 五要求:ask、demand、require、request、desire例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out.同時(shí),如果在題干中出現(xiàn)上面這些主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞的名詞和形容詞形式,題干中從句部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略??荚囍谐R?jiàn)的詞匯有:order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,demand,request,desire,advisable,desirable。五、wish that和if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成Wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表示一種沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,其中wish that句型往往翻譯為:多么希望;if only表示的愿望較wish that更強(qiáng)烈,常翻譯為但愿;要是就好了。兩者的用法基本相同。兩者的用法是:1、當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:did/were;2、當(dāng)表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:had done;3、當(dāng)表示未來(lái)一時(shí)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:would do。六、would rather引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成Would rather的意思是“寧愿、寧可”其引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(一般省去that)通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示一種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。我們可以假設(shè)A、B是兩個(gè)人,通過(guò)牢記一下句式來(lái)記住其用法:1、A would rather B did sth:表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)。2、A would rather B had done sth:表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)七、It is (high) time that句型中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 It is (high) time that句型表示“早該是的時(shí)候了”,在that從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用(did) 例:1、Its high time we did something to stop traffic accident. 2、Dont you think it is time you gave up smoking?八、in case、lest、for fear that引導(dǎo)的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 in case、lest、for fear that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句,表示憂慮或擔(dān)心,翻譯為“以防萬(wàn)一”,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。 例:1、Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the electric version. 2、I wrote it down in case I should forget it.九、含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 虛擬條件句有時(shí)不是通過(guò)if虛擬條件從句明顯地表達(dá)出來(lái),而是隱含在副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或上下文中,這種情況稱作含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣。經(jīng)常標(biāo)志性地用于含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的介詞、副詞有:without(要是沒(méi)有),but for(要不是),otherwise(否則,要不然)。只要見(jiàn)到這幾個(gè)詞,所要選擇的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成多用would have done形式。 例:1、Without your help, we would not have achieved so much. 2、But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.十、as if,as though引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 As if,as though翻譯為“好像”,談?wù)摰耐遣豢赡芑虿徽鎸?shí)的情況,他們所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式和wish that句型中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用的形式相同。十一、it is+形容詞+that引導(dǎo)的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成 在it is+形容詞+that引導(dǎo)的從句中,如果該形容詞表示“重要的、必須的、強(qiáng)制的”、者“驚奇的、令人不滿的”,that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。 1、用于表示“重要的、必須的、強(qiáng)制的”的形容詞常見(jiàn)的有:important、vital(極重要的)、critical(決定性的)、crucial(決定性的)、necessary、essential(必不可少的)、urgent、compulsory,obligatory(必須的),imperative(必要的、緊急的) 2、用于表示“驚奇的、令人不滿的”的形容詞常見(jiàn)的有:strange、surprising、amazing,unthinkable、odd(奇怪的)、incredible(不可信的,不能相信的)、ridiculous。十二、虛擬與不虛擬的錯(cuò)綜混合 一句話中,句子的一部分采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式,另一部分則采用與事實(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的某一種時(shí)態(tài),這樣就形成了虛擬與不虛擬的錯(cuò)綜混合的現(xiàn)象。在這種情況下,最為常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)詞是but,一般情況下在虛擬與不虛擬相混合的句子中,由but引起的句子選擇與事實(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的某一種時(shí)態(tài),而不采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式。 例:I would have come earlier, but I didnt know you were waiting.我本來(lái)可以早些到,但我不知道你在等我。十三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣 記住以下句式及其含義: 1、should/ought to have done sth本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事而未做 2、should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth 本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做某事而做了 3、need have done sth:本來(lái)需要做某事而未做 4、need not have done sth 本來(lái)不需要做某事而做了 5、could have done sth 本來(lái)能夠做某事而未做 6、could not have done sth 本來(lái)不能夠做某事而做了 7、might have done sth 本來(lái)可以做某事而未做 8、might not have done sth 本來(lái)不可以做某事而做了第五節(jié) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和用法 1、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其否定式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式(not)to make(not)to be made完成式(not)to have made(not)to have been made進(jìn)行式(not)to be making 2、動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)法功能 動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 例:(1)Good-bye, Mr. Wang. Im pleased to meet you. (2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best. 3、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)(一般情況下是動(dòng)詞不定式前面的名詞)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象(或動(dòng)作的承受者)時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)式。 例:(1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house to be decorated so well. (2)The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 4、動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式 當(dāng)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的完成式。 例:(1)Judging from his manner at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education. (2)The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now. 5、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 如果需要指出不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語(yǔ))時(shí),要再不定式前用for加名詞(或代詞)表示。 例:(1)It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish. (2)It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately.6、同一動(dòng)詞接不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別 英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞既可以接動(dòng)詞不定式,又可以后接動(dòng)名詞,但是兩種形式所表達(dá)的意思卻是截然不同的。