2020GRE閱讀意群訓(xùn)練方法介紹

1、2020gre閱讀意群訓(xùn)練方法介紹 什么是gre閱讀意群訓(xùn)練方法?今天給大家?guī)?lái)了gre閱讀意群訓(xùn)練方法介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。gre閱讀意群訓(xùn)練方法介紹什么是意群訓(xùn)練在進(jìn)入正題之前，先來(lái)看看意群的概念，對(duì)意群的解釋目前流行幾個(gè)版本，從閱讀的意義上來(lái)講，意群就是指我們平時(shí)閱讀一篇*時(shí)，視線(xiàn)每停留一次，進(jìn)入我們視界范圍的單詞會(huì)有多個(gè)，而這些單詞不帶有任意性，單詞與單詞之間的邏輯意義緊密相連，我們可以暫且將這種意義緊密相連的多個(gè)單詞視為一個(gè)意群。我們要想將這種方法運(yùn)用到實(shí)際的閱讀當(dāng)中，那我們就有必要知道，語(yǔ)篇的構(gòu)成單位為段落，段落的構(gòu)成單位則是句子，而句子的最終構(gòu)

2、成單位為語(yǔ)言意義的基本載體單元詞匯。而我所講的意群訓(xùn)練，是指按照對(duì)詞匯之間意義的緊密性及對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆分的閱讀方法，這樣不僅利于閱讀速度的提升還可以提高一個(gè)人對(duì)語(yǔ)篇環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力。例句1：the primary method previously used by paleontol.ists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during pleistocene glacial cycles 新世紀(jì)冰川周期 was the determination of 18o/16o 18o與16o分別為氧元素 ratios in calcare

3、ous fossils.這個(gè)句子讀完第一遍之后，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒(méi)有讀懂這個(gè)句子是因?yàn)楫?dāng)中所出現(xiàn)的生詞所造成的，那你錯(cuò)了，如若使用意群法對(duì)此句進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)拆分，我們反而會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)這個(gè)句子讀起來(lái)并是那么晦澀難懂。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，如果將單詞擴(kuò)大到一個(gè)短語(yǔ)成分，分句，乃至整個(gè)句子，這樣對(duì)*理解起來(lái)更深刻也更全面上面的那個(gè)句子，我將其解構(gòu)為：一個(gè)主干結(jié)構(gòu)，4個(gè)意群：本句主干：method主語(yǔ)+ be系動(dòng)詞+determination 表語(yǔ)，四個(gè)意群分別為：1) the primary method previously used by paleontol.ist; 2) to estimate climatic

4、changes that occurred; 3) during pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18o/16o ratios in calcareous fossils. 在這句話(huà)中，意群的劃分依據(jù)為詞語(yǔ)與詞語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系緊密度，意群1)應(yīng)解釋為： method前有the primary, 后有previously used by paleontol.ist，分別起到修飾method的作用，而意群2)則在此處用作動(dòng)詞use的目的狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明這種方法的用途所在, 意群4)為系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也隨之開(kāi)始

5、變的清晰起來(lái)。例句2：in the weary blues, hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that african american literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of western european literary techniques and styles.中文釋義：在憂(yōu)郁的藍(lán)調(diào)一

6、詩(shī)中，休斯選擇改變這樣一些傳統(tǒng)：即，那些曾經(jīng)規(guī)定美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)必須以倡導(dǎo)種族容忍及種族團(tuán)結(jié)為宗旨的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)，并規(guī)定為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)還須反映出對(duì)西歐文學(xué)技巧及風(fēng)格的理解和嫻熟運(yùn)用能力的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng).這段話(huà)中出現(xiàn)了，三個(gè)that,往往考生會(huì)在這幾個(gè)that之間躊躇不定，尤其是第三個(gè)that后面的意群，in order to do so作為一個(gè)插入成分將that與緊跟that后的賓語(yǔ)從句分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，第一個(gè)that起引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的作用，且第一個(gè)that可用which 來(lái)替代，而第二與第三個(gè)that起引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的作用，第三個(gè)that前省略了動(dòng)詞decreed。當(dāng)句子當(dāng)初出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí)，尤其是賓語(yǔ)從句

