2015職稱英語A級教材原文：借鑒及自己整理版word版哦

1、閱讀判斷：第11篇：Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity（A級）Ive always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the word a better place. For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat dow

2、n at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of a computer on ev

3、ery desk and in every home, which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have. And after 30 years, Im still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade

4、. I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness - to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own. Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the worlds knowledge.

5、Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are. Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it tap-dancing to Work. My job at Micr

6、osoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me tap-danceing to work is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, I didnt know you could do that with a PC5 ! But for all t

7、he cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that

8、are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world. I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible. As a father, I believe that t

9、he death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives. Im still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the worlds toughest problems is possible - an

10、d its happening every day. Were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world. Im excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural

11、inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, were going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime. 比爾蓋茨：發(fā)揮你的創(chuàng)造力 我一直是個(gè)樂觀主義者，我想這是因?yàn)槲疑钚艅?chuàng)造力和智慧能使世界變得更美好。在我的記憶中，我喜歡學(xué)習(xí)新東西、解決難題。所以當(dāng)我七年級時(shí)第一次坐在電腦前時(shí)，我立刻被吸引住類。那是一臺笨重的舊式電傳打字機(jī)，跟我們今天的電腦相比幾乎什么事都不能做。但是它卻改變我的一生。 30年前我和朋友保

12、羅艾倫創(chuàng)辦微軟的時(shí)候，我們預(yù)見到一個(gè)“每個(gè)辦公桌和每個(gè)家庭都會有一臺電腦”的時(shí)代。在那個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)像冰箱一樣大的時(shí)代，這聽起來也許太樂觀了一點(diǎn)。但是我們相信個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)會改變世界。而它們真的做到了。 30年后的今天，計(jì)算機(jī)仍然會激發(fā)我的熱情，好像我又回到了七年級的年代。我認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)是能滿足我們的好奇心，激發(fā)我們創(chuàng)造精神的最神奇的工具，它能幫助我們解決最聰明的人都不能獨(dú)自解決的問題。計(jì)算機(jī)改變了我們的學(xué)習(xí)方式，為世界各地的孩子們提供了一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)各種知識的窗口。它幫助我們就我們所關(guān)心的事情建立一個(gè)交流的場所，并且與那些我們認(rèn)為對我們有重要意義的人密切相處，不管他們身在何處。 和我的朋友沃倫巴菲特一樣，我每

13、天都在做著自己喜歡做的事，對此我感到非常幸運(yùn)。他說這就像 是“跳著踢踏舞工作”。我在微軟的工作一直非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性，而當(dāng)我們向人們展示我們的新成果( 比如計(jì)算機(jī)能識別手寫體或語言，或者能儲存一生的珍貴照片) 人們說沒想到你們能用個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)做出這樣的成就時(shí)，那感覺的確像是“跳著踢踏舞工作”。 除了我們能用計(jì)算機(jī)做的所有神奇的事情，還有很多其他方式發(fā)揮我們的創(chuàng)造力和智慧，從而使世界更加美好。這個(gè)世界上還有很多的人基本需求都得不到滿足。例如，每年都有成千上萬的人死于疾病，而這些疾病在發(fā)達(dá)國家是能輕而易舉得到控制或治療的。 我認(rèn)為擁有財(cái)富的同時(shí)我有責(zé)任回報(bào)世界。所以，我和妻子梅林達(dá)承諾推進(jìn)健康與教育事業(yè)

14、，以幫助盡可能多的人。作為一位父親，我相信一個(gè)非洲兒童的夭折和其他地方孩子的夭折一樣令人心酸和悲痛。而要改善這些孩子們的命運(yùn)，其實(shí)不難。 如今，我仍然是一個(gè)樂觀主義者，我仍然相信即使是世界上最棘手的問題，也一樣能得到改善的確，世界每天都在進(jìn)步。我們看到治療致命疾病的新藥物和新診斷工具出現(xiàn)，看到人們更多關(guān)注發(fā)展中國家的健康問題。醫(yī)療、教育和科技發(fā)展的美好前景使我激動萬分。我堅(jiān)信，以我們與生俱來的發(fā)明精神、創(chuàng)造力和樂于解決棘手問題的精神動力，我們一定能在這些領(lǐng)域做出驚人的成績。我希望我能親眼見到這些成績。第十二篇 Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quak

15、eScientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria in AD 365. Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recre

16、ated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to de

17、termine the future possibility of similar large shocks. Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete4 last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami ab

18、out 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview. Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for

19、 that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece and Sicily all the way up the Adriati to Dubrovnik. This would be similar to the anci