考試中常見(jiàn)的形式有: Stop to do:停下來(lái)去做另外一件事情 stop doing:停下正在做的事情 Go on to do:繼續(xù)去做另外一件事情 go on doing:繼續(xù)做正在做的事情 Try to do:盡力去做某事 try doing:嘗試去做某事 Mean to do:打算做某事 mean doing意味著某事 Remember to do:記得要去做事情 remember doing:記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 Forget to do:忘記要去做某事 forget doing 忘記曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 Regret to do:不得不去做某事 regret doing 后悔曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 例:1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest. 2、Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy. 3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that? 4、Dont forget to close the window before leaving the room.二、動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞即動(dòng)詞ing形式,在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 1、動(dòng)名詞的基本形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí)DoingBeing done完成時(shí)HavingHaving been done 例:(1)、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late. (2)、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling his time. (3)、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story. 2、英語(yǔ)中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有: Admit、appreciate、avoid(避免)、consider、delay、deny(否認(rèn)、拒絕)、enjoy、escape、finish、imagine、miss、practice、risk、suggest等。 例:We shall appreciate hearing from you soon. 3、英語(yǔ)中接動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)詞組有: Be accustomed to doing(慣常的,習(xí)慣于)、be used to doing(過(guò)去習(xí)慣),devote to doing(把奉獻(xiàn)、專用)、feel like doing、look forward to doing、object(反感) to doing、cant help doing、have trouble (in)doing、have difficulty doing、have a hard timedoing等。 4、英語(yǔ)中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)形容詞有: Be busy doing,be worth doing等。 5、英語(yǔ)中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)名詞有: There is no use doing、there is no point(意義)doing、there is no good doing、 there is no need doing 6、動(dòng)名詞的否定式 動(dòng)名詞的否定式是在動(dòng)名詞前面直接加not。 例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts. 7、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)可使用形容詞性的物主代詞。 例:(1)、He forgot about my asking him to attend my wifes birthday party. (2)、I object to his making private calls on the office phone.我反對(duì)他用辦公室的電話打私人電話 8、動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí) 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。 例:(1)、I dont remember having ever said that. (2)、I regret having done such a thing. 我后悔做了這樣的事。 9、動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式 例:(1)、No one avoid being influenced by advertisements. (2)、Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.三、分詞 1、現(xiàn)在分詞的具體形式: 主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式DoingBeing done完成式HavingHaving been done過(guò)去分詞的形式:done 2、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別以及分詞在句子中的語(yǔ)法功能 1)、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)上。在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思,即現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系(現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出來(lái)的);過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意思,即過(guò)去分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系(句子的主語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,或者可以說(shuō)過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作所針對(duì)的對(duì)象是句子的主語(yǔ));在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。簡(jiǎn)而言之,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、表進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)、表完成。這一原則要牢記。 2)、分詞在句中的語(yǔ)法功能:分詞在句子中可以做狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。其中分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法最為常考。 3)、分詞的否定式實(shí)在分詞的前面加not。 例:(1)、Seeing on the top of hill, we find that the village seems very small. 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 (2)、Seen from the top of hill, the village seems very small. 過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 (3)、She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 (4)、Damaged in the war, the bridge needs repairing now. 過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 (5)、Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式表主動(dòng)做原因狀語(yǔ)。 (6)、We kept our fire burning all night to frighten the wolves. 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 4)、兩個(gè)經(jīng)??疾榈挠眠^(guò)去分詞形式做狀語(yǔ)的詞是convince和compare。 例:They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over. 5)、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞的區(qū)別:在語(yǔ)法功能上,他們都可以做定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),但是以ed形式結(jié)尾的形容詞修飾人,以ing形式結(jié)尾的形容詞修飾物。 例:(1)、She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. (2)、My parents are pleased with my progress. 6)、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式(being done)表示在進(jìn)行著的被動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞(done)表示完成了的被動(dòng)。 例:(1)、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed answers the questions. (2)、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods.(現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式) (3)、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)雞蛋被蛇吃了。(過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作的完成和結(jié)果) 3、分詞與句子主語(yǔ)在邏輯關(guān)系上的一致性 現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng),分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系常常是三級(jí)英語(yǔ)出題的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。 例:(1)、Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. (2)、Arriving at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there. 4、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 當(dāng)句子前后兩部分的主語(yǔ)指代事物不一致(簡(jiǎn)稱主語(yǔ)前后不一致),又需要其中一個(gè)部分作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),往往把該部分形成名詞/代詞+分詞(n./pron.+doing/done)的形式,這種形式被稱作分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部,當(dāng)名詞/代詞與分詞是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用現(xiàn)在分詞;當(dāng)名詞/代詞是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用過(guò)去分詞。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常做原因狀語(yǔ)或伴隨狀語(yǔ),是考試重點(diǎn)。 