7、或定語(yǔ)從句，會(huì)以that為標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)，而只要我們將that及其所引導(dǎo)的成分視為一個(gè)意群進(jìn)行分析，我們讀時(shí)才不會(huì)出現(xiàn)那種不得要領(lǐng)的閱讀感覺(jué)例句3the petition asked that during june, july, and august the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch中文釋義：此申請(qǐng)書(shū)請(qǐng)求6，7，8三個(gè)月份間的工作時(shí)間應(yīng)從原來(lái)早8晚5改為現(xiàn)在的早7點(diǎn)上班晚3：30下班的工作時(shí)間制，而午餐時(shí)間則由原來(lái)的1

8、小時(shí)改為現(xiàn)在的半小時(shí)。如果我們能夠分清此句的意群，我們就不至于讀不懂整句話(huà)，本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：the petition 主語(yǔ)+asked謂語(yǔ)+that后接賓語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)我們看到be change時(shí)，便會(huì)一眼看到change 后的fromtototo，這時(shí)，問(wèn)題便出現(xiàn)了，這里存在兩個(gè)意群：1) 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2) 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 當(dāng)我們理清這兩個(gè)意群以后，整個(gè)句子開(kāi)始變得流暢了許多。gre閱讀材料練習(xí)：鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)擁有磁性感知能力birds can navigate by the earths m

9、agnetic field.how they do it is still a mystery.where would people be without magnetic compasses?the short answer is: lost.by giving human beings a sixth sensean ability to detect the hitherto invisible magneticfield of the earththe compass proved one of the most important inventions ever.鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)能夠利用地球磁場(chǎng)

10、導(dǎo)航。機(jī)理尚不明確人類(lèi)沒(méi)有指南針會(huì)怎樣?很簡(jiǎn)單：迷失方向。指南針給了人類(lèi)第6感，使人能辨別地球無(wú)形的磁場(chǎng)，成為最重要的發(fā)明之一。it let sailors navigate without sight of the night sky.and that led to the voyages of discovery, trade and conquest which created the politicalgeography of the modern world.imagine, then, what animals which had their own, built-in compa

11、sses could achieve.they might spend their summers doingthe english season in glyndebourne or henley, and then overwinter in the warmth of mombasa. they might strike out, like intrepid pioneers, from angola to anchorage.they might even, if truly gripped by wanderlust and a hatred of the darkness, liv

12、e in near-perpetual daylight by migrating from pole to pole.and that is just what some birds do.海員不用觀察夜空便可以辨識(shí)方向。人們用它進(jìn)行海上探索，海上交易，攻城掠地，進(jìn)而開(kāi)創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代世界的政治版圖。有些動(dòng)物有自己內(nèi)嵌的指南系統(tǒng)?？梢韵胂蟮贸鲞@些動(dòng)物的能力。它們可以在戈林德伯恩或亨利鎮(zhèn)消暑，享受自己的英格蘭夏日。然后在溫暖的蒙巴薩島過(guò)冬。它們可以像無(wú)畏的開(kāi)拓者一樣，從安哥拉獨(dú)闖安克雷奇。假如它們?yōu)槁眯兴鶢拷O，為黑暗而煩惱，它們會(huì)穿梭于兩極之間，過(guò)著永遠(yuǎn)有光亮的生活。以上這些只是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)能力的一部分。sw

13、allows travel between europe and africa. northern wheatears fly from africa to alaska, andback.arctic terns each year make the journey from one end of the planet to the other.and they can do it, at least in part, because they do have a magnetic sense denied tohumans.家燕在歐洲和非洲之間遷徙。石棲鳥(niǎo)在非洲和阿拉斯加之間遷徙。每年，北

14、極燕鷗都會(huì)從地球的一端飛到另一端。它們能這么做的原因之一便是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)可以感知磁性，而人類(lèi)不行。the most familiar avian navigation trick is that pulled off by homing pigeons.as a consequence pigeons have often found themselves at the sharp end of investigationsabout how bird navigation in general, and magnetic sense in particular, actually work.that