20、ent quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said. 科學(xué)家研究預(yù)測地中海地區(qū)大地震 公元365年，東部地中海地區(qū)發(fā)生特大地震和海嘯，摧毀了亞歷山大市，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到 了證據(jù)證明:那里存在的一直被人忽視的斷層，每隔800年就有可能就引發(fā)一次強(qiáng)地震和海嘯c 通過運(yùn)

21、用放射性碳素技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)仿真模型，研究者們重建了古代那場災(zāi)難，以便證實(shí)是斷層 引發(fā)了地震。我們認(rèn)為每朋0年就會出現(xiàn)一次這種類型的地震。負(fù)責(zé)此項(xiàng)研究的劍橋大學(xué)地震學(xué) 家貝絲肖恩女士說道?？茖W(xué)家們研究以往的地震，為的是確定未來出現(xiàn)同種大地震的可能性。 肖恩女士說，對于地中海地區(qū)上千萬的居民來說，確定是斷層引發(fā)了公元365年地震和海嘯 非常重要。她在一次電話訪問中進(jìn)而補(bǔ)充說，克里特島西南海岸附近的斷層最后一次引發(fā)足以引 起海嘯的大地震是在公元1300年左右，這就意味著下一次強(qiáng)地震將在未來的100年中出現(xiàn)。 肖恩女士說，她和她的同事測量了斷層兩側(cè)的震動強(qiáng)度，并確定大規(guī)模地震多久發(fā)生一次才會 引起這樣的

22、震動強(qiáng)度，從而推算出地震產(chǎn)生的大致間隔時(shí)間。根據(jù)其計(jì)算機(jī)仿真模型顯示，如果斷 層產(chǎn)生8級的震動，那么它引發(fā)的海嘯就會淹沒亞歷山大市和北 非的沿海地區(qū)、希臘和西西里島的 南部海岸以及從亞得里亞海到杜布羅夫尼克的廣大地區(qū)。這個(gè)近似于公元365年摧毀大部分希臘地 區(qū)的地震，當(dāng)時(shí)地震引發(fā)的海嘯吞噬了亞歷山大市和尼羅河三角洲，造成了上千萬人死亡。第十三篇 The Northern LightsThe Sun is stormy and has its own kind of weather. It is so hot and active that even the Suns gravity canno

23、t hold its atmosphere in check1! Energy flows away from the Sun toward the Earth in a stream of electrified particles that move at speeds around a million miles per hour2. These particles are called plasma, and the stream of plasma3 coming from the Sun is called the solar wind. The more active the S

24、un, the stronger the solar wind. The solar wind constantly streams toward the Earth, but dont worry because a protective magnetic field surrounds our planet. The same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steers the particles from the Sun to the north and south poles. The charged p

25、articles become trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth. When a large blast of solar wind crashes into the Earths magnetic field, the magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect.4 The breaking and reconnecting of the magnetic field lines can cause atom

26、ic particles called electrons trapped in the belts to fall into the Earth s atmosphere at the poles. As the electrons fall to the Earth, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere, creating flashes of light in the sky. Each atmospheric gas glows a different color. Oxygen and nitrogen glows re

27、d and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple. As these various colors glow and dance in the night sky, they create the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights. Watching auroras is fun and exciting, but normally you can only see them in places far north like Alaska and Canada. The movement of the aur

28、ora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate, flicker, or even move like waves. During solar maximum,5 auroras are seen as far south as Florida, even Mexico!6 Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground, but the lowest aurora is still abou

29、t 100 kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formed or airplanes can fly. A typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high, but only a few hundred meters thick. We hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the Arctic Cir

30、cle and see the Northern Lights at least once during your lifetime. We know you will never forget it! 北極光 太陽是狂暴的，有它自己獨(dú)特的氣候。太陽太熱，其活動又太劇烈，以至于無法控制它自己的大氣層。熱量以電粒子流的形式逃離太陽，流向地球，時(shí)速高達(dá)100萬英里。這些粒子叫等離子體，來自太陽的等離子流叫太陽風(fēng)。太陽活動越劇烈，太陽風(fēng)越強(qiáng)烈。 太陽風(fēng)不斷地流向地球，但是不必?fù)?dān)心，因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)保護(hù)性的磁場包圍右戰(zhàn)們的地球。使指南針指向北方的相同的磁場也把來自太陽的粒子導(dǎo)向地球的南北兩極。這些受控的粒子