例:(1)、The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. (2)、Weather permitting, well go to the Summer Palace. 5、with結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ) With結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ),其構(gòu)成是:with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/動(dòng)詞不定式/形容詞/介詞結(jié)構(gòu),由于經(jīng)??疾閣ith+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞這種形式,所以放在這里講解,并且要明確何時(shí)用with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu),何時(shí)用with+名詞+過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu);如果分詞與with后面的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;如果分詞與with后面的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,則用過(guò)去分詞。 例:(1)、He walked across the meeting room with everyone looking at her. (2)、With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (3)、With the novel published, the writer becomes a famous person. (4)、With the matter to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow, we leave the company. (5)、With the price so high, they still determine to buy the car. (6)、With the book in the hand, the teacher came in the classroom.第六節(jié) 各種從句 一、名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。如果一個(gè)句子在一句話中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或者表語(yǔ),那么該句子就被稱作主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句或者表語(yǔ)從句。名詞性從句是三級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試的重點(diǎn),我們應(yīng)該明確以下幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容: 1、主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句都用陳述語(yǔ)序,二不用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序。 2、應(yīng)對(duì)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的題型,我們要牢記整體性原則,即首先要保證從句的完整性,一般要添加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接代詞、連接副詞或者從屬連詞使從句完整,然后才能在主句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ)。 3、考試中常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞有: 從屬連詞:that(只起連接句子的作用,不具任何意義),if,whether; 連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose; 連接副詞:when, where, how, why 例:(1)、Who let out the news remained unknown.(It remained unknown who let out the news.) 誰(shuí)泄露了那個(gè)消息仍舊無(wú)人知道。 (2)、When well start is not clear.(It is not clear when well start.)我們何時(shí)出發(fā)還不清楚。 (3)、What I saw two men crossing the street. (4)、What the press reported was not the way the event happened (5)、I dont doubt that he is telling the truth. (6)、Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes people love it so much? (7)、The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware of where. (8)、He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather. (9)、The reason I dont go there was that I got a new job. (10)、This is what he wants.這就是他想要的東西。 (11)、The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 4、在下列情況下不能用if,而用whether 1)、后面直接跟or not:I wonder whether Ill catch the last bus or not.我不知道我能否趕上末班車(chē) 2)、引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.我們勝利也好,失敗也好,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都是一樣的。 3)、后跟不定式:He didnt tell me whether to go or stay.他沒(méi)有告訴我是走還是留下。 4)、前面有介詞:He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我們能否籌集到必要的資金這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 二、定語(yǔ)從句 在復(fù)合句中起定語(yǔ)作用的從句叫作定語(yǔ)從句,被修飾或者限定的那個(gè)次叫作先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句分為兩種:限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟在先行詞后面,不用逗號(hào)和先行詞分開(kāi)的定語(yǔ)從句叫作限定性定語(yǔ)從句;而用逗號(hào)和先行詞分開(kāi)的定語(yǔ)從句叫作非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。 1、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句ude關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括: 關(guān)系代詞:that、which、whose、who、whom、as; 關(guān)系副詞:when、where、why 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中都充當(dāng)一定的成分。 2、which指物,who或者whom指人,whose表示所屬關(guān)系,這些關(guān)系代詞既可用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句,又可用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句;that既可以指人,又可以指物,但是只能用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。 例:(1)、The company official who I thought would be fired received a raise. (2)、The investigation, whose results will soon be published, was made by john. (3)、An old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with, telephone me from the airport. (4)、I dont like the way that/in which you speak. 3、關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:如果先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,一般用when,如果先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,一般用where,但是也應(yīng)注意例外的情況;如先行詞是reason,則用why。關(guān)系副詞相當(dāng)于介詞加關(guān)系代詞。 例:(1)、The time will come when man can fly to outer space freely. (2)、I will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. (3)、Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood. (4)、Ill never forget the village which I visited last year. (5)、I dont know the reason why (for which ) he did that. 4、先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子,這時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句一般用which或as來(lái)引導(dǎo),修飾整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。Which一般只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比較靈活。 例:(1)、He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. (2)、He was awarded a gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor. (3)、As we all know, the earth is round. 5、“名詞(代詞)+of+which/whom”意思上等于whose+名詞,表示所屬關(guān)系,一般出現(xiàn)在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。 例:(1)、We ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely water proof (2)、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by land or water. 6、當(dāng)先行詞由the same或such修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用as指代前面作為先行詞的人或物,形成“the sameas”,“suchas”結(jié)構(gòu)。 例:It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 7、當(dāng)先行詞由形容詞的最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或the only/next/very等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which。 例:(1)、This is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater. (2)、This is the very

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