高中英語指導(dǎo)手冊第六部分非謂語動詞.doc

第六部分：非謂語動詞一、學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)非謂語動詞，顧名思義，即動詞經(jīng)過變形后（如加ing，ed或to）不再作為句子的謂語部分，而是充當其他成分使用的語法現(xiàn)象，它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但仍保留動詞的某些特征，如及物動詞可有賓語，可帶狀語，甚至還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。非謂語動詞分為三類：動名詞，不定式和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），下面就輔以例句逐一講解.（一）動名名：I. 概念及構(gòu)成：動詞加-ing后作為名詞使用，則稱之為動名詞。注意：動名詞雖在句法中與名詞作用類似，但意義仍有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。動名詞更強調(diào)動作性，而名詞則偏重物質(zhì)性。如：home為房屋，具體實物；而housing則指安頓人居住這一動作或狀態(tài)，故住房問題應(yīng)譯為：housing problems. 又如：Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying此處應(yīng)選D。因其強調(diào)空中旅行頻繁這一動作，而非一次航班flight.II. 句法功能：象名詞一樣，動名詞通常在句中充當主語，表語，賓語及定語。1：動名詞作主語表示抽象或習(xí)慣性的動作，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。如：Watching TV was, and still is, a major pastime for many people.看電視對許多人來說曾是且仍然是一種主要的消遣活動。Collecting all sorts of information is very important to businessmen.對商人而言收集各類信息相當重要。如主語部分過長，則可用It來作形式主語，將動名詞短語后移。例如：It is no use arguing with such a boneheaded person.同這樣固執(zhí)己見的人爭論是無用的。注意：（1）通常用動名詞作真正主語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：It is no use / good doing sthIt is not any use / good doing sthThere is no doing sth例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。There is no telling what will happen. 不知道會發(fā)生什么。（2）有時需認真辨識方能看清動名詞作主語的情況。如：- What do you think made Mary upset?- _ her new bicycle.A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing此處的發(fā)問詞不是why而是what，故選動名詞作答句的主語。Losing her new bicycle made Mary upset.2：動名詞作表語置于系動詞之后。例如：Her job is teaching foreigners Chinese.她的工作是教外國人中文。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。3：動名詞作賓語有動詞賓語同介詞賓語之分。（1）動名詞作動詞賓語。詞法與句法密切相關(guān)，應(yīng)當記住在下列動詞后多用動名詞作賓語。建議同學(xué)利用近義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系成對對記憶。高中階段常用的動詞有：admit/confess/deny, suggest/advise/propose, delay/postpone, excuse/pardon/forgive, permit/allow/forbid, avoid/escape, involve/include, appreciate, consider(考慮), imagine, practise, risk, resist, dislike, fancy, quit, mention等。例如：Peter advised saving unnecessary expenses.She just couldnt imagine living a hard life like that.同時需要記住的還有一些動詞詞組，如：feel like, give up, put off, cant help (情不自禁), cant stand/resist, be (well) worth doing等。（2）動名詞作介詞賓語。介詞后多加名詞或相當于名詞的動名詞作賓語。如：We left without saying anything.Do you know what prevented him from pursuing his goal?值得注意的是介詞to與in。a. to即接動詞原形構(gòu)成to do的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又可作介詞表示方向性。同學(xué)們應(yīng)當記住以下的to均為介詞，后接動名詞：be used/accustomed to, object to, devote . to, get down to, be reduced to, with a view to, what do you say to, look forward to, pay attention tob. in則往往被省略，造成同學(xué)們對其后的doing無從分析成分。其實也是動名詞作介詞賓語的現(xiàn)象。spend/waste time/money (in) doing sth花時間浪費時間金錢做某事have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth做某事有困難There is no point (in) doing sth做某事是無意義的4：動名詞作定語。與名詞作定語表修飾對象的用途一樣，動名詞也有此作用。如：a shopping arcade = an arcade for shoppinga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingIII. 其他形式：根據(jù)表達的需要，動名詞也可做各種變形。1：動名詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)變化主動式被動式一般式完成式一般式完成式doing having done being done having been done注意：否定式的not置于最前部。