31、被吸附在地球周圍的磁場。當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的太陽風(fēng)侵入地球磁場時(shí)，首先磁場受到擠壓，接著磁場磁力線斷開又閉合。 磁場磁力線的斷開和閉合產(chǎn)生叫作電子的原子粒子，被截留在磁場，落入地球兩極的大氣層。 等離子流的電子進(jìn)入地球，與大氣層的氣體分子發(fā)生碰撞，在天空中產(chǎn)生光芒。每一種大氣層的氣體產(chǎn)生不同顏色的光。氧和氮發(fā)紅綠光，氯氣發(fā)藍(lán)紫光。當(dāng)這些不同的顏色在夜空中閃爍跳躍時(shí)，就形成了北極光和南極光。 看極光是很有意思也很令人振奮的。然而通常只有在極北面，像阿拉斯加州和加拿大等地方才能看到。橫過天空的極光移動速度通常很慢，用肉眼就能很輕易地觀測到。而它們還能跳動、閃爍甚至像波一樣流動。在太陽風(fēng)暴達(dá)到最高峰的期間，明亮

32、的北極光甚至在位于極南面的佛羅里達(dá)州乃至墨西哥都能看到。 極光似乎很接近地面，但是最靠近地面的極光離地面也有100公 里，比云層都高，飛機(jī)也無法到達(dá)。一條典型的極光帶有數(shù)千公里長，幾百公里高，但是只有幾百米厚。 希望你在有生之年至少去極北面像北極圈等地區(qū)旅游一次，看看北極光。此次經(jīng)歷必將使你終生難忘。第十四篇：Stage FrightFall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenage

33、r back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,Mr. Feltsman said, All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen? Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance t

34、echniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers, shaky limbs ,racing heart,blank mind. Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out, to mental discipli

35、ne, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre jittery ,they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before

36、 performance, Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. She doesnt want perform

37、ers to think of the audience as a judge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20, he became the principal ce

38、llist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think I m

39、going to look for another job. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster. 6 It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. T

40、he great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. They had to push him on stage, Soprano Renata Scotto recalled. Actually, success can make things worse. In the beginning of your career,when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations, Soprano June Anderson s

41、aid. Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, p.eople are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose. Anderson added, I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note. 如何避免怯場 上臺就跌倒。這是個(gè)奇特的辦法！但不推薦?？伤_實(shí)拯救了鋼琴家弗拉基米爾菲茲曼，那個(gè)時(shí)候他才十幾歲，正在莫斯科表演。資深大提琴手米提斯拉夫羅斯特羅波維 8

42、 奇故意在他上臺前將他絆倒，幫助他擺脫上臺前的恐慌。菲茲曼先生說：“所有的害怕都煙消云散類。我已經(jīng)摔倒了，還有比這更糟糕的嗎？” 如今，音樂學(xué)校都在課堂中強(qiáng)調(diào)焦慮問題，因?yàn)檫@是講授表演技巧和打好表演基礎(chǔ)的課程。怯場有很多表現(xiàn)，比如手指冰冷、四肢發(fā)抖、心跳加速、大腦一片空白，音樂家們可以學(xué)著用許多多應(yīng)變策略應(yīng)對這些問題。 教師和心理學(xué)家給出了許多建議，從基礎(chǔ)的做法，比如將演奏曲目爛熟于心，到精神訓(xùn)練，比如想象演出場景，有步驟地進(jìn)行放松等。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)，不要掩飾你的緊張感，適度的興奮對于精彩演出是正當(dāng)甚至是必要的。為了積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，要常在公眾場合演出。 黛安尼克爾斯是一名心理治療師，她給出了一些上臺前的建

43、議：“做兩次深度的腹式呼吸，擴(kuò)胸，然后微笑，注意不是那種仿佛央求對方不要?dú)⒛愕奈⑿?，而是友好的微笑。從觀眾中選出三名比較友善的人，這些是你愿意與之交流并為之演奏的人，并與他們做眼神接觸。”她不想讓演奏者將觀眾當(dāng)成是法官。 多蘿西德雷是一名著名小提琴教師，她認(rèn)為來自導(dǎo)師和父母的苛刻要求常常是怯場的根源。她告訴其他教師，對學(xué)生的要求要以學(xué)生本身所能達(dá)到的水平為基礎(chǔ)。 林哈雷爾20歲的時(shí)候成為克利夫蘭管弦樂隊(duì)的首席大提琴手，但是他怯場非常嚴(yán)重。他說：“有時(shí)候我非常緊張，我甚至能肯定，觀眾一定能看到我的胸口隨著心跳而搏動，簡直變成了慌亂?！焙髞砦揖谷坏搅诉@個(gè)地步，我想“如果演出要經(jīng)歷這種慌亂，我寧可另