15、 pigeons have such a sense was shown more than 40 years ago, by william keeton ofcornell university, in upstate new york, who attached magnets to pigeons to see if they couldstill home.they could not, though birds fitted with non-magnetic dummies managed perfectly well.人類(lèi)最為熟知的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)導(dǎo)航技巧就是通過(guò)研究信鴿而得到的。鴿子便處

16、在了人類(lèi)研究的尖端。人們用它研究鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)整體的導(dǎo)航機(jī)能，用它特別研究磁性感應(yīng)機(jī)制。鴿子顯示出此種能力是在40年前。當(dāng)時(shí)，紐約州北部康乃爾大學(xué)的william keeton把磁體系在鴿子身上，觀察它們是否能夠回家。結(jié)果是它們不能，但是那些帶有仿磁體的鴿子卻回家。since then, experiments on other species have shown magnetic sensitivity is common amongbirds. what these experiments have not shown, however, is how the birds manage it.se

17、e it? hear it? smell it?there are two theories.one is that the magnetic sensors are grains of magnetite, a form of iron oxide which, as itsname suggests, is easily magnetised.the other is that the earths magnetic field affects a particular chemical reaction in the retinain a way that reaches into th

18、e arcane depths of quantum mechanics.此后的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，磁性感知能力是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)共有的，但并沒(méi)有解釋是如何操作的。視覺(jué)?聽(tīng)覺(jué)?嗅覺(jué)?理論上的說(shuō)法有兩種。一種是鴿子具有磁感應(yīng)器，這是一種以氧化鐵形式存在的磁鐵礦粒子。顧名思義，這種物質(zhì)極易磁化。另一種說(shuō)法認(rèn)為，地球磁場(chǎng)能對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜里特定的化學(xué)反映產(chǎn)生影響，在某種程序上可以達(dá)到神秘量子力學(xué)的深度。the magnetite hypothesis concentrates on birds beaks.magnetite grains are common in living things, and are known to

19、 be involved in magneticsensing in bacteria. in birds they are particularly abundant in the beak.so last year david keays of the institute of molecular pathology, in vienna, dissected the beaksof nearly 200 unfortunate pigeons, to find out more.what he discovered was not encouraging.there were, inde

20、ed, lots of magnetite grains.but he had expected they would congregate in some sort of specialised sensory cell akin to thetaste buds of the tongue or the hair cells of the ear.instead, he found that the beaks magnetite is mostly in macrophages.these are cells whose job is to wander around amoeba-li

21、ke, chewing up bacteria and debrisfrom other body cells as they go.磁鐵礦假說(shuō)的焦點(diǎn)是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的喙。磁鐵礦粒子是生物共有的，廣泛存在于鳥(niǎo)的喙中。去年，維也納分子病理學(xué)研究所的david keays對(duì)將近200只鴿子進(jìn)行了解剖，以期得到更多發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)的并不令人鼓舞。大量鐵磁礦粒子確實(shí)存在。他原以為鐵磁礦粒子會(huì)聚集成為專(zhuān)門(mén)的感覺(jué)細(xì)胞，類(lèi)似于舌頭上的味蕾和內(nèi)耳毛細(xì)胞。但是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，喙部的鐵磁礦主要以巨噬細(xì)胞的形式存在，這些細(xì)胞的職能是以游離細(xì)胞的形式對(duì)細(xì)胞殘片及病原體進(jìn)行噬菌。not, then, likely candidate

22、s as magnetic sensors.other experiments, though, do suggest the beak is involved.the nerve that connects it to the brain is known as the trigeminal.when dominik heyers and henrik mouritsen of oldenburg university, in germany, cut thetrigeminals of reed warblers the birds ability to detect which way

23、was north remained intact.they did, however, lose their sense of magnetic dip.dip indicates latitude, another important part of navigation.to confuse matters further, some people accept dr keayss interpretation of what is going onin the beak,but think that the relevant magnetite grains are elsewhere

24、in the hair cells of the ear, whichare also rich in iron oxide.if they are right, then from the birds point of view they are probably hearing the magneticsignal.the main alternative to the nasal-magnetite hypothesis, though, is not that birds hearmagnetic fields, but that they see them.因此，巨噬細(xì)胞不可能具有磁