例如：I am sorry for not having kept my promise.又如：_ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having expose C. Being exposed D. After being exposed答案選C。句中的主語應(yīng)由動名詞充當，且意思是“曝露在陽光下過久對皮膚衣有傷害”，故選被動態(tài)being done。2：動名詞所有格旨在說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。如：Fathers coming back is what we have expected.父親的歸來是我們所期盼的。作賓語的動名詞短語中，所希有格s可省略。如：She didnt mind Tom(s) coming late.Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B. him not to be ableC. his not being able D. him to be not able弄清擺放位置，選C。（二）不定式不定式的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為to加動詞原形，其用途比動名詞更為復(fù)雜：既可充當句子的主語，賓語等，又可起修飾作用，作定語，狀語，補語。分類說明如下。I. 句法功能1：不定式作主語。與動名詞一樣，不定式也可作為句子的主語。如：Seeing is believing.也可譯成To see is to believe.（考慮到與主語平行，表語也用不定式to believe）區(qū)別僅在于：（1）動名詞用于泛指一類情況，而不定式多特指具體某個動作。試比較：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火是危險的。To go on like this is dangerous. 再這么干下去是危險的。（2）另外，在有些結(jié)構(gòu)中僅用不定式做真正的主語，如：It is easy/difficult/wrong/important/necessary/essential (for sb) to do sthIt is a(n) pleasure/pity/honor (for sb) to do sthIt takes/costs/requires + n. (for sb) to do sthNothing is more + adj. than to do sth* 加上for sb可說明不定式中動作的執(zhí)行者。注意：It is adj. for sb to do sth與It is adj. of sb to do sth的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別。前者是不定式做真正的主語，即To do sth is adj. for sb.如：It is convenient for you to buy your breakfast in a bakery.在面包房里買早餐對你而言十分方便。而后者是不定式補充說明形容詞，等同于sb is adj. to do sth. 故此句型中的形容詞多為可修飾人的形容詞，如：brave, careful, clever, considerate, cruel等。例如：Its kind of you to think so much of us. = You are so kind to think so much of us.你真好，那么替我們著想。2：不定式作表語。置于系動詞后補充說明主語。如：My mission is to help patients. 我的任務(wù)是幫幫助病人。注意：（1）在對夢想或?qū)泶蛩愕拿枋鲋校嘤貌欢ㄊ蕉莿用~做表語，如：My hope/idea/proposal/plan/aim/intention is to .（2）當seem/appear做系動詞時也用不定式做表語。（3）be to do的特殊含義：The school regulations are to be observed. (必須)The highway leading to the neighboring province is to be open to traffic on October l.（將要）（4）不定式做表語時，如主語部分出現(xiàn)了實義動詞“do”，則此時“to”可省略。如：All I did was (to) give her a little push.我所做的僅僅是給了她一點督促。3：不定式作賓語，分動詞賓語和介詞賓語兩種。（1）不定式做動詞賓語。以下列出的是高中階段常見的后跟不定式做賓語的動詞：afford, agree/refuse, intend/attempt/plan/choose/decide, wish/hope/expect, demand, offer, learn, manage, pretend, threaten等。有時會帶sb做間接賓語，如：tell/teach/show sb + wh- to do當有賓補構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，則多用it來做形式賓語，而真正的賓語即不定式后移。如：find/think/consider/feel/believe it + adj./n. to do sth注意：前面已提到某些動詞后只可跟動名詞或不定式，取其一構(gòu)成固定搭配。但另一些動詞則是既可跟不定式又可跟動名詞做賓語的。a. 意思接近：begin/start/continue; hate/like/love/prefer等，后跟doing與to do意義差別不大。b. 意思不同：remember/forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on等。后跟doing和to do意思相去甚遠。如mean doing - 意味著，而mean to do則是“打算”。c. 形式不同：need/want/require/deserve表被動意時，或用動名詞主動態(tài)doing或用不定式被動態(tài)to be done. 如：The shoes need polishing. = The shoes need to be polished.鞋子要上光了。（2）介詞賓語。介詞賓語多由動名詞充當，在少數(shù)介詞后可用加wh-的不定式做賓語。如：He wrote a book on how to cook vegetarian meals.他寫了一本如何烹飪素食的書。注意：在介詞but/except（除了）及besides（除了詞）之后的不定式常省to，條件是前半部分出現(xiàn)了實義動詞do，試比較：I have no choice but to wait.I cant do anything but wait.又如：What do you like to do besides swim?還有結(jié)構(gòu)cant but do，cant help but do也屬做介詞賓語的不定式省to的現(xiàn)象。4：不定式做賓語補足語，補充說明賓語所做的動作。