英語句子成分及句子類型.ppt

1、取得英語語法成功的基石,句子成分,英語的詞性： 名詞(nouns) n. 代詞(pronoun) pron. 實(shí)詞 數(shù)詞(numeral) num. 形容詞(adjective) adj. 或a. 副詞(adverb) adv. 動(dòng)詞(verb) v 作文題目中，實(shí)詞都大寫，虛詞要小寫 介詞(preposition) prep. 虛詞 連詞(conjunction) conj. 冠詞(article) art,一.英語句子的基本成分有8種：,主語 (subject)-s謂語 (predicate)-v賓語 (object)-o 定語 (attribute)-attrib 狀語 (adverbi

2、al)-adv補(bǔ)語 (complement)-c 表語 (predicative)-p 同位語(Appositive),一、主語,主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。主語一般位于_ 。,1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard. 3.To learn a foreign language is not easy. 4.Playing football after school is great fun.,句首,1. We love China. 2. She seems tired. 3. He can speak English 4. We

3、have finished reading this book.,二、謂語,謂語:說明主語做什么或怎么樣。通常由 _ 充當(dāng).動(dòng)詞常分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞.,動(dòng)詞,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞,（V.）,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語.,They can speak English well. They are playing over there.,1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞，用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be （am,is ,are,was,were,been,being）一詞 He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞，用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保

4、持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。,系動(dòng)詞,3）表像系動(dòng)詞，用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系動(dòng)詞，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste This flower smells very sweet.,5）變化系動(dòng)詞，表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

5、He became mad after that. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞，表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。,三、賓語,賓語：動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，說明主語做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,1.We study English. 2.Our teacher said that he would go there. 3.He is looking at the dog.,雙賓語：指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語。 He gave me tw

6、o books.,及物動(dòng)詞,介詞,表語：跟在連系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語或從句,用來說明主語的身份,特征,狀態(tài).,The trees turn green. The flowers are beautiful . My job is to teach you English. The question is how we can get there.,四、表語,定語：用來修飾限定_.,This is a red car. The building is their teaching building. The woman doctor is my wife. I have something to te

7、ll you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.,五、定語,名詞,狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、因果、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、狀語,John often came to chat with me As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this s

8、chool ten years ago. Though he is young, he knows a lot. He came running.,(程度 目的),（地點(diǎn) 伴隨）,（地點(diǎn) 時(shí)間）,（讓步）,（方式）,(原因),補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征。,七、補(bǔ)語,Everyone calls him Jack. （賓補(bǔ)） He is called Jack.（主補(bǔ)）,同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞或名詞詞組，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明 The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number

9、of foreign friends.,八、同位語,一、主語 主語可以用下面這些東西表示： 1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ） 3. Two will be enough.( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( ) 8. What he needs is a book. （ ） 9. It is very clear th

10、at the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）,名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)名詞,不定式,疑問詞+不定式,從句,It作形式主語，that從句是真正的主語,當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。,什么情況下用it作形式主語？,你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎?你懂得翻譯下列句子嗎？ 1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it.

11、( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ),說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。,爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。,誰要來還不確定。,二、賓語 賓語可以用下面這些東西表示： 1.She lived a happy life.( ) 2.I love you.( ) 3.We need two.( ) 4.Do you mind my opening the door?( ) 5.He began to learn English a year ago.( ) 6.He did not know what to say.( ) 7.Did you write down what she said

12、? ( ) 8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them. ( ),名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)名詞,不定式,疑問詞+不定式,從句,It作形式賓語，不定式是真正的賓語,二、表語 表語可以用下面這些東西表示： He is a teacher. ( ) My idea is this.( ) She was the first to arrive.( ) I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( ) He is out of danger.( ) The news was exciting./They

13、 were excited at the news.( ) What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( ),名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,從句,形容詞/副詞,介詞短語,分詞,三、定語 定語可以用下面這些東西表示： Its a red car.( ) They live in the room above.( ) My brother is a teacher.( ) We belong to the third world.( ) Lucys father is a poor worker.( ) Mother made a bir

14、thday cake for me.( ) The man under the tree is my teacher.( ) The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( ),形容詞,副詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞所有格,名詞,介詞短語,現(xiàn)在分詞,三、定語 定語可以用下面這些東西表示： I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( ) There are two things t

15、o be discussed today.（ ） Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ） This is the very book that I need. （ ）,過去分詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,從句,四、狀語 狀語可以用下面這些東西表示： He is often late for class.( ) We saw that picture at the cinema.( ) He sat there smoking.( ) They returned tired and hungry. （ ） They did everything they

16、 could to save the boys life. （ ） Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( ) The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( ),副詞，程度,介詞短語，地點(diǎn),分詞，伴隨,不定式，目的,形容詞，狀態(tài),讓步狀語從句,結(jié)果狀語從句,四、狀語 狀語可以用下面這些東西表示： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ） He was angry because we were late( ） If it rain

17、s tomorrow, we wont go out.( ),時(shí)間狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句,五、賓語補(bǔ)足語： I consider Jim a good friend.( ) I always find her happy.( ) People praised him as a hero.( ) I had the TV fixed.( ) I saw him entering the building.( ) What made you think so?( ) Do you want me to go?( ),形容詞,名詞,介詞短語,過去分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,省略掉to的不定式,不定