44、找一份工作?！彼f要克服怯場要謙虛，要認(rèn)識到，不論自己有多大的才能，都可能犯錯(cuò)誤，一場音樂會即使有不完美的地方，也不是災(zāi)難。 當(dāng)然，并不只有年輕人才會怯場。具有傳奇色彩的鋼琴家弗拉基米爾霍洛維茨的敏感神經(jīng)同樣盡人皆知。另一個(gè)例子是著名男高音弗朗科科萊里，女高音蕾娜塔思科多這樣形容他：“必須得有人推著他才肯上臺。” 實(shí)際上，成名之后情況可能會變得更糟?！皠傞_始的時(shí)候，即使你怕得要死，也沒有人知道你是誰，因?yàn)閷δ悴槐в卸啻笃谕！迸咭舡偘驳律f道，“你不會有任何損失。但你成名以后，人們專程來看你的表演，那時(shí)他們一定是滿懷期待而來，這樣，你損失的東西就多了?！?安德森還說：“直到唱完最后一個(gè)音符之

45、前，我一直都會緊張?！钡谑迤狪mage Martian Dust Particles NASAs Phoenix Mars Landerhas taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty Martian dust with one of its microscopes. The dust particles of dust was shown at a higher magnification than anything outside of Earth that has been imaged before. The

46、 rounded particle measured only about one micrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across. “Taking this image requiried the highest resolution microscope operated off Earthand a specially designed device to hold the Martian dust,” said Tom Pike, a Phoenix science team member from Imperial College Lo

47、ndon. “We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.” The device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. The atomic

48、 force microscope can detail the shapes of particles as small as about 100 nanometers. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image. “After this first success, were now working on building up a portrait galleryof the dust on Mars,” Pike said. Dust exists everywhere on Mars, coatin

49、g the surface and giving it its rusty red color. Dust particles also color the Martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. The ultra-finedust is the medium that actively links gases in the Martian atmosphere to processes in Martian soil, so it is critically important to unde

50、rstanding Mars environment, the researchers said. The $420-million Phoenix mission is analyzing the dust and subsurface ice layers of Mars arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitability. The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robot

51、ic arm from the “Snow White” trench and delivered to Phoenixs microscope station in early July.探視火星塵粒 美國國家航空航天局的鳳凰號火星登陸器通過其攜帶的望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀測到了迄今為止第一幅火星微粒的照片。這次微粒的圖像比以往任何拍攝地球以外的物質(zhì)使用的放大率都要高。據(jù)測成原形的微粒直徑只有一微米，也就是百萬分之一米。 “此次觀測需要清晰度最高的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，同時(shí)要專門設(shè)計(jì)能夠握持火星塵粒的設(shè)備?！盤ike說道，他是倫敦帝國學(xué)院鳳凰號科學(xué)小組的成員之一。“我們過去一直認(rèn)為觀察體積如此小的微粒是具有很髙的挑戰(zhàn)性的

52、?！?這次用于觀測微粒的設(shè)備叫作原子力望遠(yuǎn)鏡，它能夠通過位于彈簧末端的尖端來掃描這些微粒并在三維空間中繪制下它們的形狀。這種望遠(yuǎn)鏡能夠以小到100納米來呈現(xiàn)出這些微粒。而且這不會是鳳凰號掃描的最后的塵粒，科學(xué)家將會收集更多的火星微粒進(jìn)行掃描?！斑@次成功以后，我們正在努力創(chuàng)建一座火星塵粒圖像陳列館?！?Pike說道。 火星上到處都存在著塵粒，這些塵粒覆蓋著火星表面，使其呈現(xiàn)出銹跡斑斑的紅色。這些塵粒把火星的天空染成了粉色，而且經(jīng)常會引起覆蓋行星的塵暴。而超小的塵粒又是連接大氣層中的空氣與火星中的土壤的媒介物，所以研究者稱火星塵粒對于了解火星環(huán)境是極端重要的。 這次耗資420萬美元的鳳凰號任務(wù)將會

53、分析火星北極范圍內(nèi)的塵粒和地表下的冰層，目的是發(fā)現(xiàn)火星上過去是否有居住性的可能性。從原子力望遠(yuǎn)鏡里觀測到的塵粒是由機(jī)械手從“白雪溝”中獲得，而后在7月初被傳送到鳳凰號望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀測站的樣本的一部分。概括大意與完成句子：第十一篇：The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World 1 Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentenc

54、e. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease. 2 The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is appli

55、ed to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows but never gets as big as the other droplet and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift

56、 in energy produces a power stroke 3 The technique exploits the fact that surface tension the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating becomes more important at small scales. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water. 4 Although the amount of energy produ

57、ced is small 20 microwatts it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. The whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million time

58、s more powerful than a Toyota Camrys 225 horsepower V6 engine. 5 In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettls group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory. 6 Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things,