如：The cold weather caused the plant to die.寒冷的天氣氣導(dǎo)致植物死亡。（1）常跟不定式做賓補的動詞有persuade/advise, permit/allow, force, ask sb. to do sth.等。注意：hope與demand無此種用法。（2）常跟不定式做賓補的動詞詞組有：arrange for/wait for/rely on/depend on/count on/call on/appeal to sb. to do sth.（3）think/consider/suppose/imagine sb (to be) .want/order/wish/like sth (to be) done .這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補不定式to be常被省去。如例句所示：He is considered (to be) my friend.他被認為是我的朋友。My boss wanted the job (to be) done at once.我老板要求工作立刻完成。（4）感官動詞后作賓補的不定式通常省to，如：see/watch/hear/notice sb do sth注意：變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，應(yīng)將to復(fù)位。如：She was seen to come in.（5）部分使役動詞后作賓補的不定時也不帶to，如：make/let/have sb do sth注意：變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將to復(fù)位，sb is made to do.但let是個例外，即使在被動態(tài)中也不加to，如：She was let go by the police at last.最后她被警察放了。5：不定式作定語。放在所修飾的名詞之后，相當于一定語從句。（1）被修飾名詞與不定式內(nèi)動詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。如：He is not a man to flinch before difficulties.他不是個會在困難面前退縮的人。= He is not a man who will flinch before difficulties.注意：被修飾的部分中含有the first/the last（序數(shù)詞）/the best（最高級）/the only/the next，則多用不定式作定語。如：She was the only woman to win the prize.（2）被修飾的名詞與不定式內(nèi)的動詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。如：Each of us has a role to play in society.我們中的每個人都要在社會中扮演角色。= Each of us has a role which we should play in society.注意：此句的主語each of us是不定式內(nèi)動詞play的執(zhí)行者，故不定式一定要用主動態(tài)。但There is nothing to do/There is nothing to be done.由于沒有明確的動作執(zhí)行者，則兩句均成立。（3）被修飾的名詞與不定式內(nèi)介詞構(gòu)成介賓關(guān)系。如：There are five pairs of pants to choose from.有五條褲子待選。When I handed the report to John, he said George was the person to send it to.= When I handed the report to John, he said George was the person whom I should have sent it to.= When I handed the report to John, he said George was the person to whom to send it.（正式語體中也會將不定式與關(guān)系代詞合用）注意：此時的中心詞是介詞而非動詞賓語，故介詞不可漏。Here is pen for you to sign with. (X)Here is pen for you to sign with.(/)但如果被修飾的中心詞是time, place, way則可將不定式中的介詞略去。如：Taking a plane is the fastest way to travel.（4）被修飾的名詞與不定式構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。如：He made a promise not to do that again. 他承諾再也不那么做了。= He made a promise which was not to do that again.如動詞與不定式搭配，則其名詞形式也多跟不定式作定語修飾，如choice, decision, wish, need, desire, ambition, failure, intention, plan, ability to do sth.6：不定式作狀語。（1）不定式作目的狀語表示“為了”，等同于in order to或so as to，如：Although he is not rich, he sets aside some money to help the poor children in the mountain areas every year.盡管他并不富喜裕，但他每年留出些錢去幫助山區(qū)的貧窮孩子。注意：a. 此時不可用for doing來充當目的狀語。I came here for seeing you. (X)I came here to see you. (/)b. 句子的主語應(yīng)與不定式的邏輯主語相一致，避免垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。In order to improve English, a lot of tapes were bought. (X)In order to improve English, Jenny bought a lot of tapes. (/)（2）不定式作結(jié)果狀語多用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中：too . to （太以至于不能），so . as to, such . as to（如此以至于），only to ., enough to .如：He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。Would you be so kind as to help me out?你能好心幫個忙嗎？（3）不定式作評注性狀語，置于句首，對整句話而非一個動作進行評注。To be honest/frank, To be exact, To tell the truth, To begin with, To make the matter worse, To cut the long story short，等。