18、式,I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主語, 謂 語, 定語, 賓 語, 同位語, 狀 語,1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,我們可以給句子的動(dòng)詞加上副詞修飾，給名詞加上形容詞、介詞短語修飾，給句子加上狀語進(jìn)行

19、修飾等，以使整個(gè)句子的意思變得更加的豐富和充實(shí)。但不管如何變，都只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 He worked hard all his life. (劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞worked) He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (劃線部分在句中作定語，修飾名詞student),簡單句基本句型,陳述對(duì)象+陳述內(nèi)容 主語+謂語 謂語動(dòng)詞決定了一個(gè)句子的骨架結(jié)構(gòu) 啟示：（1）分析復(fù)雜句時(shí)，先找謂語。 （2）寫句子時(shí)，要知道謂語動(dòng)詞的用法特點(diǎn),二.五種簡單基本句型,主語+謂語+賓語 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語,動(dòng)

20、詞,系動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞,及物動(dòng)詞,主語+系+表語,主語+謂語,間賓指人，直賓指物,基本句型（1）：主+系+表,表語是說明主語的，如用來說明主語的 身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，通常在 系動(dòng)詞后。,1) My uncle is a professor. 2) He looked tired. 3) The basketball match is on. 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. 5) Our aim was to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French. 7) The que

21、stion is who can really repair the machines.,1) My uncle is a professor. 2) He looked tired. 3) The basketball match is on. 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. 5) Our aim was to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French. 7) The question is who can really repair the machines.,系動(dòng)詞： 1) b

22、e， seem ，appear 2) look， sound ，taste， smell， feel 3) get， turn， grow ，become， go 4) stay， remain， keep， continue,感官類,變化類,維持類,基本句型 （2） 主+謂：S+V,謂語動(dòng)詞特特點(diǎn)： 不及物動(dòng)詞（本身意思完整，后面不需要賓語）,1. The sun rises. （rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能帶O.） 2. The red sun rises. （ red修飾sun，作定語） 3. The red sun rises in the east. （狀語Adver

23、bial）,Translation,1. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我們談了很多。 4. 會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 5. 在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。,You should study hard.,She went home very late yesterday evening.,That morning we talked a great deal.,The meeting will last two hours.,Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten year

24、s.,基本句型（3）主語+謂語+賓語 （S. + V. + O. ） 該句型的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是vt或vt的動(dòng)詞詞組；賓語必須是名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分。,Translation 1.昨晚我寫了一封信。 2.今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3.這本書他讀過多次了。 4.他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,注意：帶 V-ing 做

25、賓語的動(dòng)詞有： suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish， escape, admit， excuse， delay， practise, consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk succeed in， be busy，be worth， be used to， give up， look forward to,注意：帶 to do 做賓語的動(dòng)詞有： offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prep

26、are，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem, expect, hope, offer, agree, refuse, learn, help, plan, intend, etc.,基本句型（4）主語+謂語+賓語+賓語 （S. + V. + O.+O. ） 請(qǐng)觀察：1）He brings me cookies every day. 如果意思不變，也可以怎么說呢？ 2）He brings cookies to me every day. 即要借助于介詞t

27、o或for,朗讀： He brings me cookies every day. He brings cookies to me every day. She made me a beautiful dress. She made a beautiful dress for me. 歸納： to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。 for 側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。,常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有： （需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell,

28、 write, ask,等。 （需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。,翻譯練習(xí)： 1. Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。3. Mary把錢包交給校長了 4. 請(qǐng)把那本字典遞給我好嗎？5. 他把車票給列車員看。,1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3.Mary handed th

29、e wallet to the schoolmaster. 4.Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5.He showed the ticket to the conductor.,基本句型（5）主謂賓賓補(bǔ) S+Vt.+O+O.C 賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系，若無賓語補(bǔ)足語，則句意不完整。賓補(bǔ)時(shí)補(bǔ)充說明賓語的?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. They made

30、 Tom monitor.,用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,1我們叫她Alice. 2我們大家都認(rèn)為他是誠實(shí)的。 3我要你把真相告訴我。 4 .衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。 5 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 6我們不會(huì)讓她在晚上外出的。,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,I want you to tell me t

31、he truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,We wont let her go out at night.,translation,根據(jù)所學(xué)知識(shí)，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu) 1.They work hard. 主 + 謂 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 謂 + 賓 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 謂 + 直賓 + 間賓 5.We should keep

32、 the plants in the shade. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ) 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 謂,7.He kept me a dictionary. 主+謂+間接賓語+直接賓語 8.Shall I leave you the camera? 主+謂+間接賓語+直接賓語 9. We find the book very interesting. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ) 10.My uncle bought me an e-dictionary. 主+謂+間接賓語+直賓 11.Singing makes me happy. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ) 12

33、.Daming calls his cat Mimi . 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ) 13.Youmustlistentoher. 主+謂+賓 14.Heisascientist. 主+系+表,并列句,用分號(hào)或并列連詞把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句連接起來的句子。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。,用分號(hào)： We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but we didnt catch a thing.,句型：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句,并列句的分類,

34、1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.,3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, yet, while, when等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, 等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.,Exercise: 請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。