25、感應(yīng)功能。其它的實(shí)驗(yàn)也包含了對(duì)喙的研究。聯(lián)結(jié)喙與腦的神經(jīng)叫三叉神經(jīng)。德國(guó)奧爾登堡大學(xué)的dominik heyers和henrik mouritsena切斷了葦鶯的三叉神經(jīng)，保留了它們辨別北方的能力。然而，這些鳥(niǎo)卻失掉了磁傾角的感應(yīng)力。磁傾角可以指示緯度，是導(dǎo)航的重要組成部分。keays對(duì)鳥(niǎo)喙解釋使情況更加復(fù)雜。但有些人還是接受了他的說(shuō)法。但是這些人認(rèn)為鳥(niǎo)身體的其它部位也存在磁鐵礦粒子內(nèi)耳毛細(xì)胞。氧化鐵也富含這種粒子。假如這些人的假定正確，從鳥(niǎo)的角度來(lái)看，它們可能聽(tīng)得到磁信號(hào)。鼻腔內(nèi)存在磁鐵礦的假說(shuō) 并不是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)可以聽(tīng)到磁場(chǎng)，而是能看到磁場(chǎng)。one line of evidence for thi

26、s is that part of a birds brain, called cluster n, which gets its inputdirectly from the eyes, seems to be involved in magnetic sensing.experiments dr mouritsens team conducted on robins showed that destroying cluster ndestroys a birds north-detecting sense, and other experiments, on meadow pipits,

27、show thatcells in cluster n are far more active when the birds are using their magnetic sense than whenthey are not.關(guān)于此的證明是，鳥(niǎo)大腦中有一部分叫cluster n，可以直接得到眼部輸送的信息，好像跟磁場(chǎng)感應(yīng)有聯(lián)系。博士mouritsen研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)知更鳥(niǎo)進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)，得出推斷。實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示破壞知更鳥(niǎo)的cluster n，也就破壞了它們識(shí)別北方的能力。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)又對(duì)草地鷚進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示，鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)使用磁感應(yīng)能力的時(shí)候，cluster n細(xì)胞異?；钴S。the problem with t

28、his idea is that birds eyes do not have magnetite in them.if they do house magnetism detectors, those detectors must be something else.that something, according to a hypothesis advanced by klaus schulten, who works at theuniversity of illinois at urbana-champaign, is a type of retinal protein called

29、 a cryptochrome.when hit by light, a cryptochrome produces pairs of molecules called free radicals that areelectrically neutral but have unpaired electrons in them.electrons are tiny magnets, so they tend to attract each other and pair up in a way thatneutralises their joint magnetic fields.此種假說(shuō)的問(wèn)題在

30、于鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的眼部沒(méi)有磁鐵礦。假如它們真的起到了磁探測(cè)器的作用，那么肯定另有他物。在伊利諾斯大學(xué)香檳分校工作。據(jù)schulten，這種他物是一種名為cryptochrome的尿視黃醇蛋白。當(dāng)受到光照時(shí)，就產(chǎn)生名為自由基的分子對(duì)。這種自由基呈電中性，其中含有未配對(duì)電子。電子就是微小的磁性體。因此，當(dāng)它們的聯(lián)合磁場(chǎng)中合之時(shí)，電子就會(huì)相互吸引，就會(huì)形成組對(duì)。unpaired electrons, however, remain magnetic, and thus sensitive to the earths field.moreover, because the unpaired electrons

31、in the free radicals were originally paired in themolecule that split to form the radicals, quantum mechanics dictates that these electronsremain entangled.this means that however far apart they move, what happens to one affects the othersbehaviour.但是，那些不成對(duì)電子仍具磁性，對(duì)地球磁場(chǎng)很敏感。因?yàn)樽杂苫械哪切┎怀蓪?duì)電子最初存在于分 裂成為自由基

32、分子之中，量子力學(xué)規(guī)定這些電子依然是絞纏的。也就是說(shuō)，無(wú)論雙方離得有多遠(yuǎn)，一方的行為會(huì)影響另一方。calculations suggest the different ways the two radicals feel the earths field as they separateis enough to change the way they will react with other chemicalsincluding ones that triggernerve impulses, and that, via entanglement, they can transmit this information