7：不定式作形容詞補足語，置于形容詞之后，補充說明形容詞。如：Im glad to meet you. 很高興見到你。如上文所提到過的，有時該句型可轉(zhuǎn)化成It is adj. of sb to do .，如：He is clever to say so. = It is clever of him to say so.注意：（1）不定式補充說明形容詞時，多用主動態(tài)表被動意。如：The question is difficult to answer.這題很難回答。(/)The question is difficult to be answered. (X)He is hard to talk to.很難跟他搭上話。（2）We are only too pleased to accept your invitation.此句中的to引導(dǎo)的不定式并非結(jié)果狀語，故不能譯為too . to，“太以至于不能”，而是不定式補充說明形容詞pleased，表示我們只是太高興能收到你的邀請了。II. 其他形式：不定式也有各種時態(tài)與語態(tài)的變化。根據(jù)表達的需要，取適當形臣式。1：時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動式被動式一般式進行式完成時完成進行時一般式完成式to do to be doing to have done to have been doing to be done to have been done否定式的not或never置于最前面，例如：When his mother returned, he pretended to be reading the English novel.Thirty-six people was reported to have been killed.注意：以下結(jié)構(gòu)含虛擬意：was / were to have done本算做而未做的；hoped / expected / meant / would like to have done = had hoped / mean / expected to do2：不定式的省略a. 不定式省略通常保留符號to，如：- Will you go with me?- Im glad to.I dont want to go there but I have to.b. 如果不定式里的動詞是be或have，常保留be或have (been)e.g.：- He hasnt finished yet. - Well, he ought to have.c. 由and或or并列的不定式后半段常省toTell them to stay there and wait till I come back.告訴他們呆在那兒等我回來。d. 強調(diào)對比關(guān)系則應(yīng)保留toTo try and fail is better than not to try at all. 嘗試后失敗總比不嘗試好。（三）分詞I. 概念與構(gòu)成 與形容詞和副詞類似，分詞在句中往往起修飾作用，充當定語，狀語或補語成分。具體分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。下表列出了可能存在的變形?，F(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞主動式被動式一般式完成式一般式完成式doing having done being done having been done doneII. 句法功能1：分詞作為句子的表語成分：強調(diào)主語所處的狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動。如：The news is frustrating. 消息是令人沮喪的。The audience remain seated. 觀眾們坐著不動。注意：此時的系動詞加過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與動詞的被動語態(tài)有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別：前者強調(diào)狀態(tài)，而后者強調(diào)動作。試比較：The pen is broken. 筆是斷的。The pen was broken by my brother.那支筆被我弟弟折斷了。2：分詞作定語。如形容詞一樣修飾一個名詞，這是分詞的主要用途之一。單個分詞多置于被修飾詞前，而分詞短語則習(xí)慣作后置定語。如：the following day 接下來的一天the man standing by the window站在窗邊的男人分詞作定語時需注意以下幾點：（1）區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞作定定語時的不同?，F(xiàn)在分詞是真正的修飾語，可轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句，如：an entertaining performance = a performance that entertains；但動名詞僅能說明被修飾名詞的用途a walking stick a stick which/that walks，而是a stick for walking. 在構(gòu)詞時應(yīng)當謹慎選擇。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)主動，過去分詞強調(diào)動作是被執(zhí)行的。如：freezing weather“凍死人的天氣”；但frozen food“被冷凍起來的食品”。如難以判斷建議轉(zhuǎn)化成定語從句來看主被動。如：the flower which smells sweet = the flower smelling sweet（系動詞smell表示“聞起來”時，應(yīng)用主動態(tài)）。注意：遷移現(xiàn)象。a worried look, a frightened voice, a puzzled feeling, an excited manner. 本是修飾人的分詞，遷移至其表情，聲音，感覺上。（3）對于不及物動詞，則現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)動作正在進行，而過去分詞強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成。如：the changing society“不斷變化巾的社會”；an escaped prisoner“一個已逃獄的犯人”。加上前面已分析的不定式，三者做定語修飾同一名詞時差異主要在于時間上。試比較the problem to be settled（不定式：有待被解決的問題）；the problem being settled（現(xiàn)在分詞：正在被解決的問題）；the problem settled（過去分詞：已經(jīng)被解決的問題）。注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成態(tài)having done和完成被動態(tài)having been done一般不作定語修飾名詞，直接用過去分詞即可表達出該意。如：一個改變?nèi)绱酥蟮娜耍篴 man having changed so much(X)a man changed so much(/)修飾語中的動作如發(fā)生在主句動作之前或有明顯時間狀語時，不能分詞短語修飾名詞，只能用定語從句。如：They built a monument to the soldiers dying in World War II. (X)They built a monument to the soldiers who died in World War II. (/)又如：the tsunami happening in the Indian Ocean in 2005 (X)the tsunami which happened in the Indian Ocean in 2005 (/)3：分詞做賓語補足語：補充說明賓語的狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在分表主動，正在進行中；過去分詞表被動完成。如：I found the room broken into. （對于賓語“房間”而言，應(yīng)是被闖人）I found him working hard on his book.（對于“他”而言，是主動在寫書，故用現(xiàn)在分詞working)注意兩類動詞：如 see, hear, watch, notice, observe等。其后可跟分詞或不帶to的不定式做賓補，意思各不相同。以see為例：see sb do（不定式做賓補）看見整個過程，如：I saw the girl walk across the street.see sb doing/see sth being done（現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補）看見動作面中，如：I saw the truck being unloaded.我看到卡車正在被卸貨。see sth done（過去分詞做賓補）看見動作以被完成，如：I saw the door locked.有些感官動詞如smell, catch, listen to, look at, 因其意思的限定，后多跟現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補。如：Cant you smell something burning?你難道沒聞到有東西燒起來了嗎？（2）使役動詞。使役動詞set后一般用現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補，如：What you said set him laughing.make后則有兩種情況：make sb do（不帶to的不定式做賓補）表主動；make sth done讓某事被做。同樣有兩種賓補的還有keep和leave。keep/leave sb doing（主動）；keep/leave sth done（被動）。最為復(fù)雜的賓補結(jié)構(gòu)當屬get和have，各有三種。get sb to do 讓某人一次性做某事get sb doing 讓某人不停做某事get sth done 讓某事被做have sb do讓某人一次性做某事如：The teacher had him fetch some chalk.have sb doing 讓某人不停地做某事如：Lets have the fire burning all night long.have sth done 讓某事被做如：He had his foot injured in the race.* 有時會見到have sbs doing sth，如：I wont have you(r) telling me what to do. 此時have為及物動詞譯為“容忍”，并非“使”，“讓”的意思。還有，have sth to do，如：I want to have a book to read.中的have也不是使役動詞，而是實義動詞“有”，不定式to read是定語修飾a book，“我想要本可以讀的書.”4：分詞做狀語?？梢耘c各類狀語從句切換。在選擇現(xiàn)在或過去分詞做狀語，應(yīng)認真研判句子的主語。對主語而言，如動作是主動的，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；如是被執(zhí)行，則用過去分詞。（1）時間狀語。When I looked through the essay, I noticed a few mistakes.= Looking through the essay, I noticed a few mistakes.有時可在分詞前加一些連詞如when, while, until, as soon as等以明確時間性。如：When heated, gas expands.但after, before, on （一就），since往往被看作是介詞，后面只跟動名詞doing或being done，不跟過去分詞。After being examined, the new model car was put into use. (/)After examined, the new model car was put into use. (X)如想體現(xiàn)分詞動詞與主句動作的時間關(guān)系，還可靈活借用現(xiàn)在分詞的不同形式，如being done“正在被”；having done“已經(jīng)完成”；having been done“已經(jīng)被”等。如:：Being repaired, the road is blocked.維修期間此路不通。Having suffered from heart trouble for years, he decided to turn to a new hospital.受心臟病之苦多年，他決定去另一家醫(yī)院看看。Having been shown around the school, we left.在被帶著參觀過了校園之后，我們離開了。（2）原因狀語。如：As she was frightened of losing her job, she kept it a secret.= Frightened of losing her job, she kept it a secret.又如：Made of wood, the chair is light.因為是木頭做的，這個椅子很輕。注意：此時用過去分詞即可，不必用being done或having been done強調(diào)時間性。（3）條件狀語。如：If you are given another chance, youll do it better.= Given another chance, youll do it better.再給一次機會，你會做得更好。也可根據(jù)表達的需要在分詞前加once, unless等連詞。如：Unless invited to speak, you should keep silent. 除非被邀請發(fā)言，否則請保持沉默.（4）讓步狀語。前面多有even if, although, whether等詞加以說明。如：Although tired out, they didnt stop to have a rest.雖然以筋疲力盡，他們沒有停下休息。（5）方式狀語。表伴隨狀態(tài)，一般與主句動作同時發(fā)生。如：He cooked the dinner in the kitchen, singing cheerfully to himself.他快樂地唱著歌兒，在廚房堅做著晚飯。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍著。有時同學(xué)們會會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)：With winter coming, trees are beginning to sheds. 冬天來了，樹開始落葉了。He lay there, with his left leg broken. 他躺在那兒，左腿斷了。此時分詞的主語并非句子的主語，而是獨立存在，如第一句里的winter，第二句中的his left leg.這種分詞有獨立主語的現(xiàn)象被稱為“獨立主格”。除了作方式狀語外，也可作原因，條件等其他狀語。如：Mother being ill, I had to stay home.因為母親病了，我不得不留在家。Time / Weather permitting, well go on a trip this spring.如果時間 / 天氣允許的話，我們今年春天要旅行一次。注意：有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，只用現(xiàn)在分詞，就不必考慮動作與主語的主被動關(guān)系了。如：Judging from/by . (據(jù) . 判斷 )，Generally / Strictly speaking（總的 / 嚴格來說），Considering（鑒于），Regarding（關(guān)于），Talking of / Speaking of（說起 .）非謂語動詞屬高中語法中的難點，理論易懂，但需通過大量的練習(xí)方能熟練掌握和運用。近年來重大考試中非謂語動詞的考察呈現(xiàn)出以下三個趨：（一）利用復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來制造障往礙。如：The scientific research that the Curies had devoted their life _ (cause) their death. 此處應(yīng)填caused，實為句子謂語，但.不少考生會將devote ones life to doing sth作為考點。（二）結(jié)合詞的固定用法考察。如：I feel it is your husband who is _ (blame) for the spoilt child.應(yīng)填to blame，sb is to blame for sth主動態(tài)表被動意，是固定搭配。（三）結(jié)合句型考察。如：_ (know) more words and expressions, and you will find it easier to read and communicate.既非Knowing也不是Having known，而填動詞原形Know，因為逗號后有連詞and，此句為一并列句。因其復(fù)雜與靈活，同學(xué)們更應(yīng)當耐心細心地學(xué)習(xí)非謂語動詞這一語法章節(jié)。二、典型試題分析l. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China.（2005全國高考）A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid答案選B此處是過去分詞短語all expenses paid作定語修飾vacation，游戲的獎勵為三萬美金和一次費用（已由節(jié)目組）全部支付的中國行旅游。2. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. (2005全國高考)A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on答案選Awith all that noise going on是分詞短語表伴隨狀態(tài)。又因其是獨立主格，分詞的主語是noise，主動進行下去，故選現(xiàn)在分詞going on.3. Do let your mother know all tho truth. She appears _ everything. (2001上海高考)A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told答案選D系動動詞appear后的不定式里用完成被動態(tài)方可體現(xiàn)出母親似乎“已被”告知了所有的事，所以你才必須說出真相?？疾焱瑢W(xué)對非謂語動詞不同形態(tài)的掌握。4. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. (2002上海高考)A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in答案選C此句不僅牽涉到分詞做讓步狀語的用法，更重要的是它亦考察同學(xué)對動詞lack的掌握。必須清楚知道lack為及物動詞，sb lack sth的結(jié)構(gòu)，才能作出正確的選擇。5. The discovery of new evidence led to _. (2003上海高考)A. the thief having caught B. catch the thiefC. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught答案選Clead to（導(dǎo)致）中的to為介詞，故后接動名詞短語，又因小偷是被抓，故用the thief(s) being caught，所有格s被省去。6. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. (2005上海高考)A. had B. having C. to have D. have答案選C此句較長，考察同學(xué)對意群的識別。只有讀通讀懂了全句，才能明白此處的just to have a look是目的狀語表示“僅為了看一眼體育明星”。7. _ some of this juice - perhaps youll like it. (2000北京春考)A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried答案選B這是兩句獨立的句子。前部分為祈使句，讓你嘗一下這種果汁，所以用動詞原形try即可。8. Mr. Smith _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring答案為A前一分詞形容人厭倦了那次演講be tired of；而后一形容詞修飾speech，“令